Educational project as a form of achieving meta-subject results
The Federal State Educational Standard has changed the approach to assessing student achievements.
Much is said about the fact that lessons should lead not only to subject, but also to meta-subject and personal results. The optimal form of application and demonstration of meta-subject knowledge and skills is an educational project. On the one hand, it is required within the framework of the standards, on the other hand, school projects (both small and large-scale) really help a child understand scientific knowledge and prepare him for adult life, where the ability to work with information and make presentations is the key to a successful career. Types of individual school projects
- informational,
- research,
- creative,
- practice-oriented,
- game.
Chemistry. 9th grade. Workbook
The proposed notebook is part of the educational complex for the textbook by V. V. Eremin, N. E. Kuzmenko, A. A. Drozdov, V. V. Lunin “Chemistry. 9th grade." The textbook complies with the Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education. The notebook can also be used with a textbook that complies with the Federal component of the state educational standard. In addition to the notebook, the teaching aid includes a methodological manual and a work program.
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In the subject "Chemistry" research projects are most often carried out. Their structure is similar to the structure of this scientific study. In second place: practice-oriented projects that involve the creation of a new product.
This type of activity as an “educational project in chemistry” should be introduced as early as the seventh grade, through small research assignments, in order to form the student’s ideas about project activities. For example: “Growing crystals in a home laboratory”, “Studying the pigments of the plant world” (7th grade), “Studying the path of I.D. Mendeleev to the great discovery”, “Exploring the composition of school chalk” (8th grade). A wide selection of practical works is presented in the textbook by V.V. Lunin "Chemistry".
So, gradually, from the first chemical research, through a thorough project in the 9th grade, schoolchildren approach a large project in the 10th grade. Ideally, it should be carried out in collaboration with higher educational institutions; work at the profile level may include a poster report (presentation), as well as an essay on a classmate’s project.
2.1. Composition of cosmetics and their effect on the human body.
The 20th century saw the flourishing of the perfume industry. Having encountered conflicting information on the Internet and printed publications about the benefits or harms of cosmetics, I became interested in studying this problem in more detail. What about today? To answer this question, I studied what cosmetic products consist of.
Composition of cosmetics
- the main criterion when choosing cosmetics. After all, he is the one who can tell you how safe and effective cosmetic products are.
At first glance, studying the composition of cosmetics seems completely impossible: long, incomprehensible chemical terms - only a big science buff or a professional can understand them. But this is only at first glance. It's actually not that complicated.
Any cosmetic product consists of 80-90% base, 10-15% active ingredients and 3-5% preservatives and fragrances.
How do you know what is used as a base in each particular jar? Look at the composition of the cosmetic product, which is indicated on the label. All substances that are listed in the composition are arranged in decreasing order (i.e., the first substance in the list is contained in the largest amount).
Often, one of the first on this list contains substances such as propylene glycol, sodium laureth sulfate, betaine and others.
Propylene glycol proportion
in some cosmetics it reaches 20%. It creates an airtight film on the surface of the skin, which clogs the pores, prevents the skin from breathing and often causes allergic reactions, hives, and eczema.
Sodium laureth sulfate
causing eye irritation, skin peeling, allergic reactions. At concentrations above 2% it can have a toxic effect on the entire body.
Synthetic betaine
causes severe irritation to facial skin.
Isopropyl alcohol
(isopropanol) can be very drying to the skin, cause irritation and have a toxic effect on the body as a whole.
Diethanolamide
- a chemical with a powerful carcinogenic effect.
Dioxane (1,4-dioxane)
- a substance that causes cancer.
Preservatives parabens
can penetrate the skin barrier and accumulate in various organs and tissues of the body, causing mutations and disruptions in the hormonal system.
Only the most naive people can believe that peach was added to a peach-flavored cream. In our age of “natural-identical flavors,” such faith is an unaffordable luxury. The same can be said about dyes. Artificial fragrances and dyes can cause allergic reactions. For example, aniline dyes and heavy metal salts in decorative cosmetics are the most allergenic components.
Girls use decorative cosmetics in everyday life. I looked at the effect of the most commonly used products on the human body.
- Mascara
quite often the cause of allergic reactions. If you do not completely wash off the mascara in the evening, your eyelashes stop receiving the necessary nutrients from the external environment, which leads to their fragility and dull appearance.
- Powder and foundation
help hide skin imperfections. Teenagers should not use foundation that contains petroleum jelly because it clogs pores and powder can cause acne and skin inflammation.
- The bronze medalist was nail polish
. It must contain plasticizers: camphor, dibutyl phthalate and others. Thanks to them, the varnish coating remains elastic after drying and retains its strength. But, please note, camphor is a strong allergen, and dibutyl phthalate is banned in the European Union as a potentially dangerous substance.
- The fourth place is taken lipstick
. Sparkling and luminous lipsticks may contain substances that, in sunlight, release so-called atomic oxygen - a strong oxidizing agent, sharply
accelerating skin aging. Carmine dye used in lipsticks quite often causes severe allergic reactions. Even Vaseline, which has long been used to soften the skin and is considered a safe product, can also cause allergies, and with regular use it dries out the skin of the lips. In addition, hard paraffins contained in lipstick can cause tooth decay.
During the study, I conducted a survey of girls in grades 8-11. In total, I interviewed 20 people. The study showed that 63% of high school girls spend a lot of time in front of the mirror, which is natural for their age. When caring for the skin, 4.5% of schoolgirls trust folk remedies, and 91% of schoolgirls trust modern cosmetics.
80% of girls began using moisturizing and nourishing creams from the age of 13-15. 86% of high school girls surveyed use decorative cosmetics. 53% of girls reported skin problems, while 20% noticed the harmful effects of cosmetics on their skin. Skin irritation was caused by products from the following cosmetic brands: 45.5% Avon, 9% each Oriflame, Palmolive, 27% did not remember the names of the companies.
When choosing a cosmetic product, 28% of high school girls trust advertising, 26% listen to the opinions of friends, 10.5% are attracted by the price, and only 1.7% pay attention to the composition.
One of the objectives of my project was to find out the awareness of high school girls about the harmful effects of some components of cosmetic products on health. The study showed that 87% are not aware of this problem. An analysis of the chemical composition of cosmetic products according to the labels showed that many of them contain substances that most quickly release formaldehyde, which destroys not only microbes, but also living cells, and there is also a danger of the formation of carcinogens.
How to get a student interested in chemistry. Selecting project topics
Current textbooks with differentiated tasks, ready-made topics and instructions for completing work help solve some problems. For example, in the publications “Natural Science” of the Russian Textbook Corporation for grade 10, practical work is presented that can be included in interdisciplinary individual projects: “Observing a burning candle”, “Studying hard water and eliminating its hardness”, “Studying the parameters of the state of air in office”, “Recognition of organic compounds”, “Study of the environment of a solution of salts and plant juice”.
You can do a good chemistry project with a variety of students: both “C” students and true humanities students. The main thing is to choose a topic that will captivate the child and will correspond to his personal interests. Here it is worth starting from the student’s hobbies and additional skills. Here are examples from practice (9th grade): an art school graduate made a colorful “Young Chemist’s Calendar”, a child from the church choir prepared a study “The Chemistry of the Easter Egg”, a student from an advanced English class designed a bilingual interactive guide “The Role of Foreign Scientists in the Discovery of the Periodic Table” Mendeleev".
We present to your attention outstanding topics for research in chemistry in grade 10:
- “Obtaining silver water and studying its bactericidal properties”
- “Interaction of drugs with food: before or after?”
- "Metals on the human body: piercing"
- “Sports nutrition: its importance, advantages and disadvantages”
- “Not just entertainment... Roasted sunflower seeds”
- “Does pasta cook faster if you add salt to it?”
- “Determination of the quality of dyes in markers (felt-tip pens)”
- “Biochemical composition of the kombucha drink”
- "Bread Research"
- "Chemistry in the technique of fresco painting"
- “Drawings on feathers: chemical surface preparation”
- "Chemistry and perfumery"
- “We value and sell objects from time immemorial”
Please note that individual chemistry projects must be supported by the regulatory framework. In some schools, the project leader certifies in writing the topic and consent to participate in the work.
Beauty through chemistry. Modern cosmetics, their quality.
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Introduction.
“A woman without makeup is like food without salt.”
(Roman philosopher Plato (254-184 BC))
“Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs,” this catchphrase of Mikhail Lomonosov is especially relevant at the present time. Chemistry today includes food and medicine, fuel and clothing, fertilizers and paints, analysis and synthesis, organization of production and quality control of its products, preparation of drinking water and disposal of wastewater, environmental monitoring and the creation of a safe human environment.
Along with the traditional areas of application of the efforts of chemical specialists, the development of various cosmetics is becoming increasingly important in the life of society. Indeed, the number and variety of these products has now noticeably increased.
The art of being a Woman originated in Ancient Egypt. Yes, exactly art. Because in order to become a Real Woman, such as Cleopatra, Nefertiti, and other female legends, to whose beauty and wisdom many volumes of books are dedicated, you need to learn.
Relevance of the work.
Every day we are offered many different means to achieve excellence. Advertising on TV and on street stands does not leave the fair half of humanity indifferent to daily new products. But when purchasing cosmetics, in most cases, we do not understand what we are holding in our hands. People, shelling out unreasonably large amounts of money for beautiful packaging, beautiful promises (i.e. for the good work of advertising companies) hope to receive a product of quality or properties corresponding to the given price. Unfortunately, it often happens that such expectations are not met - at best, the product simply does not have these properties, at worst, it can cause serious harm to health and appearance. This strengthened my desire to consider this topic.
Goal of the work.
Unfortunately, not all manufacturers of decorative cosmetics conscientiously comply with production standards. Therefore, the purpose of my work is:
1) Study the issue of the composition of various cosmetics. And also identify those components that can cause an allergic reaction on delicate skin.
2) Consider the components separately and identify those that are harmful and even dangerous to humans.
3) Find out what the labels on the packages mean.
4) Teach how to choose cosmetics correctly.
Origin story
The history of cosmetics spans at least 6,000 years of human history, spanning almost every society on earth.
The word “cosmetics” itself (from the Greek “kosmetike” - “the art of decorating”) comes from the Greek word “cosmos”, which means “beauty”, “harmony”. And ancient people, being much closer to nature and space than we are, thousands of years ago painted their bodies and faces with bright colors, creating beauty and harmony. But then makeup was given not only one meaning - “to decorate”, but, knowing its innermost essence, makeup was used in various rituals and mystical actions. So, paint was applied to the face and body, for example, before battles, in order to frighten enemies with their bright and frightening appearance, at a wedding, to heal, bewitch or turn away, etc. (Fig. 1, appendix) Special makeup was done for the leader and priest tribe. (Fig. 2-3, appendix)
The full properties and many secrets of cosmetics were known only to the priests and were kept in strict confidence. For example, it was believed that a special design or bracelet on the ankles and wrists prolonged youth, special eye makeup returned cheerfulness and energy to a person, and also contributed to success in the love field. (Fig. 4, appendix) Some combinations of colors or designs, smells and ointments healed diseases and helped to achieve the favor of the gods, and therefore good luck. What’s interesting is that in those distant times, both men and women wore makeup equally, and the former did so not so much to decorate themselves, but to achieve some goal as a result of the magical effects of cosmetics.
The Romans and Ancient Egyptians, not understanding their dangerous properties, used cosmetics containing mercury and white lead. (Fig. 5, appendix) Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battles. (Fig. 6, appendix)
After the First World War, the "emancipated" look came into fashion for the first time, and with it came cosmetics: dark eyes, red lipstick, red nail polish, and tanning, established in fashion thanks to Coco Chanel. (Fig. 7, appendix) Following the adoption of tanning, many new “tanning” products were produced to help both men and women achieve the coveted golden skin tone.
Cosmetics have also been used in Persia, in what is today the Middle East, since ancient times. Henna has been used in India since ancient times, around the 4th or 5th centuries. (Fig. 8, appendix) The Chinese began painting their nails with gum arabic, gelatin, wax and egg around 3000 BC. (Fig. 9, appendix)
In Japan, geisha used lipstick made from ground safflower petals to color the eyebrows and edges of the eyes, as well as the lips. Special wax was used by geishas as a base for cosmetics. The face and back were painted with rice powder; blush was used to emphasize the contours of the eyes and outline the nose. (Fig. 10, appendix)
Beauty through chemistry. Modern cosmetics, their quality.
Bottles and bags, tubes and boxes are beautifully displayed on the windows of perfume stores, hairdressers and beauty salons. Usually these products please the eye with their beautiful design, although sometimes it leaves much to be desired. Nowadays, not only women, but also men constantly use a wide variety of drugs to care for their bodies, to preserve youth and beauty. In addition, many cosmetic products relieve us from diseases of the teeth, skin and hair. What is cosmetics?
Cosmetics are products used to enhance or protect both the appearance and aroma of the human body.
Cosmetics include skin care creams, lotions, perfumes, all kinds of varnishes, eye and facial makeup, permanent hair dyes, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, oils, foam, bath salts and many other types of products. Along with generally accepted perfumery and cosmetic products, many other products are offered, the use of which is a matter of individual taste. They are designed to complement natural attractiveness with “synthetic beauty”. The range of decorative cosmetics is very wide: long-used lipstick, special paints and pencils for eyebrows and eyelids, hair dyes, lotions, creams, etc. (see Appendix Fig. 11)
Thus, chemistry not only helps to increase our life expectancy by providing us with medicines, but also helps us emphasize our beauty and preserve it until old age.
Cosmetics manufacturing is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that formed in the early 20th century, but distribution and sales of cosmetics are common among a wide range of different firms. Today, a large number of chemical laboratories around the world are working around the clock to study new properties of chemicals, their compounds and effects on the skin and human body. They conduct various experiments, including on animals, trying to develop an innovative formula for the production of cosmetics. Typically, such research or testing is carried out at the request and expense of cosmetic companies, which, having received a new formula, use it to produce a new product. However, the most difficult thing is to certify a new product. At the same time, the requirements of Russian legislation are fundamentally different from the wishes of buyers. They do not reflect indicators that determine, for example, how much the cream moisturizes and softens the skin, and how much the shampoo cleanses the hair. There is no need to talk about silky hair and white teeth at all. However, in most cases, when producing cosmetic products, the technical control department does not check what interests the end consumer. A favorite indicator for compilers of regulatory documents is the pH of cosmetics.
The protective function of the skin is due to the fact that the skin is an impenetrable barrier to bacteria. Bacteria can enter the body only if the integrity of the skin is damaged, through damaged areas. This ability of the skin is due to the fact that the skin surface is covered with a protective acidic fatty lubricant (like a film) consisting of sebum, sweat, proteins and breakdown products; This lubricant prevents the proliferation of microorganisms on the surface of the skin. Lubricant gives the epidermis softness and moisture. The acid reaction of the skin's oil is measured and expressed in pH (this is the concentration of hydrogen ions); a lubricant reaction from 1 to 7 is acidic, from 7 to 14 - alkaline. Healthy skin lubricant is acidic (pH 5.5-6.5). When various rashes appear on the skin, the acidic reaction of skin lubrication is disrupted and the indicators shift from an acidic reaction towards an alkaline one. One of the requirements for cosmetic preparations is the preservation of certain pH values, which are easily controlled using standard litmus papers. For example, the sanitary rules in force in Russia require, for example, that the pH of shampoos be in the range of 5.0-7.5.
The protective lubricant of our body must be protected; therefore, to cleanse the skin, preparations should be used whose reaction is close to that of the skin; When using such cosmetics, skin lubrication is impaired to a lesser extent.
What then can serve as a criterion for the quality of a product for an ordinary person? Do you have a certificate? Alas, it only guarantees the safety of cosmetics when used. This is what is checked in routine tests. It will not be difficult for any girl to give a dozen examples of frankly bad cosmetics, which, nevertheless, have been issued a certificate. It's often the other way around. For example, Amway cosmetics?? (Fig. 12, appendix) cannot receive a certificate in Russia, although it is recognized in the world.
It seems that only our experience and recommendations from friends and acquaintances can become a measure of the quality of cosmetic products. If the purchased shampoo meets our expectations and requests, then it can be considered high quality. If not, then the person will no longer buy this product and will recommend not to do so to their acquaintances and friends. Probably no one has yet come up with a better way to deal with unscrupulous manufacturers.
Types of cosmetics.
Sometimes, when going to a cosmetics store, women often feel that among the huge number of lipsticks, powders and eye shadows, they cannot find what they need. The reason for this is that there is too much variety in cosmetics and too little awareness of what types of cosmetics the average buyer has. What types of cosmetics are there?
Professional cosmetics have the goal of achieving the best results in less time. Such cosmetics are used when shooting films, television shows and in other situations when you need to instantly achieve the desired effect. Such cosmetics contain an increased amount of harmful substances that are quite harmful to the skin, but which, in turn, provide such a quick and high-quality result.
Individual cosmetics are used by women after preliminary selection with consultation of specialists.
Cosmetics can also be medicinal and decorative.
Decorative, just like professional, has a high content of active substances. Decorative cosmetics are used mainly to obtain quick results, smooth out “defects” of the skin or face shapes.
Medicinal cosmetics are used primarily to solve skin problems and improve their health. Basically, such cosmetics contain various antibiotics and acids and vitamins that are beneficial for the skin.
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