Summary of a geography lesson in grade 10 “World natural resources”

Political system of the countries of the world[edit | edit code]

Based on the “calling card” of the countries on the endpapers of the textbook, create a systematizing (concisely reference) table “Public system of the countries of the world” using the form (figure on the right).

In each column, write down the names of several countries as examples. Use the results of the work to specify the provisions of the textbook.

Analyze Table 2 in the Appendices. Using your knowledge of history, explain why countries with a monarchical form of government are most numerous in foreign Europe and in foreign Asia, and there are none at all in North America.

Why are there most countries with a monarchical form of government in foreign Europe and in foreign Asia, while in North America there are none at all?

- This is caused by history, since the states that were formed in North America were colonies of countries where there were monarchies, and these colonies subsequently fought for independence from them. After countries achieved independence, they followed a different form of government, i.e. began to develop democratic institutions, where power came directly from the people, and not from monarchical dynasties, where power was transferred exclusively along tribal lines.

General characteristics of the world[edit | edit code]

• Task 1. Based on the political map of the world in the atlas and the “calling card” of the countries on the endpapers of the textbook, write in your notebook:

a) the seven largest countries in the world by territory; b) 11 countries of the world with a population of over 100 million people; c) examples of peninsular and island countries, archipelagic countries; d) examples of inland countries.
Use the results of the work to flesh out the text of the textbook. In your opinion, what provisions of the textbook do they confirm? Make a crossword puzzle for “countries of the world.”

The seven largest countries in the world by territory[edit | edit code]

11 countries of the world with a population of over 100 million people[edit | edit code]

Thus, 11 countries out of 193 currently existing have a total population 4 563 964 057

people, which is
59.1%
of the total number of inhabitants of our planet.

Examples of peninsular and island countries, archipelagic countries[edit | edit code]

• Peninsular states
• India
• Bulgaria
• Greece
• Denmark
• Spain
• Italy
• South Korea
• Norway
• Sweden
• Türkiye

• Island states
• Great Britain
• Ireland
• Iceland
• Indonesia
• Philippines
• Japan
• Cuba
• Madagascar

• Archipelagic countries
• Denmark
• Seychelles
• Kiribati
• Indonesia
• Bahamas
• Tonga
• Japan

Examples of inland countries[edit | edit code]

• Landlocked states
• Armenia
• Belarus
• Serbia
• Switzerland
• Mongolia
• Ethiopia
• Bolivia

Crossword puzzle “countries of the world”[edit | edit code]

• Crossword “Countries of the World”[1]

Dear friends, send your crosswords to us in the VK group and we will publish them here.

Additional tasks[edit | edit code]

Text analysis[edit | edit code]

• Analyze the main text of the topic 1. Trace its division into paragraphs, subparagraphs, and separate semantic parts. Understand why spacing, italics, and highlighting of keywords are used in this text.

Each paragraph is devoted to one aspect of the political map of the world: typology of countries by level of economic development, government structure, form of government, etc. By dividing the paragraph into subparagraphs, each of the above aspects can be considered in more detail. Using italics, we highlight concepts that we become familiar with in the process of studying the topic.[7]

The diversity of the modern world[edit | edit code]

• How do you explain: How is the diversity of the modern world expressed?

The diversity of the world lies in the fact that 7 billion people live on our planet, they are represented by three main and several transitional racial groups. The main ones are the Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Equatorial groups. They all speak different languages, the exact number of which is impossible to count. It is known that languages ​​are divided into 23 language families. The modern world includes more than 2 thousand independent states, each of which pursues an independent foreign and domestic policy. States have different forms of government and different territorial structures.

The diversity of the modern world also lies in the fact that each state differs from others in the level of economic development and the people inhabiting different states differ from each other in their standard of living. There are countries that are distinguished by a high level of economic development and the incomes of their citizens are consistently high, and there are states that still have a primitive economic system and for this reason their population has a low standard of living.

Diversity of religions:

The religious face of the modern world is also diverse. There are three main world religions that most of humanity adheres to. These are Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Other people practice religions such as Confucianism, Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism and many other local traditional beliefs. There are also a large number of people who hold atheistic beliefs.

Culture and traditions:

In the modern world, there is a trend towards diversity of cultures, lifestyles and national traditions. This is due to the different historical heritage that each country has. And each culture was formed under the influence of certain living conditions of the people and those historical circumstances that influenced their lives.

Global problems of humanity:

At the moment, there are many global problems of humanity that can only be resolved through joint efforts. These are dangerous nuclear weapons that can destroy our civilization if used, air pollution and pollution of seas and oceans, which lead to deterioration in human health and the extinction of various animal species. The problem of global warming and household waste is also acute. In order to solve these problems, humanity will need a lot of effort, and the consequences of such global cataclysms can only be finally prevented by the united forces of different states and peoples.[8]

Differences in the form of government and administrative-territorial structure of states[edit | edit code]

• How do the countries of the world differ in terms of forms of government and administrative-territorial structure?

Form of government

— the structure and legal status of the highest bodies of state power (head of state, parliament, government), as well as the established order of relationships between them. The main defining feature of the form of government is the legal status of the head of state (elected and replaceable in a republic, hereditary in monarchical states).

Based on these characteristics, forms of government are divided into:

• monarchical (sole, hereditary). Monarchy can be: unlimited (absolute) or limited (constitutional).
• republican (collegial, elective). The main types of republics are: parliamentary, presidential, mixed (parliamentary-presidential).[9]

Differences in the administrative-territorial structure:

State structure is understood as the internal national-territorial organization of the state, the relationship between the whole and its parts. There are three generally recognized forms of government: unitary, federal and confederal (intermediate).

• A unitary state
  is an integral centralized state, the administrative-territorial units of which (regions, provinces, districts, etc.) do not have the status of state entities and do not have sovereign rights.
• A federal state
  (federation) is a complex state consisting of several entities united to solve common problems. In this case, the subjects are formed according to the national or territorial principle, or use both the first and the second.
• A confederation
  is a union of sovereign states formed to achieve certain goals (military, economic, etc.). Here, the union bodies only coordinate the activities of the member states of the confederation and only on those issues for which they united. The Confederation has no sovereignty.[10]

General characteristics of some countries[edit | edit code]

• Do you know: What do the following countries have in common: USA, Germany, France. UK, Japan. And which of the following countries can serve as examples:

a) countries with a republican form of government: Bulgaria, Poland, Great Britain, France.
Japan, Saudi Arabia; - Bulgaria, Poland, France have a republican form of government
; b) countries with a federal administrative-territorial structure: Great Britain, USA, Germany, France, India, Egypt, Brazil?
— The USA, Germany, India, Brazil have a Federal administrative-territorial structure

Some countries on the world map[edit | edit code]

• Can you: Draw on an outline map from memory the following countries mentioned in the text or on text maps: Russia. France, China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, USA, Canada, Brazil, Australia?

• Some countries on the world map
• Russia
• France
• China
• Japan
• Saudi Arabia
• Nigeria
• USA
• Canada
• Brazil
• Australia

Political independence of some countries after World War II[edit | edit code]

• Can you: Indicate which of the following countries achieved political independence after World War II: Iran, India. Indonesia, Thailand, Egypt, Algeria, Colombia, Mexico?

After the Second World War, Algeria, India, and Indonesia gained independence. Algeria became independent in 1962 from France. India became independent from Britain in 1947 and Indonesia in 1949 from the Netherlands.

Countries of a Thousand Islands[edit | edit code]

• Can you: Give examples of two or three countries that fit the name “Land of a Thousand Islands”?

Southeast Asia is washed by two oceans: the Indian and the Pacific. Between them there are many islands. Indonesia has long been called the Land of Thousand Islands, but this name would also suit the Philippines, and Malaysia, along with the Malacca Peninsula, includes not only a significant part of the huge island of Borneo (Kalimantan), but also a countless number of small islands near their coasts. Situated on the Sunda Islands, Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and the largest island nation in the world. It ranks fourth in the world in terms of population after China, India and the USA - about 230 million people.[11] And display all these countries on the map:

• Countries of a Thousand Islands
• Indonesia
• Philippines
• Malaysia
• Kiribati

Newly industrialized countries[edit | edit code]

• Can you: Name examples of newly industrialized countries?

Newly industrialized countries

(NIS) are represented by a number of states in Asia and America. They have a higher rate of economic growth than their neighbors.

In the economic development of the countries of South and Southeast Asia, Japan has become the leader, and the second row is occupied by the new industrial countries of foreign Asia: Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore. The four countries that are members of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in the third row are Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines. The fourth row is Vietnam and China, which have already been practically joined by Pakistan and India.[12]

Sovereign state, republic, federal state, political geography[edit | edit code]

• Can you: Define the terms “sovereign state”, “republic”, “federal state”, “political geography”?

Sovereign State

- this is a property of a country (state) that allows it to independently and independently of other countries carry out its functions and policies within the territory, and in some cases beyond its borders, that is, within the framework of international communication.[13]

Republic

- a form of government in which all supreme authorities are either elected or formed by national representative institutions (parliaments), and citizens have personal and political rights. Within the framework of the republican form of government, it is customary to distinguish between a presidential republic, a parliamentary republic and a mixed type republic (semi-presidential).[14]

Federal State

- a form of government, which is a union state consisting of state entities that have a certain legal independence, formally limited by the rights of the union itself. The constituent entities of a federal state (states, provinces, lands, cantons) are subjects of the federation and have their own administrative-territorial division.[15]

Political geography

- a scientific discipline that studies the political culture of a population in connection with geographical differences; processes of formation and development of territorial combinations of influence of political forces; patterns of spatial organization of the political life of society in connection with a set of socio-economic and natural factors specific to each region.[16]

Examples of developed and developing countries[edit | edit code]

• Task 2. Using the text of the textbook and the political map of the world in the atlas, write down in your notebook several examples of developed and developing countries belonging to various subgroups.

Examples of important geopolitical issues[edit | edit code]

• Using a variety of sources of information, provide examples of important geopolitical issues facing the world in the late 20th and early 20th centuries.

The geopolitical problems of our time include such problems as:

• Environmental problems
  - these problems include:

Pollution of the atmosphere
and, accordingly, air.
It was the atmospheric air that first felt the consequences of modern technological progress. Tens of thousands of tons of harmful and toxic substances are released into the atmosphere every hour every day. Many industries and productions cause an irreparable and simply stunning blow to the environment, for example, oil, metallurgy, food and other types of industries. This greatly affects the overall environmental situation for the planet. Water pollution
is particularly widespread in Africa and some Asian countries.
There is a huge shortage of drinking water there, since all existing reservoirs are terribly polluted. This water cannot even be used for washing clothes, let alone used as drinking water. This is again due to the release of waste into wastewater from many industrial enterprises. Land pollution
- to release waste, many enterprises use the method of recycling it in the ground. Undoubtedly, this negatively affects the soil, not only in the burial area, but also in nearby areas.[3]

• Military conflicts between states
  - Throughout the history of our planet, peoples and entire countries have been at enmity. This led to the formation of conflicts whose scale was truly global. The nature of life itself encourages the survival of the strongest and the fittest. But, unfortunately, the king of nature not only destroys everything around him, but also destroys his own kind. All the major changes on the planet over the past few thousand years are associated precisely with human activity. Maybe the desire to conflict with others has a genetic basis? One way or another, it will be difficult to remember a moment in time when peace reigned everywhere on Earth. Conflicts bring pain and suffering, but almost all of them are still localized in some geographic or professional area. In the end, such skirmishes end with the intervention of someone stronger or the successful achievement of a compromise. However, the most destructive conflicts involve the largest number of peoples, countries and people. Classical in history are the two World Wars that occurred in the last century.[4] Here are the largest military conflicts of mankind:

• Thirty Years' War (1618 and 1648). Participants: Almost all European countries. Victims: about 8 million people.
• First World War (1014-1918). Participants: Almost all European countries. Victims: More than 10 million people
• World War II (1939-1945). Participants: Almost all European countries. Victims: More than 70 million people, of which more than 26 million people were in the USSR.

• The demographic problems
  are as follows:

1. In developed countries, with progressive economic transformations, there is a demographic crisis, characterized by a drop in the birth rate, population decline and aging.
2. The demographic problem in developed countries appears through an increase in the number of abortions (Germany, France, Belgium, Denmark, Hungary), as well as an increase in suicide cases. Countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are experiencing rapid population growth.
3. Developing countries are increasingly less able to provide their population with the necessary food and material goods, provide basic education, and provide work for able-bodied people. The burden of the disabled population on the able-bodied population is increasing.
4. Third world countries have 3 times more people than developed countries.
5. The population explosion is observed in developing countries, with the lowest levels of economic and social development. Many of these countries are implementing measures to reduce the birth rate, but the majority of the population is illiterate.[5]

• Food deficit
  - Providing the population of countries with food in sufficient quantity and assortment is a complex problem, including a complex of issues of food production, the state of national and world food markets, the competitiveness and solvency of countries, the level of income and nutritional structure of the population, social policy of the state, etc. The international significance of the food problem is also given by the fact that its solution cannot be achieved through the isolated efforts of individual countries, from which well-established cooperation is required, regardless of the social and political systems prevailing in them. It also cannot be approached in isolation from other complex situations of global proportions that humanity is forced to face. At present, there is apparently no state in the world in which the production, distribution and foreign trade of food would not be a serious concern of the central authorities. And in this regard, the problem under consideration appears to be global, despite the fact that some countries are faced with a chronic shortage of food, in others the current goal has become a qualitative improvement in the diet in order to bring it closer to scientifically based standards, and some are even forced to “fight” » with surpluses of produced products and diseases of the population caused by their excess consumption. food crisis global income.[6]
• Lack of raw materials and energy
  —