Conversation on the topic “Caution, thin ice!”
Class hour in the form of a conversation
Prepared by primary school teacher: Shumakova S.V.
Topic : Beware, thin ice!
Rules of conduct on ice.
Goals:
in order to prevent accidents on reservoirs in the autumn-winter period, conduct a conversation with students on the following issues:
- Why are early and late ice dangerous?
- What are the conditions for a person’s safe stay on ice?
- What are the basic rules of conduct on ice?
- What is the danger of a person falling into icy water and how to behave in this situation?
- How to behave if a person falls through the ice before your eyes?
- What should be first aid for drowning?
- Some tips for ice fishing enthusiasts.
Every year in Russia about 20 thousand people die on water. This happens at different times of the year and for various reasons.
Today we will be interested in the rules of behavior on reservoirs in the autumn-winter period.
Why is early and late ice dangerous? Because in the first case, a reliable ice cover has not yet been established, and in the second, the ice is already subject to melting. The most dangerous areas are located in places of fast currents and warm water runoff, in places where springs are located, and where tributaries flow into the main channel.
Failure to comply with safety rules at water bodies in the autumn-winter period often causes death and injury to people. Autumn ice in the period from November to December, that is, before the onset of stable frosts, is fragile. Bonded by the evening or night cold, it is still able to withstand a small load, but during the day, quickly heating up from the melt water seeping through it, it becomes porous and very weak, although it retains sufficient thickness.
Formation of ice:
• As a rule, bodies of water freeze unevenly, in parts: first near the shore, in shallow water, in bays protected from the wind, and then in the middle.
• On lakes, ponds, stakes (on all reservoirs with standing water, especially on those into which not a single stream flows, in which there is no bottom river bed, underwater springs), ice appears earlier than on rivers, where the current delays ice formation.
• On the same body of water you can find alternating ice, which, with the same thickness, have different strength and carrying capacity.
The main condition for a person’s safe stay on ice is that the ice thickness corresponds to the applied load:
— safe ice thickness for one person is at least 7 cm;
— safe ice thickness for crossing on foot is 15 cm or more;
— safe ice thickness for vehicles to pass is at least 30 cm.
Rules of conduct on ice
1. Under no circumstances should you go out on the ice at night or in poor visibility (fog, snowfall, rain).
2. When crossing the river, use ice crossings.
3. You cannot test the strength of ice by kicking it. If, after the first strong blow with a log or a ski pole, even a little water appears, this means that the ice is thin and cannot be walked on. In this case, you should immediately follow your own trail to the shore, with sliding steps, without lifting your feet from the ice and placing them shoulder-width apart so that the load is distributed over a larger area. The same is done in case of warning cracking of ice and formation of cracks in it.
4. When forced to cross a body of water, it is safest to stick to the beaten paths or follow an already laid ski track. But if they are not there, before going down onto the ice, you need to look around very carefully and outline the upcoming route.
5. When crossing a pond, a group must maintain a distance from each other (5-6 m).
6. It is better to cross a frozen river (lake) on skis, in this case: unfasten the ski fastenings in order to quickly remove them if necessary; Hold ski poles in your hands without looping them around your hands, so that in case of danger you can immediately throw them away.
7. If you have a backpack, hang it on one shoulder, this will make it easy to free yourself from the load in case the ice collapses under you.
8. When going to a frozen pond, you need to take with you a strong cord 20 - 25 meters long with a large blind loop at the end and a weight. The weight will help to throw the cord to a comrade who has fallen into the water; the loop is needed so that the victim can hold on more securely by threading it through his armpits.
9. We kindly ask parents: do not let their children go on the ice (fishing, skiing and skating) without supervision.
10. One of the most common causes of tragedies on reservoirs is alcohol intoxication. People react inadequately to danger and become helpless in the event of an emergency.
You should know it!
Time of safe stay of a person in water: • at a water temperature of 24°C, the time of safe stay is 7-9 hours, • at a water temperature of 5-15°C - from 3.5 hours to 4.5 hours; • a water temperature of 2-3 °C turns out to be fatal for humans after 10-15 minutes; • at a water temperature of minus 2°C - death can occur in 5-8 minutes.
I don’t think it’s necessary to explain why it’s dangerous for a person to fall into icy water, but I want to remind you. The body of a person who has fallen through the ice finds itself in a stressful situation and, as a result, the sharp cold causes the muscles of the chest and abdomen to contract, causing them to exhale and then inhale. This involuntary breathing act is especially dangerous if the head is under water, and the person will choke. When exposed to cold water, cardiac activity increases and blood pressure rises. The maximum stay of the average person in water at a temperature of +2, +3C is no more than 15 minutes.
If you fail, try not to panic. Spread your arms wide along the edges of the ice so as not to plunge headlong under the water. Try to get onto the ice without sudden movements, crawling with your chest and alternately pulling your legs to the surface. Having got out of the gap, you need to roll away, and then crawl in the direction from which you came before.
- Don't panic.
“You don’t need to flounder and lean your whole body on the thin edge of the ice, as it will break off under the weight of your body.”
-Spread your arms wide so as not to plunge headlong into the water.
- Rest your elbows on the ice and, bringing your body to a horizontal position, try to throw the leg that is closest to its edge onto the ice, turn your body to pull out the other leg and quickly roll out.
- Without sudden movements, crawl as far as possible from the dangerous place in the direction from which you came.
- Call for help.
— When holding yourself on the surface of the water, try to expend a minimum of physical effort on this. (One of the reasons for the rapid decrease in body temperature is the movement of the heated layer of water adjacent to the body and its replacement with a new, cold one. In addition, during movement, the additional insulation created by water that has soaked clothing is disrupted).
— While afloat, you should keep your head as high above the water as possible. It is known that more than 50% of the total loss of body heat, and according to some data, even 75% falls on it.
— You can actively swim to the shore, raft or boat if they are at a distance that will take no more than 40 minutes to overcome.
- Having reached the swimming equipment, you must immediately undress, wring out the wet clothes and put them on again.
If you are providing assistance:
If you see a person fall through the ice, first call the rescuers. Then, if you are confident in your abilities, try to crawl closer to him, spreading your arms and legs wide: this will increase the area of support. Remember, you cannot crawl to the edge of the hole, otherwise you may also end up in the water. Throw tied belts or scarves, any board, pole or skis to the victim. You need to act quickly and decisively, because in icy water a person quickly becomes numb, and wet clothes pull him down.
If you managed to pull the victim onto the ice, move away from the danger zone only by crawling. The man rescued from the wormwood remains in mortal danger because his body continues to rapidly become hypothermic. When body temperature drops to 34C, the activity of the cerebral cortex is disrupted, and when body temperature drops to 25-22C, death occurs.
Therefore, the most important thing when helping a person who has fallen through the ice is to warm him up.
— Approach the hole very carefully, it’s better to crawl on your bellies. - Inform the victim by shouting that you are coming to his aid, this will give him strength and confidence. - 3-4 meters away, give him a rope, pole, board, scarf or any other means at hand. — It is unsafe to give a hand to the victim, since by approaching the ice hole, you will increase the load on the ice and not only will not help, but you yourself risk falling through.
First aid for drowning:
— Move the victim to a safe place, warm him up.
- Turn the drowned person face down and lower the head below the pelvis.
- Clear your mouth of mucus. When gag and cough reflexes appear, achieve complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach (you cannot waste time removing water from the lungs and stomach if there is no pulse in the carotid artery).
— If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, perform external cardiac massage and artificial respiration.
— Deliver the victim to a medical facility.
Warming the victim:
1. The victim must be covered in a place protected from the wind, well wrapped in any available clothing or a blanket.
2. If he is conscious, give him hot tea or coffee. Very effective are heating pads, bottles, flasks filled with hot water, or stones heated in the flame of a fire and wrapped in cloth; they are applied to the sides of the chest, to the head, to the groin area, and under the armpits.
3. You cannot rub the body or give alcohol, this can cause serious harm to the body. Thus, when rubbed, cooled blood from the peripheral vessels will begin to actively flow to the “core” of the body, which will lead to a further decrease in its temperature. Alcohol will have a depressant effect on the central nervous system.
Finally, a few tips for ice fishing enthusiasts.
When going fishing, don’t be tempted to make a simple device that can save your life. Take two long nails or sharpened pins, which are tied together with a rope 50-70 cm long. This device must be kept in a place on your outerwear from which you can quickly get it out while in the water. I think it’s clear that you take nails in your hands and, by sticking them into the ice, a person can get out of the water. You can also use a knife for these purposes, but when fishing, few people wear it on their outerwear; at best, it is on the belt of their trousers.
Once in the water, do not panic, although this is almost impossible, do not try to get out onto the ice by simply leaning on it with your hands, the ice will break off, and you will waste time and energy. You need to get out onto the ice by twisting yourself in a spiral towards your main hand, thus the area of pressure on the ice will become larger. Once out, continue crawling for a while until you are at a safe distance.
I hope that these simple rules of conduct on ice can help you avoid unpleasant situations.
Memo “Caution, thin ice!”
15.11.2019
Memo “Caution, thin ice!”
Remember, failure to comply with safety rules at water bodies in the autumn-winter period often causes death and injury to people.
Autumn ice in the period from November to December, before the onset of stable frosts, is fragile. Bonded by the evening or night cold, it is still able to withstand a small load, but during the day, quickly heating up from the melt water seeping through it, it becomes porous and very weak, although it retains sufficient thickness.
Ice rules:
- do not go out on thin, fragile ice; - do not gather in groups in its individual areas; - do not cross the pond in prohibited places; - do not go onto the ice on motorcycles or cars outside crossings. You need to know this: If the air temperature remains above 0 degrees for more than three days, then the strength of the ice decreases by 25%. What to do if you fall into cold water:
— spread your arms to the sides and try to catch the edge of the ice, giving your body a horizontal position; - call for help: “I’m drowning!”; — try to carefully place your chest on the edge of the ice and throw one and then the other leg onto the ice; - if the ice has survived, rolling, slowly crawl in the direction from which you came, because here the ice has already been tested for strength; - without stopping, go to the nearest housing;
- do not get close to gullies, cracks, or ice holes;
- do not sled or ski from steep banks onto thin ice;
— do not go out on the ice in the dark or in poor visibility;
Ice that is at least 10 cm thick in fresh water and 15 cm in salt water is considered safe for humans.
At river mouths and channels, the ice strength is weakened. It is fragile in places of fast currents, gushing springs and runoff water, as well as in areas where aquatic vegetation grows, near trees, bushes, and reeds.
Strength can be determined visually:
blue ice is strong, white ice is 2 times less strong, matte white or with a yellowish tint is unreliable.
- don’t panic, don’t make sudden movements, keep your breath;
- You can only relax in a warm room.
If your help is needed:
- ask someone to call an ambulance and rescuers, or call them yourself by cell phone “112”;
- arm yourself with any long stick, board, pole or rope;
- You can tie scarves, belts or clothes together.
- crawl, spreading your arms and legs wide apart and pushing the life-saving equipment in front of you, carefully move towards the ice hole;
- stop a few meters from the person in the water and throw him a rope, the edge of his clothes, give him a stick, ski or pole;
- carefully pull the victim onto the ice and crawl with him out of the danger zone;
- take the victim to a warm place;
- help him: take off his wet clothes, vigorously rub his body (until the skin turns red), give him hot tea;
- Do not give alcohol to the victim under any circumstances - this can be fatal.
- Call an ambulance.
"112" - UNITED RESCUE SERVICE
