Presentation on fine arts "Filimonov Toys"

History of the Filimonovsky fishery

Oleg Lang. Potters from the village of Filimonovo (fragment). 1883. Private collection

Evgeny Zhurov. Filimonov craftswomen (fragment). 1996. Private collection

Sergei Olennikov. Samovar and Filimonovskaya toy (fragment). 2012. Private collection

According to legend, the village of Filimonovo was named after the potter Filimon: he was the first to discover deposits of soft clay in these places, from which various utensils could be sculpted. Pottery flourished in the village for several centuries: men created pottery, bricks, and stove pipes.

Whistles were made from leftover material that was not suitable for large products. At first, all the figures were given to children, then they began to sell them at fairs. Traditionally only women made toys. Girls began to be taught the craft at the age of seven: grandmothers passed on the secrets of firing and painting to their granddaughters. All the money raised from the sale of whistles was put aside as a dowry for the young craftswoman.

By the middle of the 19th century, Filimonov toys became popular not only in the Tula province, but also in other regions. However, after the revolution, the trade began to fade away: there were only a few women left in the village who continued to engage in it. In the 1960s, these craftswomen taught their craft to several art historians and collectors. Then young artists were taught folk techniques, and by the 1980s the art of Filimonov toys was finally revived.

Filimonovskaya toy - modeling - ram

How to make a Filimonovskaya ram toy from plasticine.

I had been planning to get serious about sculpting folk toys for a very long time, but it all came down to - you won’t believe it! - into words.

If you are looking on the Internet for material on the topic “modeling a Filimonov toy - a ram,” then, for sure, you have already seen and know what Filimonov rams and lambs look like - there are many DIFFERENT ones! Here they are long-necked, like a giraffe, and compact and even bipedal. And yet everyone is a sheep. So it will turn out “modeling of the Filimonovskaya toy ram -1”, “modeling of the Filimonovskaya toy ram 2”...7...10? And so, I was racking my brains about how I should title the articles one after another.

By the way, dear readers, if you have experience or good advice on how to come up with different and interesting titles for articles from the same series, then write to me in the comments, I will be very grateful.

Well, I told you about my difficulties, I justified myself that I had to give some monotonous names. But the lambs themselves, fortunately, are very different, and each is interesting in its own way.

But let's move on to sculpting. Today here is a Filimonovskaya toy ram:

I found a photo on the Internet, and I liked him at first glance - simple and righteous and far from evil. Because of the sweet expression of its muzzle and portly figure, I first thought that it might be a sheep, but no – the horns are quite formidable. He’s clearly a sheep and obviously, even though he’s cute, he won’t let anyone hurt him.

We will sculpt in a constructive way - from parts, it’s easy to guess which ones: a massive body, large horns and front legs. Today you will have to roll out a lot on a modeling board - this way the parts are obtained with a more even surface than when sculpting and smoothing the surface of the plasticine with your fingers.

The body has the shape of... how can I define it more precisely? - bells or, for example, champagne bottles. Roll out a cone on a modeling board and stretch out the neck, bend it forward - the muzzle, and a very blunt one at that.

We roll out two pieces of plasticine intended for the horns into long cones, attach them, firmly apply them to the ram’s head and curl them in a spiral. By the way, the spirals are directed DOWN. Why do I emphasize - but, to my surprise, many students, looking intently at the picture, curl their horns in reverse, and when I ask them to compare, they are surprised that they did not notice how it really is there.

Filimonovskaya toy ram

We also roll out the arms or - hmm - the front legs, and the paws into ropes and attach them to the “shoulders”. We cut out the mouth with a stack, outline the nostrils and eyes. That's it - a charming lamb was quickly and simply put together.

Marina Novikova told you how to make the next Filimonov ram.

But this is not the limit, in our herd of Filimonovsky toy-rams there are still many wonderfully original samples, so look forward to the continuation. Subscribe to Handykids.ru blog updates - “Art” and “manual labor” for children by mail]

Tags: folk toy made of plasticine, folk modeling toy, Filimonovskaya modeling toy

Gentleman, lady, bear: types of toys

Bear with a stupa. Museum of Filimonov Toys, Odoev, Tula Region. Photo: filimonovo-museum.ru

Meeting. Museum of Filimonov Toys, Odoev, Tula Region. Photo: filimonovo-museum.ru

Potter Filimon. Museum of Filimonov Toys, Odoev, Tula Region. Photo: filimonovo-museum.ru

All Filimonov toys were whistles. Most often, the masters depicted people and animals, sometimes they sculpted compositions from several figures - for example, the “Lyubota” figurine in the form of a couple in love.

The shape for the toys was chosen to be simple, without small parts. The female figures were called ladies, the male ones - cavaliers or soldiers, depending on the details of the costume. Both had a narrow and short body with a thin waist, which turned into voluminous pants or a fluffy bell skirt.

The cone-shaped head was almost the same width as the neck and was crowned with a headdress - a scarf or hat for female characters, a cap or top hat for male characters. The ladies held a baby or a bird-whistle in their hands, while the gentlemen held a rooster or a goose.

Of the animals, Filimonov artists most often depicted bears, horses, cows, and deer. They differed in the characteristic shape of their horns or ears, but other proportions were almost the same: a thin, elongated body with smooth curves, slender legs, a long neck and a small head.

Techniques of Filimonov masters

Techniques for making Filimonov toys. Photo: filimonovo-museum.ru

Whistles were made from soft, non-greasy clay - sinika, which was so called because of its dark blue color. It was stored in winter. The extracted material was kept for several days in a damp, cool place, then the women kneaded it with their bare feet on a wooden floor. The finished clay was cut into plates and stored covered with a damp cloth.

The toy was sculpted from a single piece of material. Small cracks and irregularities were smoothed out with a wet hand, so the shape of the product became elongated and smooth. The finished figurines were fired in a special oven - a forge. After firing, the clay changed color to pinkish-white.

Until the mid-19th century, Filimonov toys were not painted. Then aniline dyes appeared: they were diluted with egg white or yolk, then the finished product was painted with bright patterns and dried. This paint faded quickly, and by the 1870s, craftsmen replaced the egg with acetone. With it the coating turned out to be more durable.

To paint Filimonov toys, only three colors were used - yellow, red-crimson and green. In the old days, they were given a symbolic meaning: it was believed that yellow represents air and sun, red - warmth and beauty, green - spring and life. The paint was applied with a chicken feather in strict order. First, the workpiece was “yellowed” - a background of wide stripes and circles was created. The part of the whistle that was touched by the lips was not painted. Yellow paint was applied to the skirts and aprons of ladies, the trousers of gentlemen, the neck and sides of animals, and the wings of birds.

The next stage of painting was called “raspberry”. Using red or crimson paint, starting from the center, thin stripes, circles, dots, “herringbones” and other simple ornaments were painted on a yellow background. The characters' shirts were painted the same color. When the drawing dried, green strokes were applied between the red patterns: the final stage of painting was called “green paint”. The faces of the toys were not worked out in detail: they only outlined the mouth in red and the dotted eyes in green.

Lesson summary “Filimonovskaya toy”

Lesson topic:

Filimonovskaya toy.

Lesson objectives:

1. Introduce children to a new folk craft for them - the Filimonov whistle. Introduce the characteristic features of this craft (material, shape, color, pattern).

2. Master the simplest elements of Filimonov painting - stripes, “herringbones”. To teach how to analyze the symbolism of painting a Filimonov toy and how to correctly use the main colors of the craft. Teach children to generalize their knowledge, analyze new material and apply it in practice. Develop graphic skills in depicting pattern elements based on folk motifs.

3. To cultivate in children interest and love for the art of their people, a sense of responsibility for the preservation and development of artistic traditions; deepen aesthetic impressions of the country's folk and decorative arts. Give children the opportunity to feel like a folk craftsman.

Equipment:

For students:

model for coloring “Filimonovskaya toy”
gouache
brushes
water jar
paper
napkin
simple pencil
eraser

For the teacher:

Filimonov toys
posters "Filimonovskaya toy"
presentation "Filimonovskaya toy"

Lesson plan (45 min):

Organizing time. Checking readiness for the lesson. 3-5 min.
Theoretical part. Introductory conversation with demonstration of Filimonov toys, posters, presentations. Explanation of the painting sequence. 10-15 min.
Practical part. Self-painting of a model for coloring. 15-20 min.
Final part. Summarizing. 5 minutes.

During the classes:

Write on the board: Filimonovskaya toy.

Teacher:

Have you ever met a multi-colored striped cow, or maybe seen a bear with a long neck like a giraffe? No? Well, what if you fantasize? After all, what doesn’t happen in the world!

(The teacher demonstrates Filimonov toys)

Today we will get acquainted with another clay toy - Filimonovskaya. This toy originated in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. And it got its name from the village of Filimonovo.

It is unknown who and when made the first toys here, we only know that they have been made since time immemorial. One of the legends says that the potter Philemon came to these places, discovered deposits of excellent clay and began to sculpt pots and toys from it. The place where he settled was called Filimonovo. There is even a fairy tale about grandfather Philemon: the grandfather was walking along the road. He climbed from mountain to mountain, from hill to hill. He walked, he walked through dense forests, the sun was shining brightly. It got hot, and then there were pennies. He sat down on a pebble, and then there was clay. He turned it over in his hands - it turned out to be a bird, pierced the holes - the bird began to sing. This is how the “clay business” has been going on since then.

Filimonovskaya village!

Blue forest, hills, slopes.

They make a toy out of clay

And they are still painting.

(V. Vasilenko)

Local clay soils produced poor harvests, and the development of a side peasant industry was necessary. This craft became pottery based on the rich clay reserves here. As in most pottery crafts, the craftsmen worked as families, handing over the products to resellers or independently selling them at the bazaar. In the nearest city of Odoev alone, seven annual fairs were held, and Filimonov craftswomen prepared the best goods for them.

As a rule, men only made dishes, and women sculpted and painted toys. Toys or “fun” cost pennies at the market, so it was necessary to make a lot of them. The women were helped in their work by girls who were taught the craft from the age of 7-8. They worked in the winter in their free time from rural work.

In the spring, before the start of field work, as soon as clear, dry weather set in, all finished products were fired in special furnaces. On the slope of a large ravine that separated two villages - Filimonovo and Karasinki, a brick oven was built, in which dishes were placed in dense rows, and the voids between the pots were filled with whistles. The roasting was an unusually colorful spectacle. These mighty fires burned until late at night, illuminating the red-hot pots and toys. For all the village residents, this day was a solemn event - the result of all the winter work. Smartly dressed residents gathered around the stoves. Everyone expected a miracle - the appearance of clay products transformed by fire.

Look at the unusual Filimonov toys. Why are they so elongated? It turns out that it’s all about the natural properties of the local clay. Filimonovskaya clay is oily and plastic, and because of its oily black color it is called “sinika”. When drying, the clay quickly becomes covered with cracks; it has to be constantly smoothed with a damp hand, involuntarily narrowing and stretching the body of the figure. This is where refined, elongated, but surprisingly graceful forms appear.

But what makes the toy fabulous and original is not only its shape, but also the painting. After firing, products made from such clay acquire an even white color, which does not “muffle” the colors that burn with all the colors of the rainbow. That is why the Filimonov toy is called “little rainbow” or “sun”.

Painting of the Filimonov whistle began only in the middle of the last century, when aniline paints appeared. At first, the paints were diluted “in full egg”, and the painting was in rich natural tones. Unfortunately, it quickly faded and withered. Then the craftswomen began to use acetone. The colors have become more durable, brighter, and even somewhat piercingly poisonous.

For painting they used goose, chicken or duck feathers, “after all, a feather holds paint better and is more durable,” say the Filimonov women. And now they write with feathers: from a brush the paint does not stick to clean clay, and fluff remains, but from a feather it goes on cleanly and evenly.

(The teacher shows a presentation of the step-by-step painting of the Filimonov toy. Draws attention to the features of the Filimonov painting)

Whistles are painted directly on white baked clay with fancy stripes - yellow, red, green, and less often blue and purple. Craftswomen always begin to paint from the center, and from there the painting develops further, obeying instinct and imagination. The painting is built according to the traditional scheme:

first apply yellow stripes and spots;

then they are circled in red;

then green, blue, sometimes purple.

Limonka, raspberry, zelenka – this is how the craftswomen affectionately call their paints. Despite the relative sparingness of their palette, the toys turn out to be bright and cheerful.

Question:

What pattern are the Filimonov toys decorated with?

Answer:

Stripes, dots, circles, ovals, stars, triangles.

Teacher:

These simple patterns express the ancient symbolism of peasant religion. The circle is the sun, the triangle is the earth, the fir trees are a symbol of vegetation and fertility. All patterns remind us of the connections between man and nature. According to ancient belief, the symbols in the patterns carried spiritual power that could protect against evil and injustice.

Animals and birds are always painted according to a certain pattern: alternating stripes of different colors run across the body and neck, and only the head and chest are painted in one color, usually green or red.

The jackets of the ladies and the shirts of the soldiers of the Filimonov toy are usually painted in one color: red, green, yellow. But how much creativity comes from the craftswomen when they draw ornaments on the skirts, aprons and pants of their dolls! Only the faces of the toys remain pure white, only the dots are the eyes, the spots are the mouth.

Please note that all toys, except the cockerel and peacock, are whistles. And you can whistle at all the toys.

Question:

Where's the whistle?

Answer:

In the tail of animals and birds. The young ladies have their whistles hidden in jugs, and the soldiers - in geese.

The production of Filimonov toys decreased greatly at the beginning of the 20th century, but several craftswomen remained (E.I. Karpova, A.O. Derbeneva, A.F. Maslennikova, etc.) who did not give up their craft. In the 1960s Through the efforts of art historians and collectors, this original craft was restored. Having gone through a long and difficult path, the Filimonov toy has now turned into an independent work of sculpture (small plastic art). Nowadays, craftswomen take their works to art exhibitions.

The modern molded whistle has become even brighter, more elegant, larger (up to 20 cm in height), turned into a sculpture of small forms and changed its appearance. Along with traditional ladies, horsemen, and animals, complex group compositions and everyday scenes from village life arose, warmed by the warmth of the masters. In folk art museums and private collections you can see the mysterious animals of A.F. Maslennikova, inspired clay dolls by L.G. Zaitseva, affectionate animals by A.G. Karpova, whistles by E.K. Evdokimova and other wonderful craftswomen (showing illustrations of the works of craftswomen).

The folk toy is a significant phenomenon in Russian culture; it uniquely reflects the life, work and worldview of several generations of people. The Filimonovskaya whistle, which glorified its village in our country and far beyond its borders, must be preserved for the future.

The teacher invites the children to become real folk craftsmen and paint models of the Filimonov toy. You can copy the artist’s drawing, or you can come up with a pattern yourself.

In the process of independent work, the teacher provides children with creative freedom, providing individual assistance. You can turn on soft folk music. At the end of the lesson there is an exhibition. The children place their toys on a special stand and, together with the teacher, choose the best works. The teacher does not forget to praise each student and note what they did best in the toy.

Question:

Why is the toy called Filimonovskaya?

Question:

Features of the Filimonov toy?

Question:

What colors are traditional when painting toys?

Question:

Do you like these toys? Which one is the most?