Minoan architecture
The Minoan civilization flourished on the Greek island of Crete from the 27th to the 15th century BC. e. The most famous architectural structure of this period is the impressive palace city of Knossos, located on a hill and surrounded by pine forests. It was divided into two courtyards: the Western wing, where religious and official premises were located, and the Eastern wing, which was used for internal needs.
Archaeologists have discovered the beautiful frescoes of Knossos almost untouched under layers of ash, suggesting the powerful eruption of the Santorini volcano around 1450 BC as the cause of the destruction of the Minoan city. The frescoes have bright colors and depict peaceful scenes from everyday life or illustrations of festivals. These paintings, coupled with the fact that Minoan cities did not have fortress walls, prove that the Minoans apparently had good neighborly relations with other cultures and did not get involved in wars.
Other significant Minoan monuments in Crete are the palace cities of Phaestos and Zakros.
Another way to draw a temple
Although Orthodox architecture has its own centuries-old traditions, it is possible to depict a structure beautifully without knowing them: the main thing is to observe the basic laws of graphics and painting.
Step 1. On a piece of A4 paper, on the right side, draw a vertical line. From the same point from which we started constructing the line, we draw two inclined ones, diverging at the same angles.
Step 2. Similar to the previously drawn diagram, we need to complete the left side of our drawing. A parallelepiped should come out. Its corner is at the bottom point, where all the lines should converge. The dotted line denotes the edges and the very base of the parallelepiped. Draw one line up in the center. This is a guideline for building a dome. On the sides we draw four vertical lines.
Step 3. Draw a line - arched - curved upward. This is the basis of our dome. Down we draw the boundaries of the tower with the bell. It should, as it were, come out from the base of the dome and end on the roof of the lower tier of our temple. The upper edge of the dome resembles an onion with a sharp end.
Step 4. And on the left, on the sidewall - the wall of the lower tier of the building - we outline three half-cylinders. Their height corresponds to the size of the temple. We add pointed domes to them. The roof of the building is designed in the form of curved arches.
Step 5. On the right wall of the temple we draw a door, above it there are two or three windows. We also draw several windows on the bell tower. They are oblong and narrow in shape.
Step 6. We continue the lesson on the topic “How to draw a temple step by step?” Using a simple pencil we shade the dark areas of the towers, as well as windows and doors. Using shading we add volume to the dome of the temple. We sketch the shadow that falls from the building and the bell tower. Almost everything is ready. All that remains is to remove unnecessary sketch lines. You can use an eraser to “blur” the shadows - somewhere lighter, somewhere darker. Now you know how to draw a temple with a pencil step by step.
Mycenaean architecture
Mycenaean architecture, which flourished from 1600 to 1200 BC, is very different from Minoan architecture. Unlike the Minoans, who chose trade as a vector of development, Mycenaean society progressed thanks to the cult of war. The Mycenaeans were often involved in armed conflicts, so their cities had solid and high fortress walls, called Cyclopian, since it was generally believed that only the Cyclopes could lift the huge stones used for their construction.
Cyclopean masonry in the southern walls of Mycenae
The defensive enclosures of Mycenae and Tirinths have characteristic cyclopean walls. Also typical of the architecture of the Mycenaean period are vaulted tombs, where the king and high priests were usually buried. The most famous vaulted tomb is the Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae, which is considered to be the tomb of King Agamemnon.
Treasury of Atreus
Classical architecture
The ancient Greek civilization, now known as classical Greece, reached its peak around 500 BC. Greek builders developed three architectural orders, using three different styles of columns.
Ionic order
The earliest known stone column is of the Doric order, and somewhat later builders in eastern Ionia developed their own style, called Ionic. Classic orders are not unique to each region, but are named after the part of the country where they were first discovered. The most elegant and latest style of ancient Greek architecture - Corinthian - was a mixture of Doric and Ionic.
Temples
Ancient Greek classical architecture is characterized by unique marble temples. Throughout mainland Greece and the islands there are many ancient temples dedicated to various gods, including the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, the Temple of Hephaestus at Athens, the Temple of Athena Aphaia at Aegina, and others.
Temple of Apollo at Delphi
The temple is the most common and famous form of Greek public architecture. It did not serve the same function as a modern church, since the altar stood in the open air in the temenos, often directly in front of the structure. Temples rather served as places to store treasures associated with the cult and as a place for worshipers of the deity to leave their offerings, such as statues, armor or weapons.
Parthenon in Athens
The most significant Greek temple monument is the Parthenon, built on the sacred site of the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon, built between 447 and 438 BC. e., represents a striking example of the Doric and Ionic styles of architecture. This building was dedicated to the goddess Athena, the protector of the city: inside was a giant statue of Athena, the Parthenon, made by Phidias.
Temple of Olympian Zeus
The Corinthian style was not so popular in classical architecture, but still in Athens there is a very significant monument built in the Corinthian style - the Temple of Olympian Zeus in the city center.
Public buildings
Other architectural forms erected by the Greeks:
- the tholos (or circular temple), the best example of which is the Tholos of Theodora at Delphi, dedicated to Athena Pronia;
- propylon (porch), which forms the entrance to temple sanctuaries (for example, the propylaea of the Athenian Acropolis);
- public fountains - buildings where women filled their jugs with water;
- stoa (or standing) - a long narrow gallery with an open colonnade on one side, there were rows of shops in agoras (shopping centers) of Greek cities (the fully restored gallery of the Stoa of Attalus can be seen in Athens).
In addition, palaestras or gymnasiums, sort of social centers for men, were built in large Greek cities. These enclosed open-air spaces were used for athletic competitions and exercise.
Cities had bouleiterions, public buildings that served as meeting places for the city council (boule). Since the Greeks did not use arches or domes, they could not build buildings with large interior spaces. Thus, the bouleiterion had rows of internal columns supporting the roof (hypostyle). To date, no examples of such buildings have survived.
Theaters
Finally, each city had a theater, used for both public meetings and dramatic performances. At first, these buildings were actually gathering places for people who wanted to take part in the ritual. For example, during festivals dedicated to the deity, people gathered in the theater to participate in offerings led by priests. With the invention of theater as an art form, dramatic performances became part of such religious festivals.
The theater was usually located on a hillside outside the city and consisted of tiered rows of seats arranged in a semicircle around a central performance area, the orchestra. Behind the orchestra there was a low building called a skena, which served as a storeroom and dressing room.
Theater in Epidaurus
A number of Greek theaters have survived virtually untouched to this day. The most famous of them is Epidaurus, built in the 4th century BC. e., characterized by perfect symmetry and amazing acoustics. Other famous buildings are the Theater of Dionysus, considered the first theater in the world, and the Odeon of Herodes Atticus. Both of them are located at the foot of the Acropolis.
Development of a lesson on the MHC “Architecture of Ancient Greece. Order system."
Grade 10
G.I. Danilova “World artistic culture
Educational topic
: “Culture of Antiquity”
Lesson topic
:
“Architecture of Ancient Greece.
Order system " (
Slide 1)
Epigraph: "Man is the measure of all things"
Protagoras
(Slide 2)
The purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the order system, to prove that the basis of the cultural achievements of antiquity is love for man.
(Slide 3)
Tasks:
- expand students’ understanding of the role and contribution to the culture of the Ancient Greeks;
- to develop in schoolchildren comparison skills and the ability to highlight the main thing;
- motivate children to further independently become acquainted with the elements of the architectural decoration of cities.
- Fostering tolerance and respect for the cultural heritage of different peoples.
Lesson type: communication of new educational material
Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge
Lesson type: conversation lesson
Means of education:
computer, multimedia projector, screen, teacher presentation, didactic material for group work,
During the classes
1. Organizational stage.
U. Hello, guys! Today in class we continue the conversation about the amazing and still mysterious Ancient Greece for us. It is no secret that it was this era - the era of antiquity, being an example of the inner and outer beauty of a person, that first showed the world what heights a person can achieve. Therefore, as the epigraph for our lesson, I took Protagoras’ aphorism “Man is the measure of all things.” Slide 4
Guys, how do you understand these words?
(Students' opinions are listened to.)
W. - These words are carved on the pediment of the temple at Delphi - Slide 5
and, it seems to me, correspond to the entire architecture of Ancient Greece, the main feature of which was organicity and proportionality to man. To know ourselves today, it is necessary to understand what a person was like in the distant past, in the era of the “happy childhood of humanity”
2. Stage of assimilation of new knowledge
So, as you may have guessed, today in the lesson we will look at the architecture of Ancient Greece, namely the order system: we will get acquainted with three types of orders and see how the ancient order reflected the fundamental essence of ancient art - its focus on man. Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.
The glory of the art of Hellas is its monumental architecture, which expressed the basic principles later formulated by the Roman architect Vitruvius: “strength, usefulness and beauty.” Guys, for many hundreds of years, Greek architects developed every element of the building. The result of their labors was the creation of an order system..
Slide 6
Order system
This is the combination and interaction of load-bearing (supporting) and non-supporting (overlapping) elements.
. This role in the construction of temples is played by pillars
and the beam floors lying on them..
Remember what a column is?
Slide 7
(Column (
fr.) - an element of a building, a support, usually of round or square cross-section.
– The column with all its details, as well as the parts located above and below the column, form a single whole and its construction is subject to a certain rule and order.
Slide 8
The order is named by the Latin word "ORDO".
Hence the name “ORDER SYSTEM”, an architectural order.
And today we will pay special attention to the supporting element - columns
Slide 9
The main Greek orders - Doric, Ionic and Corinthian - were not formed immediately. They differed in details and proportions. At the end of the 7th century BC, the Doric system appeared, its name comes from the names of one of the most important Greek tribes - the Dorians, who lived in the Peloponnese, Sicily and the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula. The Dorians were distinguished by their special courage and severity. Let's see how the character traits of the Dorians, their courage, firmness, and resilience were reflected in architecture.
Slide 10
What do you think was the main focus in such a column?
Does it have decorative elements?
(The main attention was paid not to decorative elements, but to the strict beauty of the lines.)
Slide 11
Pay attention to the capital - this is the name of the upper final part of the column. Describe it based on the illustration and slide of the Doric column of the Temple of Hera at Paestum.
Answer: (The column is distinguished by its simplicity, special solemnity, has no base, grows directly from the foundation.)
Group work
Assignment for group 1
Slide 12
– Guys, pay attention to the handouts ( see
Appendix 1).
Read the text and answer the question: what did the ancient Greeks take as a basis when creating the Doric column?
(work with handouts)
Answer: (The Doric column reproduces the proportions of the load-bearing part of the male body 1: 5
.)
Slide 13
- Let's look at the temple of Athena.
Do the columns here look unstable, inconspicuous, or vice versa?
Are the proportions of the human body respected?
Slide No. 14
In the Doric order, instead of support columns, male figures were sometimes used - the so-called Atlases
. In Greek mythology, Atlas (Greek: “bearer”) is a titanium distinguished by its unusual strength. As punishment for the titans' participation in the fight against the Olympian gods, they had to hold the vault of heaven on their shoulders.
(for example, Atlanteans in the Temple of Zeus)
Slide 15
Now let's look at the Ionic order. This style also took its name from the name of the tribes - the Ionians, who lived on the Attica Peninsula, the islands of the Aegean Sea and in the western part of Asia Minor.
-What do you know about these people?
(Unlike the Dorians, the Ionians had a gentle character and were inclined towards peaceful pursuits and the arts.)
Let's see if the architecture they created was in harmony with their character and way of thinking.
— How does an Ionic column differ from a Doric one?
(It is more graceful, slender, one might say delicate, decorated with spiral-shaped figures.)
Slide 16
In front of us is the temple of Nika Apteros.
If we compared the Doric column with the appearance of male beauty, then what can we compare the Ionic column with?
(With a female appearance: a thin, slender trunk looks like a waist. At the top, the capital seems to bloom with two elastic curls. The curls of the Ionic capital are like women’s curls, and the grooves on the column trunk are the folds of women’s clothing
.)
Slide 17
In the Ionic order, instead of supporting columns, female figures were sometimes used - the so-called caryatids.
Caryatids
(Greek: “Carian maidens”), call a vertical support in the form of a female draped figure. The most famous caryatids of ancient times are in the portico of the Erechtheion on the Athenian Acropolis
Slide 18
The Corinthian order, close to the Ionic, appeared only in the second half of the 5th century BC. Its name comes from the city of Corinth, where, according to legend, the new order was created.
Group work
Assignment for group 2
U
- Read the legend about the origin of the Corinthian column (handout - see
Appendix 2 ). Slide 19
Slide 20
– Look at the Corinthian column of the sanctuary of Asclenia.
— How does such a column differ from the Ionic one?
– After reading the legend and characterizing the appearance of the column, can you easily determine what this column looks like?
Answer (To a young girl, bride.)
U - The Corinthian order is particularly idle and luxurious
.
It has a high column with a base, a trunk cut with flutes, and more saturated with decor. A characteristic feature of this order is a bell-shaped capital covered
with stylized leaves of acanthus, or another name for acanthus, a poisonous plant.
Slide 21
3. Stage of consolidating new material
So
-We got acquainted with three styles of order system. Name them.
Answer
(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian.)
- Now I will see how accurately you can determine the style of the column, how well you have mastered the material.
1. DELPHI. Temple of Athena. What order? (Doric) Slide22
2. A tall marble column topped with a sphinx. (? order) Slide 23
Let's move to the Acropolis of Athens.
3. In front of you is part of the roof and elegant columns of the Erechtheion. What order do they belong to? (Ionic) Slide 24
4. Part of the Parthenon facade (Ionic) Slide 25
5.Parthenon (Doric ) Slide 26
– Guys, the heritage of the ancient Greeks is enormous. Many thousands of years have passed, and people still use the technique of the order system, created in ancient times. Examine fragments of buildings and streets in the city of St. Petersburg and Chelyabinsk and determine which order is used in the columns.
- Ionic order; Slide 27
- Corinthian order ; Slide28
- Ionic order; Slide 29
- Doric order; Slide 30
- Ionic order. Slide 31
- Corinthian order Slide 32
- Ionic order Slide 33
- Doric order Slide 34
- Corinthian order Slide 35
Role and significance
W. The role of the column in Greek architecture was great and varied. The columns determined the entire appearance of the temple. Lined up around the city square, where public meetings took place, or near an open-air theater, the columns formed porticos that served as shelter from rain or heat. Shopkeepers and money changers settled in their shadow; porticos often rose in front of private houses. So, warmed by the southern sun, the whole life of Greek cities, where trade flourished and political passions raged, took place against the backdrop or under the shadow of columns.
Slide 36
4. Stage of instructions on completing homework.
Homework: draw and beautifully design your favorite order and give examples of buildings where it is used.
Think about why Greek orders were so durable that they were used even in the 20th century?
Learn: what is called a column, order system, capital, who are the Atlanteans and Caryatids?
5. Summing up the lesson. Reflection
Let's summarize.
-What new did we learn in class today? – What was the ancient Greek column compared to? – What did the ancient Greeks rely on when creating it?
- What do you remember?
— What made the most vivid impression?
U
. Beautiful is the Greek verse, beautiful is the Greek statue, beautiful is the Greek column. "Frozen Music"
Slide 37
(This definition belongs to the German philosopher Schelling.
Slide 38
Goethe, his contemporary, called architecture “silent music.”)... This is how our aesthetic sense sometimes perceives architecture.
Slide 39
The Greek column is a frozen symphony of clear and full-voiced sounds of amazing purity and expressiveness, it is the absolute completeness of the particular and the whole, it is a proud statement of a certain ideal order to which human genius has eternally strived.
Everything said and seen above is confirmed by the epigraph of our lesson - “Man is the measure of all things.”
Let me end our lesson with the following poetic lines:
Slide 40
Columns, porticos and friezes of Caryatids and Atlantes - Traces of frozen talent. Frozen sounds in flight. The fruits of construction science, the image of magical dreams, the expression of free thought. That art will awaken great architects in the hearts of people: Reverence, bliss, Incomprehensibility, perfection. Fantasies of human flight live in stone masterpieces.
Goodbye!
Slide 41
- Thank you for your work in class.
List of references:
1. Vardanyan R.V. World artistic culture: Architecture. – M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2003.– 400 p.
2. Postnikova T.V. Antiquity. Popular science edition for children. – M.: Publishing House “ROSMAN-PRESS” LLC, 2002. – 127 pp. – (History of art for children).
3. Lisichkina O.B. World artistic culture: Renaissance: Part 2, book 2: Textbook. A manual for high school general education. Institutions. – M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2001. – 304 p.
4. Ryabtsev Yu.S., Kozlenko S.I. History of Russian culture: XVIII–XIX centuries. – M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2001. – 320 p.
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7. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 21. Society. Part 2. Cultures of the world. - Chief. ed. E. Ananyeva; Ved. ed. M. Boyarsky. – M.: Avanta +, 2004. – 640 p.
Roman architecture
In the second century BC, the Romans conquered Greece and ushered in a new era in Greek architecture. Roman architecture became a mixture of ancient Greek, Phoenician and Etruscan styles, with minor influences from other cultures of the Roman Empire. Athens has many buildings from the Roman period with characteristic arches and stone carvings. For example, Hadrian's Arch, built in 132 AD to mark the boundaries between old (classical) Athens and the new (Roman) part of the city.
Arch of Hadrian
Classical period
It was a real boom in scientific thought and cultural development! During this period, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Diogenes, and Aesop lived and worked. Eratosthenes compiled a map of the ecumene - the world that was known to the Greeks. During these years, Herodotus became the father of history, and Pericles carried out his famous reforms. The Parthenon was built in Athens, and the construction of temple complexes using columns was widespread. The emerging theater of drama and comedy enjoyed unprecedented popularity. The only documentary mention of Atlantis is associated with the classical period in Plato’s literary works Timaeus and Critias. The foundations of mathematics and geometry were formed, the author of which was Euclid. Vase painting achieved wide popularity.
During the classical period, oratory, painting, science and other genres of art experienced rise and development. At this time, Greece was the leading country in the world.
Rice. 3. Diogenes in a barrel.
