Social studies lesson in 11th grade, basic level Employment and unemployment. - presentation
Social studies lesson in 11th grade, basic level Employment and unemployment
Labor market Labor force is a person’s ability to work, i.e. physical and mental capabilities, as well as skills that allow a person to perform certain types of work, while ensuring the required level of labor productivity and quality of manufactured products. There is a special market for labor trade – the labor market.
Labor supply curve 3
The relationship between product markets and employment 4
5 Signs of an unemployed person Working age: persons not younger than 15 years (in the Russian Federation, according to the Labor Code, it is not allowed to employ persons under 15 years old), persons not older than 55 years (women) and 60 years (men). The person has not had a regular source of income for some time. The person’s proven desire to find a job.
6 Unemployment rate = unemployed / labor force * 100%. Employment rate = employed / labor force * 100%.
Labor market The labor market is the sphere of formation of demand and supply of labor (labor services). Demand for labor Supply for labor The solvent need of employers for labor to organize and develop production The totality of the economically active population offering their labor in the labor market As a result of the interaction of supply and demand for labor in the market, the equilibrium price of labor is established and the level of employment in the economy is determined.
Labor market Employment is the activity of people related to the satisfaction of their personal needs and, as a rule, bringing them income from work. The main factors determining the demand for labor; supply of labor; labor productivity; use of modern technologies; the state of the economy and its individual sectors, the demand for consumer goods needed by society, the number of the population and its working population; qualification level; level and structure of wages; social and tax policy of the state
Labor market Features: in the labor market only labor services are purchased, and not the individual himself; The labor market deals with a special resource – “human capital”. “Human capital” is the stock of knowledge and abilities accumulated by an employee.
Wages Wages are a form of material remuneration for labor (part of the cost of created and sold products and services) received by hired employees of enterprises and institutions.
Wages Factors influencing the size of wages: the cost of vital goods necessary for the reproduction of the labor force; a minimum level of wages for workers corresponding to the subsistence level; level of qualifications of workers; development of economic and social living conditions of the population; supply and demand in the labor market.
Wages Structure of the wage system Remuneration for skilled labor Minimum wage Living wage
Salary The subsistence minimum is the level of income that is necessary to purchase an amount of food that is not below physiological standards, as well as to satisfy one’s needs (at the most necessary level) for clothing, shoes, transport, and payment for utilities. The cost of living is the lower limit of wages.
Wages Forms of wages Time wages - remuneration for labor depending on the time worked Piece wages - remuneration for labor depending on the number of products manufactured Mixed form of wages - remuneration for labor depending not only on the amount of time worked by the employee, but and on the financial situation of the enterprise, the results of the work of each employee and the company as a whole.
Wages There are nominal wages - remuneration for work, which is assigned to a worker in the form of a certain amount of money; real wages - the amount of life goods that can be purchased for a nominal fee at a given price level for goods and services. The main factors determining the level of real wages: the amount of nominal wages; price level for consumer goods and services; tax rate
Unemployment Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the working population cannot find work and becomes a reserve army of labor
Unemployment Causes of unemployment Excessive demands of the workers themselves, presented to the employer regarding the size of their desired salary. Hired workers who do not agree to work for the offered wages themselves choose the state of unemployment. Labor demand is too low. The state must fight unemployment: by increasing government revenues or reducing taxes, the state can increase the demand for labor. Inflexibility characteristic of the labor market. There is some discrepancy between the needs of those people who are looking for work and the needs of employers who are willing to provide jobs.
Unemployment Types of unemployment FrictionalStructuralCyclical Reason: searching or waiting for better work and better conditions Reason: technological changes in the structure of production and long-term changes in consumer demand Reason: economic recession in the country, reduction in production, changes in consumer demand These are temporarily unemployed people looking for work, as well as seasonal workers The disappearance of obsolete professions (dismissal of elevator operators, riveters, typists), as well as the discrepancy between the demand for labor and its supply in different areas (territories), for different professions and enterprises. Reduction and decline in production, falling demand for goods lead to job loss and the inability to find work in any specialty.
Unemployment The natural rate of unemployment is the sum of frictional and structural unemployment, i.e. the level of unemployment at full employment, which is considered normal in a modern economy (5.5% - 6.5% of the country's working population).
Unemployment Forms of unemployment: open hidden - the employee agrees to part-time work or a part-time work week due to the impossibility of other employment; fluid - associated with the periodic “push” and “attraction” of the labor force in the labor market stagnant - long-term unemployment, alternating with short periods temporary, casual work
Consequences of unemployment Positive: a mobile “reserve” of labor is being formed, which can be used to expand production; trade union demands for wage increases are restrained, which reduces the expected level of inflation; The work motivation of workers increases, as job security and the fear of losing a job begin to act as an independent incentive to work. Unemployment
Consequences of unemployment Negative underutilization of the economic potential of society, when real GNP is significantly less than potential; decline in the standard of living of the population: preconditions are being created for a reduction in the incomes of employees; those who lose their jobs receive only unemployment benefits; consumer demand and savings levels are declining; loss of professional knowledge and skills, which makes it difficult to find employment; moral injury leading to alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and increased crime. Unemployment
L = E + U u = UL x 100% L – number of labor force E – number of employed U – number of unemployed u* – natural rate of unemployment 4-6%
Great American Depression Unemployment reached 25%
Roosevelt’s “New Deal” “I wanted to prevent a revolution of despair” 1) Organization of public works worth $3.3 billion, which employed 5 million people. 2) Creation of labor camps for youth (18-25 years old) 3) 20 million people received unemployment benefits
Recipes by J.M. Keynes Stimulating aggregate demand Creating jobs in the public sector Reducing taxes Reducing interest rates on loans
1) Creation of employment services, payment of unemployment benefits 5) Creation of additional jobs in the public sector of the economy 4) Carrying out a stabilization policy and preventing mass unemployment 3) Creation of institutions for retraining personnel 2) Improving the system for collecting and providing information on the availability of jobs
28 Homework Determine the type of unemployment: 1. A qualified engineer quit because he did not have a good relationship with the director of the company. 2. In the USA, at the height of the Great Depression of 1933, unemployment reached 25%. 3. Many years ago, highly skilled glass blowers were left without work due to the invention of special machines for making bottles. 4.Andrey, who lives in Nugush and owns a water boat, is unemployed for 8 months a year.
Employer, employees, unemployment[edit | edit code]
- Do the interests of the employer and the employee coincide in the labor market? Unemployment: evil or good for a market economy? Is the state able to cope with unemployment? How to avoid being unemployed?
The interests of the employer and the employee always coincide, so the employer is interested in the employee fulfilling his duties, making his contribution to the development of the common cause and thereby bringing a certain profit to the company, at the same time the employee is interested in receiving a stable, constant salary for his work, through which he can purchase certain goods and services for himself.
Unemployment: evil or good for a market economy?
One of the most acute and negative socio-economic phenomena is
unemployment
. A situation in which a significant part of the working-age population is looking for, but cannot find, work is fraught with a number of serious consequences. Politically and socially, this is a great stress for society, leading to increased discontent among the people. From an economic point of view, unemployment indicates ineffective and incomplete use of labor and production resources. But despite all this, it is impossible to completely get rid of unemployment; a certain natural level will always remain.
Economic consequences:
- reduction in federal budget revenues - the higher unemployment, the lower tax revenues (in particular from personal income tax);
- increased costs for society - society, represented by the state, bears the burden of supporting the unemployed: payment of benefits, financing of professional retraining of the unemployed, etc.;
- Declining standard of living – people who become unemployed and their families lose personal income and their quality of life decreases.[1]
Is the state able to cope with unemployment?
Yes, to a certain extent the state has the ability to reduce the unemployment rate. First of all, the state must take all measures to create new jobs for citizens, as well as support socially vulnerable groups of the population in the labor market, it is necessary to promote their employment, create various programs, clubs for people who are looking for work. This kind of initiative involves creating additional jobs in which all groups of the population could work.[2] Common to all types of unemployment are the following measures:
- payment of unemployment benefits;
- creation of employment services (employment bureaus).
- improving the system for collecting and providing information on the availability of available jobs (not only in this city, but also in other cities and regions;
- creation of public services and institutions for retraining and retraining;
- assistance to private services of this type.
- creation of additional jobs in the public sector of the economy.[3]
How to avoid being unemployed?
In order not to find yourself unemployed, first of all, you need to get some kind of secondary specialized or higher education, improve your qualifications, study the labor market in order to understand which specialists are most in demand and which specialties are the most paid. If you find yourself unemployed, you need to contact employment centers that can help you find one or another paid job.
