Summary of the lesson “Life in Ancient Egypt” in history for grade 5

abstract+presentation

The life of an Egyptian nobleman
(Slide 1)
Most of all, we know not about the life of simple farmers and artisans of Ancient Egypt, but about the life of nobles. The dwellings of Egyptian farmers and artisans have long been destroyed by time. Their names are forgotten and their graves are covered with sand. We know much better how noble people lived in Ancient Egypt. During his lifetime, a stone tomb was built for the nobleman (Slide 2), the walls of which were decorated with inscriptions, drawings and reliefs (Slide 3). The Egyptians firmly believed that everything drawn and carved from stone could miraculously come to life. (Slide 4) Therefore, the nobleman ordered to depict himself, his house, wife, children and all property in the tomb, so that after death he could live the same way as before - and even better.

Looking at the images on the walls of the tombs, we see that the nobleman lived in a large and beautiful house. (Slide 5) The house stood in a garden among flowers and fruit trees. There was a pond in the middle of the garden. In the heat, the owner could relax by the water, enjoying the shade and coolness.

(Slide 6) The nobleman’s clothes are made of thin linen fabrics. When he left the house or received guests, he wore a lot of jewelry: gold bracelets, rings, necklaces with precious stones. The nobleman's clothing is made of fine linen fabrics. When he left the house or received guests, he wore a lot of jewelry: gold bracelets, rings, necklaces with precious stones. Only noble Egyptians could afford shoes. These were sandals woven from leather or gold. Well, the common people walked barefoot (Slide 7).

The extensive economy of the nobleman (Slide consisted of the main estate and numerous estates, which could be located in different parts of Egypt. Both in Upper Egypt and in lower Egypt. In order to manage this entire economy, a huge staff of servants was needed. These were numerous scribes, managers headed house manager. And who did they all supervise? There was someone. (Slide 9) Numerous farmers, shepherds, fishermen, poultry workers, gardeners, gardeners, bakers and brewers, coppersmiths and jewelers, potters and stonemasons, weavers, carpenters worked on the nobleman’s farm. , carpenters, builders, artists... In a word, you already understood that the nobleman’s household produced everything he needed for life.

Let's see how the Egyptian nobleman lived. The nobleman’s morning began with ablution (Slide 10). For this purpose there was a special Shauti basin. Then the nobleman brushed his teeth; purified salt was poured into a special jug for this purpose.

Next it was the hairdresser’s turn (Slide 11). The work of a hairdresser was like a kind of divine ritual, which was of great importance. The Egyptians cut their hair short, but at the same time long hair and a beard were a symbol of power; in order to somehow overcome this contradiction, the Egyptians wore wigs and false beards. If it became completely unbearable, they could be removed. (Slide 12) In general, Egyptians paid great attention to hairstyles. During holidays, special wicker frames containing incense and oils were often placed on the heads of those feasting. Under the influence of the heat, all this mass slowly melted and filled the air with fragrance.

(Slide 13). Next came the turn of the incense specialists. (Slide 14) The next stage was that both Egyptian women and Egyptians lined their eyes with green and black powder. This was done not so much for beauty as to protect the delicate skin of the eyelids from the rays of the sun and from insects. The nobleman is entertained by musicians and beautiful dancers. The servants are ready to carry out all the orders of the nobleman. He doesn't even have to walk outside the house. Slaves carry it in a special chair with a canopy that protects from the sun.

The nobles loved to organize feasts (Slide 15). To do this, they slaughtered bulls, roasted geese, cooled water and wine in special jugs, and displayed fruit in baskets. The whole thing was covered with an insect blanket. The owner greeted the guests himself at the entrance. He said a prayer of thanks to Amon and after that led the guests to the banquet hall. The most honored guests were offered chairs made of gold, those who were simpler were offered stools, and the common people were seated on mats. Men and women sat opposite each other, only spouses were allowed to sit next to each other, and the feast began. Noble Egyptians ate a lot and loved meat very much. Fish was rarely present on the tables, since fishing was a dangerous activity and crocodiles lived in the rivers. As for vegetables, garlic was especially valued; melons and bananas were especially favorite fruits. They ate flatbreads baked from barley or wheat flour. The leading drinks were beer and wine.

(Slide 16) If at home the nobleman was the head of the family, the owner who was responsible for the lives of many people, then in the face of the pharaoh he remained a simple servant. However, if the pharaoh rewarded a nobleman with something, then this was the greatest happiness for him, and all this was listed in the most detailed way and indicated on the walls of the tombs. If Pharaoh was angry, then the nobleman could lose everything, and he had a lot to lose.

Pharaoh gave various assignments to the nobles. One was in charge of work in the quarries, from where stone was brought for the construction of tombs. Another carried out justice and reprisals, examining the case of a conspiracy of the pharaoh’s secret enemies in the palace. The third made sure that farmers regularly delivered grain to the pharaoh’s treasury. The fourth reported in verse about how he led a military campaign in the region of Asia bordering Egypt.

During ceremonial receptions, the pharaoh sat on the throne, holding a rod and a whip. This meant that he had the right to rule and punish all his subjects. Addressing the pharaoh, the nobleman glorified his power and wisdom, concluding his speech with these words: “May the ruler do as he pleases, for we all breathe air only by his grace.”

As you understand, the Egyptians attached great importance to life after death and actively prepared for this.

Slide 17 The deceased nobleman was embalmed, showered with jewelry, and a sacred amulet was placed on his chest - a figurine of a scarab beetle, on which was written a spell calling on the heart of the deceased not to testify against its owner at the trial of Osiris, where he was supposed to appear.

Summary of the lesson “Life in Ancient Egypt” in history for grade 5

5th grade

Lesson topic

: Life in Ancient Egypt

The purpose of the lesson:

• repeat and summarize the studied material on the history of ancient Egypt
• get to know the life of ordinary people;
• determine the contribution of the Egyptian people to the culture of the peoples of the world.

Lesson Objectives

:

1. Develop the ability to find facts in the proposed material.

Expectations

During the classes:

1.Organizational moment (1 min.)

2.Updating students’ knowledge (7 min.)

Checking d/z

Main task:

1. Read paragraph 11
2. Page 72 questions 1,2 orally

Additional task:

1. Prepare a story about Tutankhamun's tomb on a sheet of paper

3.Learning new material

Thinking Technique: Si-fing-uande (drawing of an Egyptian farmer)

Write in your notebook:

What do you see?

What do you think about it?

What does this make you think about?

Round robin

: What each student wrote about.

Conversation with the class: What do you think will be discussed in the lesson?

(the teacher listens to the students’ opinions and coordinates the material to the topic of the lesson)

"Life in Ancient Egypt"

Plan:

1. Egyptian farmers
2. Egyptian artisans
3. Life of nobles in Egypt
4. Popular uprising

Work in a notebook: Write down the outline of the paragraph in your notebook.

Work according to the textbook. Read paragraph 1 pp. 73-74.

Reilly-Robin:

Tell your shoulder partner what you learned about the farmers of Ancient Egypt? (student speaks from option 1)

Conversation with the class: What did your shoulder partner say?

Work in a notebook. Write down new words: shaduf

-device for raising water

from the river valley to the higher ground.

Physical exercise 30 sec.

Connect-extend-challenge:

-What did I know? What new did you learn?

-How will the knowledge I acquired help me in life?

-Think about how the knowledge acquired by the Egyptians is used today?

Reilly-Robin:

Tell your shoulder partner what new things have you learned about the people of Egypt? (student speaks from option 1)

Conversation with the class: What did your shoulder partner say?

Work according to the textbook:

read paragraph 2 page 75

Working from a notebook

: make a plan for the point

4. Fastening

800 rubles Sameri

“What new have I learned about Egypt?”

1 word=40 rubles (20 words)

Conversation with the class: What did you get?

5.Reflection

Place stickers on phrases that you associate with today's lesson.

1. I learned a lot of interesting things
2. I would like to know more

6.Homework

Main task:

1. Read paragraph 12
2. Write the reasons for the uprising in Egypt
3. Page 78, questions orally

Additional task:

1. Page 78 working with a source in writing

Presentation for the lesson - Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt lasted the longest time compared to other civilizations in the world. The heyday of the empire was noted in the period from 3000 to 1000 BC, however, the pharaohs ruled for centuries.

Egypt assumed its position as the leading Middle Eastern power from 612 to 525 BC, after Alexander the Great liberated the country from foreign invaders.

He received the status of pharaoh, which meant the continuation of the tradition of ancient Egypt. In 305 BC. Ptolemy, appointed commander, became the independent ruler of the country. The dynasty ruled until 31 AD. - death of Queen Cleopatra. After this, Egypt was conquered by the Roman Empire and became its province.

History of Ancient Egypt

The country's culture has undergone significant changes. The period of history from the beginning of civilization in 3000 BC. before the conquest by the Romans in 31 BC, was almost three thousand years.

Egypt is located in the Nile Valley in northeast Africa. Civilization originated in Upper Egypt, on the territory of the cities of Abydos and Hyrakonpolis. Then the power of the pharaohs spread to the north in the city of Memphis and the Mediterranean.

By 3000 B.C. the united kingdom of Egypt occupied the entire Nile valley north of the first cataract of the Nile in the south - the cataract, next to modern Sudan.

By 1250 B.C. Ancient Egypt occupied lands in the north near the Assyrian kingdom and in the east to the Red Sea, in the south along the Nile to Nubia, in the west to the Libyan Desert

The life of the Egyptian population was centered around the Nile River and the fertile lands along its banks. Peasants in the Nile Valley developed irrigation techniques to control the flow of water during seasonal floods and to irrigate during the dry season.

The lands of the valley were so rich in crops that there was a surplus of agricultural crops. The proceeds from their sale were used to build incredible architectural projects, such as the Pyramids of Giza and the Temples of Luxor. The elite grew rich, foreign trade and diplomacy developed. Rich rewards were offered for waging wars of conquest.

The main achievements of civilization were:

• invention of hieroglyphs;
• creation of a management system;
• the emergence of the science of mathematics;
• development of industry;
• the invention of irrigation technologies and efficient farming methods;
• organization of the judicial system.

Ancient Egypt's system of government

In ancient Egypt, one of the first state apparatuses was created - a government that exercised power over the territory of the entire state. The Sumerian civilization consisted of several city-states with a population of several dozen each. They had their own written language. In a unified Egypt, the government's authority extended over thousands of square meters with a population of several million inhabitants.

The pharaoh was considered both the political leader and the center of religion in ancient Egypt. He bore the status of “lord of two lands.” This meant that he ruled Upper and Lower Egypt. He was also called the "high priest of every temple" as he was considered the main cult to worship on earth. In the eyes of the ancient Egyptians, the power of the pharaoh extended between heaven and earth. How prosperous the pharaoh was was determined by the state of the country and his people.

Meroe, pyramids of Sudan

The pharaoh was responsible for military support and border protection. When threatened with the seizure of territories, he gathered an army for war. Tribute was collected from the conquered lands - valuable gifts and war trophies.

Officials helped the pharaoh to govern: scribes, overseers, ministers and courtiers. The vizier, a close associate of the court, received greater power. He represented the pharaoh in resolving issues in the treasury, in dispensing justice and in administering the lands. Control was exercised over both wealthy citizens and the poorest peasants. The land of Egypt was divided into nomes - administrative regions. Each region was ruled by a Nomarch.

Temples were used as places of worship, granaries and treasuries for storing grain and goods.

Library of Alexandria, Ancient Egypt: photo

The army of Egypt in ancient times

The armament of the army of ancient Egypt consisted of:

• bows and arrows;
• spears;
• round shields;
• wooden frames made from stretched animal skin.

Weapons and armor were made of bronze. Shields were made of hard wood with a bronze buckle, spears with tips were used. During the New Kingdom, chariots were introduced into the army. The pharaohs followed on horseback as the head of the army. Many kings went into battle personally to justify the hopes of the people, although this was not always safe for them. The army's first duty was to defend Egypt against foreign invasion. The most difficult thing was ensuring the safety of the borders in Sinai and near Nubia, where important trade routes passed.

Temple of Abydos, Egypt

Religion of Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians adhered to the pagan faith. They worshiped many cults, which included Ra (the Sun), Isis (nature and magic), Horus (protected in war), Osiris (ruled in the kingdom of the dead).

The number of figures for worship and their meanings changed over time. Worship or refusal to perform rites in honor of certain gods reflected political events in Egypt. For example, when the rulers of Thebes came to power, the event was marked by the founding of the New Kingdom. Amon, united by Ra, was put in charge, and this is how Amon-Ra turned out.

Divine services were held in churches, rituals were introduced by priests. Usually the cult figure was placed in a closed room. Only on special occasions was it shown to the people. Each house had its own statue, which was worshiped by family members. Amulets and pendants were worn to protect against the evil eye.

The religious beliefs about the afterlife of the ancient Egyptians also changed over time. Initially, the afterlife was associated with the preservation of the physical body through mummification. As the idea of ​​the underworld developed, the priests came to the conclusion that in addition to the material shell, there was a spirit that also traveled to another world. Some people became disembodied souls wandering the earth. For good deeds a person could become “blessed.” In the otherworldly kingdom he was promised a life of goodness and abundance.

Religion of Ancient Egypt: Abstract

Luxor Egypt: photos

Life in Ancient Egypt

Like all pre-industrial civilizations, the economy of Ancient Egypt was based on agriculture. Most of the population were peasant farmers. The fertile lands of the Nile Valley provided constant income to the treasury, providing a luxurious life for the pharaoh, his ministers and numerous priests. The peasants gave up part of the harvest - they paid tribute. These funds were used to build pyramids and a temple along the Nile Valley.

Tomb of the Guardian of Amon. Egypt, Luxor

Agriculture in Egypt

The fertile lands stretched several kilometers from the Nile River. On both sides the valley is still surrounded by lifeless deserts. The flood season lasted from June to September, resulting in the formation of a fertile layer of silt on the lands. Flood waters were poured into reservoirs and stored in ponds. After the water receded, the growing season began, lasting from October to February. Rainfall was extremely rare in Egypt, so farmers irrigated their fields with river water from reservoirs and the river. For this purpose, outlets were built - canals that carried water to the fields.

History of Ancient Egypt: Pharaohs

Ancient Egypt: photos

Trade in Egypt

Trade within the state was carried out between cities located along the Nile River. For that time, the water route was much cheaper than the land route. Sales were carried out at local markets, and valuable items went to the administration of the nome or city. However, Egyptian cities, unlike Sumerian ones, did not have independence. The largest settlement was considered the city of Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt.

In the Bronze Age, trade between states was carried out in the form of an exchange or "gift" to the ruler of another civilization. Before the development of caravan routes across the Sahara, the Nile Valley was the only center through which goods traveled from southern Africa north to the Mediterranean countries.

Expeditions went far to the south, to the territory of modern Sudan and the Red Sea, in search of exotic goods: ivory, gold, ostrich feathers and “black” slaves. This property was highly valued internationally. Providing such goods gave the advantage of political influence in the Middle East. Egypt acquired priority in the region over the Hittite and Syrian empires, among the states of Mesopotamia.

Valley of the Queens Egypt

Natural Resources of Ancient Egypt

Egypt was rich in mineral resources, widely used in ancient times. Limestone and granite were mined in the Nile Valley. Alabaster, carnelian and emeralds were mined in the Eastern Desert. Extensive gold mines were discovered in Nubia. Copper was smelted from malachite ore mined in Sinai. During the Late Period, copper deposits were mined in Upper Egypt.

The minerals listed were mined in remote areas of the eastern Sinai desert. Their development required the dispatch of numerous scientific expeditions.

Periodization of the history of Ancient Egypt

The history of ancient civilization is conventionally divided by modern historians into several periods:

• Pre-Dynastic (Early Dynastic) period;
• Old Kingdom;
• Middle Kingdom;
• New Kingdom;
• Roman period.

Narmer is considered the first pharaoh of the ancient united Egypt, northern and southern lands.

The history of the existence of the ancient state of Egypt ended with the conquest of Egypt by the descendant of Julius Caesar, Emperor of Rome Augustus (Octavian) in 30 BC. The last pharaoh was Queen Cleopatra VII.

Sphinx: Ancient Egypt

Periods of Ancient Egyptian history

Predynastic period

3500 BC — First settlements in the Nile Valley 3400 BC. 3300 BC 3200 BC 3100 BC — A hieroglyphic letter appeared. Pharaoh Narmer united Lower and Upper Egypt. 3000 BC 2900 BC 2800 BC 2700 BC — Construction of the first stone pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser. 2600 BC — The pyramids of Giza were erected. 2500 BC 2400 BC 2300 BC 2200 BC — Egypt is ruled by several kings at the same time. 2100 BC 2055 BC - Pharaoh Menhotep II regained control over the territory of the entire state of Egypt 2000 BC. -Development of agricultural technologies in the oasis city of Fayum. The first halls of the temple city of Karnak (modern Luxor) were built. The Egyptians control Nubia. 1900 BC 1800 BC 1700 BC — The Hyksos seized power in the Nile Delta. 1600 BC — Pharaoh Ahmose is uniting the country. 1500 BC — Pharaoh Hatshepsut ascended to the throne of Egypt. 1400 BC — Akhenaten carried out religious reform in Egypt. Tutankhamun became pharaoh. Return to traditional religion: paganism and polytheism. 1300 BC A hypostyle hall was built in the Karnak Temple. 1247 – Ramses II wins the Battle of Kadesh. 1200 BC 1100 BC — Division into Upper and Lower Egypt. 1000 BC 900 BC 800 BC 728 BC - King Pius of Nubia conquered Egypt. 700 BC 671 BC - The Assyrians seized power in Egypt. 600 BC 525 BC - The Persians occupied Egypt. 500 BC 400 BC 332 BC - Alexander the Great liberated Egypt. 305 BC – Ptolemy I formed a new dynasty of pharaohs of Egypt.

300 BC 200 BC 196 BC - written on the Rosetta Stone. 100 BC 31 BC - Battle of Actium. 30 BC - Egyptian pharaoh Cleopatra VII died. 0 100 AD 200 AD 300 AD The last entry on the hieroglyphs of Ancient Egypt. 400 AD 500 AD 600 AD 642 AD - Arab conquest of Egypt. 700 AD 800 AD 820 AD – Caliph Al Mamun found the entrance to the Great Pyramid. 900 AD 969 – The city of Cairo is founded. The first stones were laid in the foundation of the capital from the pyramids of Giza. 1000 AD 1100 AD 1200 AD 1300 AD 1400 AD 1500 AD 1517 – Ottoman Turks rule Egypt. 1600 AD 1700 AD 1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte launched a military campaign into Egypt. 1799 – The Rosetta Stone is found. 1800 AD — Travelers and researchers go to inspect the buildings of Ancient Egypt 1822 – Egyptian writing is deciphered. 1859-1869 – Suez Canal built. Official excavations began and the science of Egyptology emerged.

1900 AD 1922 - Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun's tomb. 1953 – Egypt gains independence. 1960 – The Aswan Dam is built. 2000 AD 2020 – “White Walls” of Memphis discovered.

The World History

1. Working year of farmers. The majority of Egypt's population were peasants. The life and daily work of farmers can be learned from wall paintings in the tombs of nobles, as well as from various works written on papyrus.

By the beginning of November, the water was leaving the flooded fields, and the peasants began to plow and sow the land. There were no horses in Egypt; the Egyptians harnessed cows to plows. This was possible because the silt is very soft.

Bulls were used to transport heavy loads.

During the winter months, irrigating the fields required a lot of work. To high places where it was impossible to dig a canal, water was raised in leather buckets using special devices - shadufs.

In the spring, during the harvest, the ears were cut with sickles and threshed by driving bulls and cows through the heaps. The threshed grain was delivered to the royal granaries. Scribes carefully calculated the size of each peasant's harvest.

Shaduf. Tomb painting

Field work in Ancient Egypt. Modern drawing

1. Guess what time of year the work takes place on the temple grounds. Why do you think so?

2. Imagine what this same place looked like after 2 months and after six months. What did farmers do at these times of year?

Then the peasants repaired the irrigation canals, preparing for a new flood of the Nile. During rising waters, they were often ordered to report to the king's work - to build tombs for the pharaoh and nobles.

1. Remember what special conditions for the development of agriculture existed in Ancient Egypt. What did the agricultural calendar look like in Ancient Egypt? What kind of work did farmers do at different times of the year and why?

2. How did modern scientists learn about the life of ordinary people in Ancient Egypt?

3. Complete the story about the work of the peasants, indicating what other duties they performed.

2. Craftsmen at work. On the wall of the tomb in which one of the nobles was buried, there is an image of potters making pottery on a potter's wheel and firing it in a kiln that looks like a tall, round chimney. In another painting, masons are making bricks and building a wall. To make bricks, the Egyptians mixed clay with chopped straw, poured water on it and kneaded it with their feet. Then a wooden mold was filled with the mixture, the excess was removed from above with a spatula, the mold was removed and the brick was left to dry.

Home construction. Tomb painting

There were many craft specialties in Ancient Egypt - blacksmiths, spinners, weavers, tanners, stonemasons, glaziers, jewelers - it’s impossible to list them all.

The scribe's teaching to his son, whom he was taking to study in the capital's school, has been preserved. The author colorfully described the work of artisans: “I saw a coppersmith at work, his fingers were like crocodile skin. The stonecutter sits until dusk, knees and back bent. The wall builder is sick because he is left to the winds. The weaver is inside the house. His feet are on his stomach. He doesn't breathe air. Look, there is no position where there is no boss, except the position of a scribe, for he himself is the boss.”

Why did the scribe tell his son about the hard work of artisans?

A nobleman on the hunt. Ancient Egyptian tomb painting

3. Life of nobles. The life of noble and wealthy Egyptians was different. The nobles owned magnificent houses surrounded by shady gardens with swimming pools. The rooms were furnished with furniture made of precious trees, decorated with ivory and gold. The nobleman and his family were surrounded by numerous servants. Sometimes the nobleman went hunting.

Noble people wore clothes made of fine linen fabric, precious bracelets, earrings, rings and necklaces. Egyptian women loved to wear wigs and used cosmetics: eyelash and lip dye, aromatic substances.

Using the textbook text and illustrations, compose a story about the life of an Egyptian nobleman.

4. Egyptian temples and priests. An important role in the life of Ancient Egypt was played by priests - servants of numerous gods (see § 14). The ancient Egyptians believed that their well-being depended on the gods. Therefore, they tried to appease them with gifts - sacrifices, and built houses - temples - for them.

The structure of the ancient Egyptian temple resembled an ordinary residential building, which always had an exit facing the Nile and consisted of two parts - a rectangular courtyard and the house itself. The house was also divided into two parts. In the front were the guest rooms, and further on were the owners’ rooms. The temple was also built. In the front hall of the temple, believers gathered for rituals and prayers, led by priests. Behind this room was the main sanctuary of the temple, where there was a statue of the god. Only the main priests or the pharaoh himself could enter there. Ancient Egyptian temples were huge because they had to accommodate thousands of people.

Priest. Ancient Egyptian sculpture

The ceilings in the temples were supported by columns. In shape, as a rule, they were similar to the plants of the Nile Valley - papyrus, palm trees, and sometimes lotuses. The ceilings were painted blue and painted with stars. Thus, the ancient Egyptian temple was, as it were, a model of the world in which the Egyptians and their gods lived.

Lands and jewels were donated to the temples, and the priests were treated with respect and fear. Only they knew the sacred words - prayers that must be addressed to the gods, only they determined whether the god accepted the sacrifices, and informed the petitioners about this.

The priests were educated people. They watched the movement of stars in the sky, kept a calendar, studied mathematics, history, and literature. Their education began very early - from the age of five. Future priests studied hieroglyphs, religious ceremonies, and memorized legends and myths. Of course, it was easier for the son of a priest to absorb all this knowledge, so sometimes priestly positions were inherited.

Why do you think the priests were very influential people? Why were pharaohs and nobles afraid of them, why were ordinary farmers and artisans afraid and revered?

5. Popular uprising in Egypt. About 4 thousand years ago, a major uprising broke out in Egypt. A colorful story has been preserved about these events, written by a nobleman named Ipuser. This written monument is called “The Speech (that is, the story) of Ipuser.” True, this is not a historical chronicle, but a literary work written under the impression of what he saw (see p. 78).

The poor, peasants and artisans rebelled against the power of the pharaoh, nobles, officials, and scribes. Slaves also took part in the uprising.

Most likely, the uprising was suppressed, but it certainly was not the only one. Revolts weakened the country, but around 1700 BC. a new disaster befell the country. Foreigners, the Hykos, invaded Egypt from Asia. They captured the Nile Delta and then subjugated Southern Egypt. For almost a century and a half, the Egyptians lost their independence.

How do you understand why the uprising broke out in Egypt? Who organized it and against whom?

1. What material and written monuments tell us about the life of ordinary people in Egypt?

2. Write a short essay about one day in the life of a farmer, artisan, nobleman, priest, official, scribe (of your choice).

3. Using the text of the paragraph and the document, talk about the popular uprising in Egypt.

FROM “THE SPEECH OF IPUSERA”

Indeed, the rich mourn, but the poor rejoice. In every city they say: “We will exterminate the nobles.” Truly, the earth has turned over like a potter's wheel. Cities were destroyed, Southern Egypt was deserted. The country has turned into a desert. Noble women walk around in rags. Verily, the scribes were killed and their writings were taken away. Woe is me because of the present calamities! The records of the scribes who recorded the fields were destroyed. Egypt's grain became common property. The children of the bosses are thrown out onto the street. See, what was hidden in the pyramid has been laid waste. A handful of ignoramuses dared to deprive the country of the royal remains! Look, he who had many garments now walks in rags. Having never woven oneself, one became the owner of a fine linen. The poor people of the country became rich, and those who owned goods became poor. Look, the rulers of the country are fleeing. Whoever was the boss now carries out orders. Craftsmen don't work anymore. Northern Egypt mourns. There is no leader nowadays. Where is he now? Perhaps he is sleeping?

Thus spoke Ipuser to his Majesty, the Lord of All.

How does the author feel about the uprising, who does he sympathize with?



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List and description of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt

The first pharaoh of the First Dynasty was Narmer Menes (3060-3007 BC).

It was he who united Egypt and began to rule both parts of it.

Rice. 1. Map of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Egypt experienced a golden age under Pharaoh Djoser, the second representative of the 3rd dynasty. It was under him that the construction of the pyramids began. Djoser carried out many military campaigns and was able to subjugate the Sinai Peninsula.

Under Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu), the tallest pyramid was built, which is the only surviving wonder of the world.

Rice. 2. Pyramid of Cheops.

The reign of Queen Hatshepsut was also wonderful for Egypt. She organized an expedition to Punt, developed architecture and conducted military campaigns.

The list of pharaohs who waged wars of conquest and expanded their borders also includes Amenhotep 4, Seti 1, Amenhotep 3, Thutmose 3.

Under Thutmose 3, Egypt reached its maximum expansion to the northwest, possessing Syria and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. Only the troops of Assyria and Babylon were able to stop Thutmose 3 in his campaigns.

The main directions of the pharaohs' aggressive activities were not only the Middle East. In the south, on the Tigre plateau from the 5th to the 4th century BC. There was the kingdom of D'mt, and not far to the west of it was Egypt's most evil enemy - Nubia. Nubian slaves were highly valued in Egypt.

Religious reforms were actively carried out under Akhenaten. He abolished the worship of the gods, replacing them with the cult of the pharaoh. The reforms did not find support among the people and after the death of the ruler they were canceled.

The last great pharaoh was Ramses 2. He was able to unite all historical territories under his rule. After the death of Ramses, Egypt weakened significantly, plunging into internecine wars for power.

Rice. 3. Image of Ramses 2.

1000 years after Ramses 2, Egypt will lose its sovereignty, first seized by Alexander the Great and becoming Hellenistic, and after the death of Cleopatra it will become a province of the Roman Empire.