The sage avoids all extremes.
Lao Tzu
Education under Peter the Great in Russia is a very important topic, since today we often hear that Peter the Great raised education, forced the people to study, founded new schools, and created the Academy of Sciences. The problem here is that education, like most of Peter’s reforms, was paradoxical in nature - at first glance, everything functions perfectly, but if you look deeper, serious problems are visible.
Changes in the education system of the Peter the Great era and the main scientific successes under Peter 1 include the following main directions:
- Mass creation of schools of various directions
- Introduction of the civil alphabet in 1708
- Publication of the first printed newspaper Vedomosti since 1703
- Opening of the Public Library in St. Petersburg in 1714
- In 1714, the Kunstkamera began work, as well as the naval and artillery museum.
- Creation of the Academy of Sciences in 1724
Educational reform was no less important for Peter 1 than military, government or economic reform due to the fact that the country needed qualified personnel. Due to the insufficient level of development of education in the country, foreigners were invited to work in important government positions. Russia needed experienced and qualified builders, military personnel, artillerymen, sailors, engineers and representatives of other specialties. With the introduction of education reform, Peter 1 tried to create his own personnel forge. This is the main reason for Peter’s increased attention to the development of scientific knowledge in Russia.
What does education look like in Peter's era?
The reforms of Peter the Great in the field of education led to the emergence of a whole network of schools and educational institutions in Russia. In 1701, the Navigation School began to function, which taught mathematics (numbers, as they said then) and navigation. Training was conducted in 3 grades: grades 1 and 2 taught mathematics, and grade 3 taught navigation. Later, in 1715, the senior class was transferred to study in St. Petersburg at the Naval Academy. On the basis of the Navigation School, other schools were subsequently created: artillery, engineering, and admiralty.
The navigation school was located in the Sukharevskaya Tower. A school and an observatory were established there. The school was led by prominent scientists from Russia and other countries. In 1703, 300 people studied at the Navigation School, in 1711 - already 500 people.
Problems of education under Peter 1
Outwardly, it seems that everything was done correctly. But there are 2 very important nuances that for some reason modern history teachers forget to mention:
- Teaching in schools was a service in the truest sense of the word. For example, students lived in barracks. A more telling example is that in the classroom there was a soldier with a stick who could beat children at his discretion. This is how science was driven in.
- The activities of schools were not supported by finances. For example, it is a well-known fact that in 1711, students of the Navigation School fled almost in full force. They fled so as not to die of hunger. Some of the children were later returned to school, while others were never found. Another example is that in 1724 Peter 1 organized an audit of the Maritime Academy. It turned out that 85 people did not attend classes for 5 months, “not having clothes.”
Education in schools was conducted for children 10-15 years old. There were 3 classes in total for training, but very often each class lasted for several years, so in reality the training lasted an average of 6-8 years. This is important to understand from the point of view that the educational reform of Peter the Great was aimed at children. I have already noted above that study was a service, therefore punishments were also applied to students: escaping from school - execution, asking for exemption from study - exile.
Education under Peter 1 had several important dates, and many talk about the events of February 20-28, 1714 as something extremely important in terms of the development of education in Russia in the 18th century. At this time, a decree was issued that finally forced all nobles to study geometry and tsifiri (mathematics). Until the nobleman finished school, he was forbidden to marry (a terrible thing for the nobility, given the importance of procreation). For these purposes, Peter 1 ordered the appointment of 2 teachers in each province. 2 teachers per province is equivalent to appointing 10 teachers to Moscow today is absurd. But the main thing is not this, but something else. There was no one to teach...
By 1723, 42 digital schools had been created. In Yaroslavl alone, 26 students were recruited and training took place. In the remaining 41 schools there were no students and teachers were loitering.
Presentation “Changes in culture under Peter”
#8th grade #History #Educational materials #Presentation #Subject teacher #School education
With an autocratic hand He boldly sowed enlightenment, He did not despise his native country: He knew its purpose. (A.S. Pushkin
Lesson topic: “Changes in the culture of Russia during the years of Peter’s reforms” History of Russia, 8th grade
Homework: Paragraph 10 Questions and assignments on p. 68 Workbook No. 3, Rubric “Thinking, comparing, reflecting.” (page 69). Task No. 2
Plan: Science. Education. Art culture. Changes in daily life.
From the speech of Peter I at the launching of the ship in Reval (Tallinn) in 1714 From the speech of Peter I at the launching of the ship in Reval (Tallinn) in 1714 “Which of us, my brothers, dreamed in a dream thirty years ago that we were with you here by the Ostsee (Baltic) Sea we will work as carpenters, and in the clothes of the Germans, in the country conquered from them by our own labors... Historians believe that the cradle of all knowledge was in Greece, from where (due to the vicissitudes of times) they were expelled, moved to Italy and then spread throughout to all European lands, but due to the ignorance of our ancestors they were suspended and did not penetrate further than Poland... now it’s our turn..." From the statements of Peter I to his associates "It is good to adopt science and art from the French, and I would like to see this in myself; but, by the way, Paris stinks.” “The time will come when we will turn our backs on Europe....” • Judging by these statements, did Peter consider European culture to be an unconditional role model? What goal did Peter I set for the cultural development of Russia? Update
Problematic question! (p.64) Why are the changes that took place in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century often called the “cultural revolution”?
The science.
Under Peter I, for the first time, the prerequisites for the emergence of Russian science proper and its development arose. The need for scientific knowledge was explained: Under Peter I, for the first time, the prerequisites for the emergence of Russian science proper and its development arose. The need for scientific knowledge was explained by: The practical needs of the state. With the development of the vast Siberian and Far Eastern expanses of the country. Search and use of minerals. Construction of new cities. The growth of manufacturing and trade Science
For the development of Russian culture of the 18th century. characterized by a desire for secularism, a humanistic perception of reality. Reforms of Peter I Expansion of ties with Europe Ideas of Western European Enlightenment Science
Under Peter I, for the first time, the prerequisites for the emergence of Russian science itself and its development arose. The need to develop scientific knowledge was explained by the practical needs of the state. Under Peter I, the foundations of domestic medicine were laid: In 1706, the Apothecary Garden was founded in Moscow, which became the basis of the future Botanical Garden. In 1707, the first hospital in Russia was opened and a hospital school attached to it. Since 1718, the first domestic surgical instruments began to be manufactured in St. Petersburg. Moscow hospital at the beginning XVIII century The science
Peter's associate Yakov Bruce in 1701 organized the Navigation School in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow, where astronomy was studied. Here in 1702, on his instructions, an observatory was equipped. In 1707, Bruce compiled the first star chart in Russia. Since 1725, regular meteorological observations began in St. Petersburg. Sukharev Tower in Moscow Science
1703 - “Arithmetic” by Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky - an encyclopedia of mathematical knowledge of that time, which M.V. Lomonosov later called “the gates of his learning.” 1703 - “Arithmetic” by Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky - an encyclopedia of mathematical knowledge of that time, which M.V. Lomonosov later called “the gates of his learning.” The science
Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov in 1712–1725. Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov was the first in the world to invent and build a series of lathes in 1712–1725. first in the world to invent and build a series of lathes Science
In 1724, according to the design of another brilliant Russian mechanic, Nikonov, the first Russian submarine was created and tested at the Galerny Dvor. Scientific and technical knowledge was used in the construction of canals and dams, mechanisms in manufactories and shipyards. In 1724, according to the design of another brilliant Russian mechanic, Nikonov, the first Russian submarine was created and tested at the Galerny Dvor. Scientific and technical knowledge was used in the construction of canals and dams, mechanisms in manufactories and shipyards. The science
Why did natural sciences develop especially actively under Peter 1? Why did natural sciences develop especially actively under Peter 1? Under Peter 1, natural sciences developed especially actively, because they brought specific benefits to the state and society; scientific and technical knowledge was used in the construction of canals and dams, mechanisms in factories, shipyards and in the construction of buildings and fortresses. Exercise
In 1720, a map of the Caspian Sea was published. In 1720, a map of the Caspian Sea was published. In 1700, by decree of Peter, a state mining exploration service was organized to search for minerals. The science
In 1700, by decree of Peter, a state mining and exploration service was organized, which was engaged in the search for minerals: In 1703, the peasant Shilov discovered a copper ore deposit in the Urals. In 1714, the “hammer master” Ryabov produced the first mineral medicinal waters in Russia near Petrozavodsk. In the early 1720s. “ore explorer” G. Kapustin discovered coal deposits in the south of Russia. At the same time, brown coal was discovered in the Moscow region. The science
What was the practical meaning of developing a mining exploration service for the Russian economy? What was the practical meaning of developing a mining exploration service for the Russian economy? The practical meaning of organizing a mining exploration service for the Russian economy was that the discovery of minerals (copper ores, hard and brown coal, mineral waters) contributed to the development of industry (non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, resort business). This contributed to successes in military affairs, weapons manufacturing, construction, etc. Exercise
What scientific achievements made in Russia during this period are mentioned with the word “for the first time”? What scientific achievements made in Russia during this period are mentioned with the word “for the first time”? 1707 - J. Bruce compiled the first map of the starry sky in Russia 1712 - 1725. – A. Nartov was the first in the world to invent and build a number of lathes 1714 – the first scientific library in Russia was opened 1719 – the first Russian museum (Kunstkamera) was opened 1724 – the first Russian submarine was created and tested according to the project of E. Nikonov Exercise
The science
Indicate the sciences, the foundations of which were laid in Russia under Peter the Great. Indicate the sciences, the foundations of which were laid in Russia under Peter the Great. Task 1 - work. notebook, page 33
2. Education.
Why did the knowledge acquired in church schools become insufficient in the Petrine era? Why did the knowledge acquired in church schools become insufficient in the Petrine era? Exercise
The reformer king understood perfectly well that schools based only on the study of the Law of God could not give practical results. A secular education system began to take shape in Russia. Under Peter I, a network of digital schools was created. Children of all segments of the population, except peasants, were allowed into them. They provided primary education. Education
Tsar Peter, a pragmatist and practitioner, early understood the enormous importance of a developed education system for the development of the state. Its improvement in the first quarter of the 18th century took place in two directions: the organization of schools and the development of sciences in Russia and the sending of young men from noble families abroad to receive an education. Tsar Peter, a pragmatist and practitioner, early understood the enormous importance of a developed education system for the development of the state. Its improvement in the first quarter of the 18th century took place in two directions: the organization of schools and the development of sciences in Russia and the sending of young men from noble families abroad to receive an education. The main goal of education was to satisfy the state's need for managerial personnel, as well as the further development of the army and navy. thin Lebedev. Tsar Peter examines nobles who returned from abroad Education
At first, schools were classless: children from different segments of the population could study there. At first, schools were classless: children from different segments of the population could study there. Soon, many special educational institutions (where specialist officers were trained) began to accept only the children of nobles. Children of serfs could not attend public schools. Not all children of nobles wanted to study; the tsar ordered that study be considered one of the types of public service. No one could avoid studying; he forbade priests to give permission to marry nobles who did not have a certificate of education. Education
What class restrictions were in effect at the beginning of the 18th century? when entering educational institutions? What class restrictions were in effect at the beginning of the 18th century? when entering educational institutions? Children of serfs did not have the right to study in public schools. Exercise
General secular education was provided by gymnasiums. They studied foreign languages and the “7 liberal arts.” They were “F. Prokopovich’s School for Orphans and Poor Children”, “E. Gluck’s Moscow Gymnasium”. Mostly children of nobles were allowed to study in vocational schools - the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the Naval Academy, the Artillery, Engineering, and Medical schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Education
Admiralty schools, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories, and schools for training clerical workers trained mainly qualified workers. Ural Mining School. 1723 Education
The distinctive features of education under Peter I were its secular character and focus on practical knowledge. Literacy education became mandatory for noble children. By decree of 1714 ignoramuses were forbidden to marry. In 1714, 42 provincial digital schools were created - primary educational institutions for boys from almost all classes (except peasants) Education
In 1714, Peter signed a decree on compulsory teaching of numbers and geometry for noble children. “Nigital schools” began to be created, where, in addition to the nobles, the children of clerks, servicemen and townspeople studied. Upon completion of such a school, the nobleman received a certificate of education, without which the priest had no right to marry him. Education
The creation of an education system required the publication of many books (textbooks, reference books, visual aids). Only in the first quarter of the 18th century. More printed books were published in Russia than in the entire 150 years that have passed since the beginning of Russian book printing. There were several dozen printing houses operating in the country. In 1703, the first printed Russian newspaper, Vedomosti, appeared. She mainly covered the successes of the Russian army, industry, education and science. Reported on important foreign events. Provided trading information. The newspaper was published irregularly. Education
It contained a lot of interesting information about the internal life of Russia and events abroad. The text was printed in Cyrillic with small, uneven letters and had no illustrations. Education
Later, Vedomosti began to be printed in a new, civilian font, which, with some changes, is still used to this day. Numbers that were previously written in letters began to be denoted by Arabic numbers. Education
The introduction of the civil alphabet in 1710 was of great importance for increasing the level of literacy of the population. The introduction of the civil alphabet in 1710 was of great importance for increasing the level of literacy of the population. Education
The reform of the alphabet was of great importance for increasing the level of literacy of the population. In 1710, an easy-to-read and easy-to-write civil font, personally approved by the tsar, was introduced. During the reform, the shape of the letters and their writing were simplified and rounded. The old alphabetic spelling of numbers has been replaced by Arabic numerals. Education
Books of Modern Times Peter understood perfectly well that without books the dissemination of knowledge is impossible and therefore he contributed in every possible way to their printing. In the first quarter of the 18th century, more books were published in Russia than in the previous 150 years. Especially many books of an applied nature appeared - textbooks, reference books. A lot of translated literature was also published. Book design: 1. Page numbering. 2. Title page. 3. Table of contents. 4. Numerous illustrations, drawings, diagrams. 5. The format of the book has changed. Books of the New Age were small in size so that, as Peter said, “they could be carried in your pocket” Education
The first public library In 1714, the first public library in Russia was founded in St. Petersburg. It included a book collection of Russian tsars from the Moscow Kremlin, publications donated to Peter by foreigners, confiscated from disgraced nobles. During Peter's time, many personal libraries appeared. Education
Under Peter I, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was reformed. Now greater emphasis in teaching was placed on secular sciences and languages. The crowning achievement of Peter's reforms in the field of science and education was the decree of 1724 on the establishment of the Academy of Sciences and Arts (it opened after the death of the Tsar in 1725). Education
Foundation of the Academy of Sciences. In 1724, Peter signed a decree establishing the Academy of Sciences, which opened after the death of its creator. The Russian Academy had a number of features. It united not only scientific research units, but also educational and pedagogical gymnasium and university. Since Russia did not yet have its own personnel, foreign scientists were invited. Education
The university created at the Academy was, in fact, the country's first higher secular educational institution. It had three faculties - law, medicine and philosophy. The gymnasium prepared me for entering the university. It recruited not only nobles, but also children of soldiers, shipwrights and even serfs. Education
Museum business is developing in Russia. In 1714, in St. Petersburg, Peter I founded the Kunstkamera (cabinet of curiosities), where unique antiquities, natural and anatomical rarities were collected. The Naval and Artillery museums were also founded. They were also located in St. Petersburg. In 1714, the oldest scientific library in our country was opened in the capital. Education
The first Russian museum. During his travels abroad, Peter bought a lot of all sorts of rarities and wonders in Europe. All this in 1714 laid the foundation for the first Russian museum - the Kunstkamera. The collection was also replenished with domestic rarities. Education
Using a textbook, write what contribution did the following figures make to the history of Russian science, technology, and education? Using a textbook, write what contribution did the following figures make to the history of Russian science, technology, and education? Task 2 - work. notebook, page 33
Compare the number and list of books published under Peter with those published in the 17th century. How did Peter's Academy of Sciences differ from European ones? Compare the number and list of books published under Peter with those published in the 17th century. How did Peter's Academy of Sciences differ from European ones? • Draw a conclusion about Russia's cultural choice. Exercise
What were the reasons for the transformations of Peter I in the field of science and education? What changes have occurred in this area? Education
Under Peter I, the meaning of the ancient Russian word “enlightenment” changed. Now it was understood not so much as the spread of the Christian faith, but rather the assimilation of the achievements of European culture. Under Peter I, the meaning of the ancient Russian word “enlightenment” changed. Now it was understood not so much as the spread of the Christian faith, but rather the assimilation of the achievements of European culture. Education
Match the years and historical events Match the years and historical events Task 4 - work. notebook, page 34
3. Artistic culture.
What does the concept of “secular culture” mean? Give examples of “non-secular” culture. What does the concept of “secular culture” mean? Give examples of “non-secular” culture. Secular culture is one that is not connected with religion in a direct and obvious way (which, however, does not mean the absence of an implicit, indirect connection). Examples of “non-secular” (religious) culture are church music, temple construction, and icon painting. Exercise
Under Peter I, Russian artistic culture received a new look. It becomes secular, new genres and directions appear in it. In history it was called “Petrine Baroque”. The new style harmoniously combined Russian folk traditions and the best examples of Western European art. Kikiny Chambers (house of one of the associates of Peter I - A. Kikin) Artistic culture
Under Peter, large-scale construction of St. Petersburg began. European specialists were invited for these purposes. According to the designs of D. Trezzini, the Peter and Paul Cathedral, the building of the Twelve Colleges, and the Summer Palace of Peter I were built. Summer Palace of Peter I Artistic culture
As in any Russian city, the main temple was built in St. Petersburg. It was called the Peter and Paul Cathedral (architect D. Trezzini). The cathedral was built in European style, but inside it is decorated like an Orthodox church. Starting from Peter I, all the emperors and empresses until Nicholas II were buried in the tomb. Art culture
The construction of a new capital, the creation of palace and park complexes and residential interiors based on European models create an urgent need for various sculptural forms. As a result, sculptors of European level are beginning to appear in Russia. The most prominent of them were K. Rastrelli and I.P. Zarudny. Zarudny I.P. Iconostasis of the Peter and Paul Cathedral Artistic culture
The most significant work of K. Rastrelli is the equestrian monument to Peter I (cast in 1745-1746 after the death of the sculptor). Peter is depicted as a triumphant, solemnly seated on a horse in the vestments of a Roman emperor. Art culture
Peter loved his new city very much and did a lot to decorate it. Regular gardens (that is, created according to a plan) were created in the city. The main garden was the Summer Garden. A. Benois “Peter I on a walk in the Summer Garden” Artistic culture
The city was built according to the master plan created by Jean Baptiste Leblond. Wide straight streets stretched along the Neva or perpendicular to it. The buildings were placed close to each other “in the red line.” Art culture
In the fine arts of the first quarter of the 18th century. For the first time, engraving appeared that came to Russia from Europe. It gained its popularity primarily because of its low cost; it was widely used in educational literature, newspapers, and calendars. A famous engraver was A.F. Zubov. “Panorama of St. Petersburg” (fragment), 1716 Artistic culture
One of the founders of Russian secular painting was the portraitist I.N. Nikitin (c. 1690-1742). His works are characterized by a truthful depiction of his heroes, interest in the inner world of a person, showing not only his individual external features, but also his character. The flattery common to that time was alien to him. Portrait of a floor hetman, 1720s. Art culture
Portrait of Princess Natalya Alekseevna, 1716 Portrait of Anna Petrovna, 1720s Artistic culture
Under Peter I, artistic culture took a new place in spiritual life. Under Peter I, artistic culture took a new place in spiritual life. It became secular, more diverse in genre, and received active support from the state. Art culture
Music Presented in simple everyday forms: - dance, - military, - table melodies. Art culture
Music Cants were popular. Cants were polyphonic singing by an ensemble or choir of singers without musical accompaniment, usually sounded on public and military holidays. Art culture
Architecture The architecture of Peter the Great's time is represented primarily by ensembles of buildings in St. Petersburg, for the construction of which the best foreign specialists were invited - J. Leblon, D. Trezzini, F. B. Rastrelli. Art culture
Peter and Paul Fortress and Peter and Paul Cathedral Works of Domenico Trezzini Artistic culture
Art culture
But Russian architects, I.K. Korobov and M.G. Zemtsov, also took part in this work. The most important architectural monuments of that time were the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the Peter and Paul Fortress, the building of the Twelve Colleges, the Menshikov Palace in St. Petersburg, the Menshikov Tower in Moscow, and the first buildings of the Peterhof ensemble. But Russian architects, I.K. Korobov and M.G. Zemtsov, also took part in this work. The most important architectural monuments of that time were the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the Peter and Paul Fortress, the building of the Twelve Colleges, the Menshikov Palace in St. Petersburg, the Menshikov Tower in Moscow, and the first buildings of the Peterhof ensemble. Art culture
Art culture
Alexandro – Nevsky Lavra Building of the twelve colleges Artistic culture
Building of the Twelve Colleges, architect - D. Trezzini Building of the Twelve Colleges, architect - D. Trezzini Artistic culture
While St. Petersburg is built in the European architectural tradition, provincial cities are distinguished by the unity of old and new. Russian traditions continue to develop in them. While St. Petersburg is built in the European architectural tradition, provincial cities are distinguished by the unity of old and new. The traditions of Russian wooden architecture continue to develop in them. His highest achievement was the Transfiguration Church in Kizhi. Art culture
Russian painting of the first quarter of the 18th century acquired a pronounced secular character, being formed under the influence of Western European art. Portrait becomes the main genre of painting. Russian painting of the first quarter of the 18th century acquired a pronounced secular character, being formed under the influence of Western European art. Portrait becomes the main genre of painting. I. Nikitin. Portrait of Peter I. 1721 I. Nikitin. Portrait of Count G.I. Golovkina Artistic culture
Another distinctive feature of the fine art of the Peter the Great era was the portrait. One of the founders of Russian secular painting was Ivan Nikitich Nikitin (1690–1742), who, by decree of Peter, received the opportunity to study in Italy. His portraits (“Outdoor Ge”) are characterized by realism, interest in the inner world of a person, showing not only his individual external features, but also his character. Another distinctive feature of the fine art of the Peter the Great era was the portrait. One of the founders of Russian secular painting was Ivan Nikitich Nikitin (1690–1742), who, by decree of Peter, received the opportunity to study in Italy. His portraits (“Outdoor Ge”) are characterized by realism, interest in the inner world of a person, showing not only his individual external features, but also his character. Art culture
Fine art of the first quarter of the 18th century. represented by such a new phenomenon as engraving (it came to Rus' from Europe). It gained its popularity primarily because of its low cost. Fine art of the first quarter of the 18th century. represented by such a new phenomenon as engraving (it came to Rus' from Europe). It gained its popularity primarily because of its low cost. Art culture
Soon, engravings were already widely used in educational literature, newspapers, and calendars. A famous master in this direction was A.F. Zubov. Soon, engravings were already widely used in educational literature, newspapers, and calendars. A famous master in this direction was A.F. Zubov. Art culture
In the first quarter of the 18th century, sculpture became one of the “new” types of art in Russia. Over time, statues become an obligatory attribute of landscape and park art. The greatest master of this time was the architect and sculptor B. Rastrelli. In the first quarter of the 18th century, sculpture became one of the “new” types of art in Russia. Over time, statues become an obligatory attribute of landscape and park art. The greatest master of this time was the architect and sculptor B. Rastrelli. B. Rastrelli Bust of Peter I. 1723-1730. Art culture
What new appeared in the fine arts of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century? What trends in Russian architecture continued in this era? Art culture
4. Changes in daily life.
The reforms of Peter I also affected the life of the Russian people. However, mainly the changes affected the lifestyle of the nobility, which was one of the reasons for the deepening split between the lifestyle of the upper strata of society and folk culture. The reforms of Peter I also affected the life of the Russian people. However, mainly the changes affected the lifestyle of the nobility, which was one of the reasons for the deepening of the split between the lifestyle of the upper strata of society and folk culture. Main changes in the life of Russian people in the first quarter of the 18th century Introduction of a new chronology (from January 1, 1700), Introduction decree on barber shaving, Introduction of new clothing according to European standards, Introduction of assemblies - meetings - balls for the upper classes of society with the participation of women, Introduction of rules of conduct for noble youth - “An Honest Mirror of Youth” (1718) Changes in everyday life
“The boyars came to bow to the monarch. Contrary to custom, that morning the entrance to the palace was open to everyone. Peter hugged everyone, and then... pulled out huge scissors and began to cut the beards. There was no trace left of the boyars’ solidity and severity—there were “shamefully exposed, new, unfamiliar faces with red cheeks and drooping chins” all around. The beards were hastily cut off, along with the skin and meat.” Changes in daily life
By order of the tsar, it was mandatory for the nobles to wear European clothing - camisoles, stockings, shoes, ties, hats. Women, according to the new fashion, had to dress in dresses with a deep neckline and a tight-fitting bodice, cinched at the waist. Changes in daily life
“Many guests arrived at the feast in traditional Russian clothing: shirts with an embroidered collar, brightly colored silk zipuns, over which they wore caftans with long sleeves, cinched at the wrists with oversleeves. Over the caftan was a long velvet dress, buttoned from top to bottom with many buttons. A fur coat and a fur hat with a high crown and velvet top completed the attire of the nobility. That day, the king again shocked many noble people by taking scissors with his own hands and beginning to shorten his sleeves.” Changes in daily life
“The boyars and okolnichy and Duma and Neighbors... wear a German upper dress, Saxon and French, and underwear camisoles and trousers and boots and shoes and German hats..., and for the female sex of all ranks, wear a dress and hats and kuntushas, and underwear German bostrogs and yupkas Well..." Peter's Decree A sample of clothing was hung on the city gates, and everyone who violated the decree was forced to their knees and the tails of their clothing were cut off to ground level with sheep's scissors. Changes in daily life
“Russians wear tight and long clothes that reach to their toes and look like they are lined with sacks. Due to the lack of pockets, they put all sorts of things behind the tops of their boots. The long and narrow sleeves squeezed the hands so tightly that the man could hardly wash and dress himself. A dress that reaches to the toes prevents the legs from walking, and the rider in such attire seemed like a stump tied to a horse. Because of their beards, the russians looked like leshaks. The cut of clothes is a great sign of intelligence among the people.” “Russians wear tight and long clothes that reach to their toes and look like they are lined with sacks. Due to the lack of pockets, they put all sorts of things behind the tops of their boots. The long and narrow sleeves squeezed the hands so tightly that the man could hardly wash and dress himself. A dress that reaches to the toes prevents the legs from walking, and the rider in such attire seemed like a stump tied to a horse. Because of their beards, the russians looked like leshaks. The cut of clothes is a great sign of intelligence among the people.” From the works of Yuri Krizhanich Changes in everyday life
“In Moscow and in all cities, to courtiers and courtyard servants and city officials and clerks... tell everyone; so that henceforth from this great sovereign of the decree, beards and mustaches will be shaved. And if anyone doesn’t want to shave their beards and mustaches, they will charge 60 rubles per person...” Peter’s decree “Don’t touch our beards - take our heads.” Changes in daily life
Under fear of disgrace, boyars and nobles had to shave off their beards (for disobedience - a fine or exile. Peasants for the right to wear a beard had to pay a "beard tax", which was levied every time a peasant entered the city. Changes in everyday life
The right to wear a beard had to be purchased. For rich merchants, a beard cost a colossal sum of 100 rubles a year at that time; nobles and officials had to pay 60 rubles a year, and other townspeople - 30 rubles. The peasants paid a penny each time they entered and left the city. A special metal plaque was knocked out, replacing a receipt for the payment of beard tax. “You can’t grow a beard without a ruble.” Changes in daily life
Analyze proverbs and sayings. Why was the decree of Peter I perceived so painfully? “The beard is the image and likeness of God.” “Shaving a beard is a sin, and the priest refuses a blessing to a beardless man.” “A beard is a sign of solidity and integrity.” “My beard is my honor, my praise.” “They won’t let you into heaven without a beard.” “God judges the guilty one who offends the bearded one.” “To shave a beard is to spoil the image of Christ.”
"From the decree of Peter 1 of January 1, 1705" "From the decree of Peter 1 of January 1, 1705" Find out whether the amount of the fine was high for that time. In 1704, Peter I carried out a radical monetary reform: the penny began to be issued from copper and increased in size. Assignment – studying the document
"From the decree of Peter 1 of January 1, 1705" "From the decree of Peter 1 of January 1, 1705" 2. Find out what happened to those people who refused to follow the decree but were unable to pay the fine. If it turned out that someone did not have a badge, that is, he wore a beard and mustache “freely and duty-free” or received the badge by fraud, then such persons were beaten with a whip, and sometimes even sent to hard labor, regardless of class. Assignment – studying the document
"From the decree of Peter 1 of January 1, 1705" "From the decree of Peter 1 of January 1, 1705" 3. Which categories of the population were exempted from punishment under this decree? An exception was made only for persons of clergy rank. Assignment – studying the document
From Europe, the Tsar brought and introduced new forms of communication and entertainment into Russia: holidays with illumination, fireworks, masquerades. From Europe, the Tsar brought and introduced new forms of communication and entertainment into Russia: holidays with illumination, fireworks, masquerades. Changes in daily life
Peter
Creation of the Academy of Sciences
Academies of Sciences are a place where a group of scientists gather and conduct scientific activities. Such academies were created in England, France, Germany and other countries. That is, the idea itself was quite in the spirit of Peter - to copy the European. But as always, his reforms were twisted in such a way that they worked with great reserve. On January 28, 1724, Peter issued a Decree on the creation of the Academy Department. The academy itself began operating in December 1725, and its first head was the doctor Lavrentiy Lavrentievich Blumentrost. But what is more important is that a Department was created over the Academy. In other words, officials controlled its activities. In other countries, academies gained independence. This was the difference.
Rules were introduced for the Academy that only people who had received an academic degree could be officials of the Academy. The problem was that in the Russian Empire it was impossible to obtain this degree. There was no system or organization capable of training the required specialist. The same Lomonosov went to study in Germany, since it was impossible to get an academic degree in Russia. Therefore, scientists began to be discharged from Western Europe. All kinds of people came, including gifted ones. But these people came to receive money simply for being here. Nobody demanded practical activity from them. Theoretically, it was assumed that the newcomers would train new personnel on the spot, but this was not done.
Cultural changes in the era of Peter I. presentation for a history lesson (grade 7) on the topic
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Changes in culture and life in the era of Peter I
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Noble life Peter's reforms affected all areas of life, but the most impressive, perhaps, were the transformations in everyday life and culture. The appearance of Peter's contemporaries changed dramatically. Having put on European dress himself, he demanded the same from others.
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Men's clothing Before Peter I Under Peter I Transformations in fashion. Peter rejected the old Moscow traditions in clothing and life. It happened that he himself cut off the hems of the boyars' caftans.
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Women's clothing Before Peter I Under Peter I
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Men's and women's hairstyles
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New customs Smoking tobacco Drinking coffee Eating potatoes Assemblies were introduced The Assemblies were a noble pleasure ball, evening.
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New customs The book “The Honest Mirror of Youth” talked about how young nobles should behave. Don’t slurp at your food like a pig, and don’t scratch your head. Don’t speak without swallowing a piece, because that’s what peasants do. Most of all, the children of the father and mother should maintain the New Customs in great honor
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Sciences The most important stage in the implementation of reforms was Peter’s visit to a number of European countries as part of the Grand Embassy. Upon his return, Peter sent many young nobles to Europe to study various specialties, mainly to master marine sciences. The Tsar also cared about the development of education in Russia
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Enlightenment and science 1701. — Navigation and Artillery schools 1712. - Engineering school 1707 - Medical school For the children of provincial nobles and officials, digital schools (lower-level schools) were created. The children of artisans studied in mountain schools, and the children of soldiers studied in garrison schools. By decree of January 20, 1714 Those nobles who did not graduate from at least a digital school were forbidden to marry. The main goal of education reform is the training of specialists.
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Education under Peter I Children of peasants Children of nobles
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The first printed newspaper and the new alphabet
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Painting The beginning of the 18th century was the time of the establishment of secular painting, which replaced icon painting. Unlike the Parsuns of the 17th century. portraits of the early 18th century. finally freed from the canon. The ability to convey the inner world of heroes and spiritual individuality allowed the Russian portrait of the first half of the 18th century. take a place among the outstanding achievements of world art. Court artist I.N. Nikitin Portrait of G.I. Golovkin
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As a result of the reforms of Peter I, the cultural life of the country changed dramatically. The attitude towards Europe has changed radically - Russia has moved to large-scale borrowing of the experience of European states. However, we must not forget that all these transformations came exclusively from above, and therefore were quite painful for both the upper and lower strata of society. The violent nature of some of these transformations inspired disgust towards them and led to a sharp rejection of other, even the most progressive, initiatives. Peter strove to make Russia a European country in every sense of the word and attached great importance to even the smallest details of the process.
