Development of verbal-logical thinking and coherent speech of primary schoolchildren.
Speech is one of the complex mental functions of a person. The speech act is carried out by a complex system in which the main, leading role belongs to the activity of the brain.
Knowing the word denoting a concept helps a person to operate with this concept, that is, to think. Verbal and logical thinking is formed in the elementary grades and develops and improves throughout life. Thus, mastering the language, vocabulary and grammatical forms creates the prerequisites for the development of thinking. Psychologist N.I. Zhinkin wrote: “Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence... The sooner the language is mastered, the easier and more fully the knowledge will be absorbed.” Consequently, speech development contributes to the development of thinking.
Thinking is broader than speech; it relies not only on language. Psychologists distinguish visual-figurative and effective thinking. These two types of thinking in practice are closely related to logical and verbal thinking, complement and support it. The work of thought, becoming more complex due to work, observation, and other types of activity, requires the enrichment and complexity of speech.
Logical thinking is thinking based on reasoning and evidence. Judgments are interconnected, that is, a time sequence and cause-and-effect dependencies are established between them. It is very important that schoolchildren learn to observe temporal sequence in presenting their thoughts and knowledge and are able to justify their judgments causally.
The most favorable period for the development of children's intellectual and creative abilities is the period from 3 to 9 years. It is then that it is necessary to make every effort to develop speech, perception, memory, attention and thinking.
I have selected various speech exercises that develop logical thinking and speech in younger schoolchildren. Adults, playing and studying with a child with any level of speech and intellectual development, improve the most valuable mental processes for a schoolchild: thinking, speech, attention, memory, imagination, and the ability to be creative. Successful completion of the exercises will give the student self-confidence and the desire to continue studying.
Age determination problems
1. In 10 years, Anton will be 4 years older than Ivan is now. Which one is older?
2. In 15 years, Nadya will be the same age as Lyudmila is now. Who is younger?
3. In many years, Vadim will be a little older than Pavel is now. Who's older?
4. In 7 years, Dmitry will be 4 years older than Vladimir is now. Which one is older?
5. November - September - grandson, October - son, winter - dear father. Why do they say this?
6. Dima is older than Vanya, and Vanya is older than Marina. Who is older: Dima or Marina?
Answers: 1. Ivan; 2. Nadya; 3. Pavel; 4. Vladimir; 6.Dima.
Negation problems
- Olya and Masha went on vacation during the holidays. One of the girls went to the dacha, and the other to the sanatorium. Where did Masha go if Olya didn’t go to the sanatorium?
- Maxim and Artem went to different kindergartens: some to the Kolokolchik kindergarten, and some to the Polyanka kindergarten. Which kindergarten did Artem go to if Maxim did not go to the Polyanka kindergarten?
- Andrey, Vitya and Seryozha watched different films. One is about animals, another is about birds, and the third is about travel. Who watched the film about what, if Andrey didn’t watch about travel, and Vitya didn’t watch about birds and travel?
Answer: Andrey - about birds, Vitya - about animals, Seryozha - about travel.
Difference problems
1. The girls were in pink dresses, and one was in blue. Which of them was dressed how, if Marina and Natasha and Natasha and Yulia were wearing dresses of different colors?
2. Stas and Igor lived on different floors: one on the first, the other on the fifth. What floor did Igor live on if Stas lived on the fifth?
3. Mom bought shoes for her sons: for some of them light shoes with laces, for others - dark shoes with laces, for others - dark shoes without laces. Gena and Kirill had shoes with laces, and Gena and Gleb had dark ones. Who wore dark shoes with laces?
4. Masha and Lisa had cats: some had a small cat with a bow and long hair, some had a large one without a bow and with short hair. The small cat meowed less often, the big one more often. Masha had a cat with a bow, and Lisa had short hair. Whose cat meowed more often?
Answers: 1. Marina and Yulia are in pink, Natasha is in blue. 2. On the first floor.3. Gena. 4. Lisa's cat.
Comparison problems
1. Anton studies better than Anya. Anya studies better than Sveta. Which of them studies worse?
2. If a horse was smaller than a hare, but larger than a hippopotamus, who would be the smallest?
3. Irina went home later than Anya. Anya left later than Marina. Who left first?
4. Fluff is caressed more by Barsik, but less by Vaska. Who caresses more often?
Combination tasks
1. Dasha and Lena were picking berries. One of the girls was picking strawberries, the other was picking raspberries. What berries did Lena pick if Dasha picked raspberries?
2. The woodpecker, chaffinch and warbler have homes in the forest. One of the birds lives on a high tree in a nest, the other lives on a high tree in a hollow, and the third lives on a low tree in a nest. The chaffinch and warbler have nests, and the woodpecker and chaffinch have houses in tall trees. Which bird has which house?
3. Natasha, Irina and Lila were bought new dresses. One is blue with frills, the other is pink with a bow, the third is blue with a bow. Natasha and Lily have blue dresses, Irina and Lily have bows. Which of the girls has what dresses?
Cause-and-effect problems
Find the correct statement.
1. The sun rose because it became warm. 2. It became warm because the sun had risen.
1. It was Katya’s birthday because she was given a doll. 2. Katya was given a doll because it was her birthday.
1. The rooks arrived because spring had come. 2. Spring has come because the rooks have arrived.
1. The guys went swimming because it was a hot day. 2. It was a hot day because the guys went swimming.
1. The fire went out because it became cold. It became cold because the fire went out.
Tasks on correlating concepts and objects
1. While rushing to catch the bus, Alla forgot her headdress at home, and Valya forgot her writing items. Who left the borrower at home, and who left the pen?
2. To make the hike interesting, Anton took tennis rackets and balls with him, and Volodya took a guitar and a drum. Which of the guys had musical instruments, and which had sports equipment?
3. Lesha and Andryusha had breakfast. Lesha chose dairy products, and Andryusha - fruits. Which of the guys ate cottage cheese, and which one ate plums?
4. The boys went to the market. Vitalik bought lemons and plums, and Seva bought gooseberries and black currants. Which of the boys bought the berries?
5. Guests came to the Ivanovs’ dacha, and some of them had nothing to sit on. Brothers Boris and Vladimir went to their neighbors. One of the boys brought a chair and a stool, and another brought a stool. Vladimir brought a chair. What did Boris have?
6. To travel to the dacha, Kirill and Kuzma folded their clothes: some of them put white shirts in a suitcase, and others put black trousers in a box. Kirill had a box. What did Kuzma add up?
7. The boys helped the adults with housework. Grisha helped repair the handles of the kitchen utensils, and Denis supplied wires for the lamps. Which of the boys helped repair the frying pan, and which the table lamp?
8. The boys drew with pencils. Petya drew a triangle and an oval, and Pasha drew cubes and a balloon. Which of the boys drew figures and which drew objects?
Logical search tasks
1. The dog catches up with the cat, and the cat catches up with the mouse. Who's running ahead?
2. Mitya is taller than Seryozha, but shorter than Petya. Who is taller - Petya or Seryozha?
3. Zhuchka barks louder than Trezor, but quieter than Druzhka. Who barks the loudest?
4. They bought Petya a bear, a bunny and a fox for his birthday. A bear is more expensive than a fox, and a bunny is cheaper than a bear. What was the most expensive toy?
5. Two boys played guitars, and one played a balalaika. What did Yura play if Misha and Petya and Petya and Yura played different instruments?
6.A thin book has more letters than a children's magazine and fewer than a newspaper. Where are there more letters?
7. The trunk of an oak tree is thicker than the trunk of a pine tree, and the trunk of a pine tree is thicker than the trunk of a birch tree. What is thicker: an oak trunk or a birch trunk?
