Preschooler research project. Studying the properties of a magnet

Research project “Magic of the Magnet”
Prepared by:
Dima Kuleshov, preschool group student
Supervisor:
Tatyana Aleksandrovna Kononova, preschool group teacher, MBOU “Staevskaya Secondary School” Since early childhood, I dreamed of becoming a good wizard and helping everyone who is in trouble and needs help .
But where can you get magical power? I have thought about this question many times. And so my dad gave me a magnet stone and said that it had magical powers. He also told me an amazing story about how one day his car broke down and during the repair one very small but very necessary part was lost. Dad looked for it in the garage for a long time and couldn’t find it until he remembered the magic stone. A miracle happened, the car was saved. Dad knew about my childhood dream of becoming a wizard, so he gave me this stone. I really wanted to see if he really had magical powers. In order to test this in practice, I brought a miracle stone to kindergarten. This is where my research work began. The teacher and I set a goal and identified tasks to achieve it. Goal: Find out the useful properties of a magnet. Objectives: Find out who invented the magnet, why adults use it, how children can use it.
Progress

Having a magic stone gives me the opportunity to become a good wizard and I really wanted to urgently save someone from harm.
Tatyana Alexandrovna brought letters from fairy-tale characters who needed my help. To get into a fairy tale, we built a miracle plane and hit the road. Letter No. 1 From Dunno: “Hello, my friend! It's me, Dunno! My friends Vintik and Shpuntik's car broke down. I wanted to help them repair it. But only iron parts are needed for repairs, and I don’t know how to identify them. Help me please." How can you help Dunno? How? — How to distinguish iron parts from others? Let's start conducting an experiment. Experiment No. 1 Dunno’s box contained many products made from different materials. I sorted them and laid them out on different colored sheets of cardboard. And how do we find out which ones we need to repair the car? A magic magnet helped us - all the iron parts were attracted to it by an unknown force. Conclusion:
A magnet has the property of attracting iron objects to itself.
Letter No. 2 From Buratino: “I, Buratino, lost my golden key in the pond. And the evil Karabas-Barabas, with the help of an evil wizard, made the water in the reservoir poisonous and there was absolutely no one to help me. I don’t know how to get the key and I ask for your advice, help!” Experiment No. 2 Imagine; that a paper clip is a golden key, and a glass of water is a pond. How to remove a paperclip from a glass of water without getting your hands wet? I show you how to do this (move a magnet along the wall of a glass). What moved the paperclip? (magnetic force). Conclusion:
The magnet retains its properties and acts through glass and water.
Letter No. 3 From Cinderella: “The evil stepmother gave me another job, she threw metal objects into different cereals - buckwheat, semolina, wheat and others and told me to quickly sort through everything Experiment No. 3 I ran a magnet over the plates with flour, all the iron objects were attracted to him. Conclusion:
Magnetic forces act through any cereal.
Letter No. 4 From Vasilisa the Beautiful: My friend, Baba Yaga kidnapped me. She found a magical stone that attracts metal objects and won’t let me go until I tell her about this stone. She is very interested in the question: how did it appear and what is it needed for?” Legend of the Magnet In ancient times, on Mount Ida, a shepherd named Magnas tended sheep. He noticed that his iron-lined sandals and a wooden stick with an iron tip were sticking to the black stones that lay in abundance under his feet. The shepherd turned the stick with the tip up and made sure that the tree was not attracted to the strange stones. I took off my sandals and saw that my bare feet weren’t attracted to me either. Magnes realized that these strange stones did not recognize other materials except iron. The shepherd took several of these stones home and amazed his neighbors. The name “magnet” came from the name of the shepherd. Conclusion In the process of my research, I found out: -Magnet is a natural stone. -Magnet attracts iron objects. -Magnetic forces pass through different materials (sand, water, cardboard, glass). -People use the properties of a magnet for their own purposes (cassette recorder speakers, compass, refrigerator). Children also need a magnet. In our kindergarten we have a magnetic board, magnetic games, letters and numbers. With the help of a magnet, I became a good wizard and helped not only fairy-tale characters, but also friends and family in everyday life. For example:
My grandmother’s eyeglasses broke off and a small bolt got lost. I was able to help her and get her out of trouble. You too can become good wizards; try conducting experiments with a magnet - it’s very interesting and exciting.

Presentation on the topic: Research project “The Magic of the Magnet”

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Cellular communications, computers, ATMs do not work... This would be the case if the world lost its magnetic properties. Almost everything we use is a consequence of using large quantities of magnetic materials. These are electrical appliances, electric motors, various sensors, banknotes, bank cards, cars…. Nature is full of secrets and mysteries. And the extraordinary ability of magnets to attract objects to themselves has amazed me since early childhood. My first acquaintance with a magnet happened when I was given games with magnets on one of my birthdays. At first I was interested in the games themselves, and recently I was given a “nature of magnetism” set. And so, I wanted to find out what a magnet is, what secrets it holds, and whether it has a connection with electricity, because I live in a young city of power engineers. After all, the main pride of our city is the nuclear power plant.

The purpose of our work: To find out the influence of electricity and magnetism on surrounding objects. Objectives: 1. Identify the abilities of a magnet. 2. Determine what properties magnets have. 3. Determine whether there is a connection between magnets and electricity. Research methods: observation, comparison, literature study, experiments, generalization. Hypothesis: “What is a magnet?” Let's assume... it's a magical item. It is possible that... this is an object that attracts metal objects to itself. Let's say... a magnet is useful in some way on Earth. Let's say... electric current does not exist without a magnetic field. Legend of the Magnet In ancient times, on Mount Ida, a shepherd named Magnis tended sheep. He noticed that his iron-lined sandals and a wooden stick with an iron tip were sticking to the black stones that lay in abundance under his feet. The shepherd turned the stick with the tip up and made sure that the tree was not attracted to the strange stones. I took off my sandals and saw that my bare feet weren’t attracted to me either. Magnis realized that these strange stones did not recognize other materials except iron. The shepherd took several of these stones home and amazed his neighbors. This stone began to be called the “Magnus stone” or simply “magnet”, after the name of the area where iron ore was mined (the hills of Magnesia in Asia Minor). In many languages of the world, magnet means “loving.” The first device based on the phenomenon of magnetism was the compass. A compass is a device for navigating the terrain. Using a compass, you can determine where the cardinal directions are: north, south, west, east. It was invented in China, approximately between the 4th and 6th centuries. The compass is designed quite simply: inside it has a magnetic needle that rotates vertically and in a circle, it always points to the north. And by determining where north is by the arrow, you can determine where the rest of the world is. Without this simple navigation device, the great geographical discoveries of the 15th-17th centuries would have been impossible. The Earth's magnetic poles do not coincide with its geographic poles. There is a strong magnetic field around the Earth. If the Earth, even for a moment, lost its magnetic protection, destructive cosmic radiation, which in its effect is similar to radioactive radiation, would penetrate its surface. Scientists believe that this could lead to disaster on our planet. Fortunately, magnetism has accompanied the Earth throughout its history. Magnets Magnetism is an invisible force that acts on some metals, especially iron and steel. The materials that create this force are called magnetic, or magnets. MAGNET (magnetite) is a piece of iron ore that has the property of attracting iron or steel objects and having its own magnetic field. Magnets can be natural (natural) and artificial. Natural (or natural) magnets occur in nature in the form of deposits of magnetic ores. The largest known natural magnet is located at the University of Tartu. Its mass is 13 kg, and it is capable of lifting a load of 40 kg. Artificial magnet. (magnetized body, object made of metal, alloy). Artificial magnets are man-made magnets based on various ferromagnets (iron, cobalt and some additives). Artificial magnets can be obtained by rubbing a piece of magnet in one direction on iron bars or simply by placing a non-magnetized sample against a permanent magnet. They can hold more than 5,000 times their own weight. There are two types of artificial magnets: Permanent magnets - bodies that retain magnetic properties for a long time, are made from hard magnetic materials, their magnetic properties are not associated with the use of external sources or currents. Electromagnets are made with a core of soft magnetic iron. The magnetic fields they create are due to the fact that an electric current passes through the wire of the winding surrounding the core. Magnetic force is the force with which objects are attracted to a magnet. A magnetic field is the region around a magnet in which its force operates. The poles of a magnet are where the strongest action is found. Magnets have different properties: - attract metal objects; -can act through other materials; -can be attracted from a distance; -magnetic force depends on the shape and size of the magnet; -magnets have “positive” and “negative” poles, the magnetic force is “stronger” at the poles”; -magnetic poles exist only in pairs; -magnetic force has its own zone of activity “magnetic field”; - like poles repel, different poles attract; — magnetic force is oriented to the cardinal directions; -a magnet can “magnetize” any metal object. -temperature affects magnetic force. Experiment No. 1: What attracts magnets? They took objects made of paper, metals, plastics, steel and fabric and divided them into two groups: metal and non-metal. 1. We brought the magnet one by one to the objects of the first group. 2. We brought the magnet one by one to the objects of the second group. 3. Then we brought the magnet to the surface of the refrigerator, cabinet, wall, window glass. As a result, they established: some metal objects are attracted to a magnet, and some do not experience its attraction; The magnet is attracted to some surfaces by itself, but not to others. This is because magnets are pieces of iron or steel that have the ability to attract objects made of iron, steel and metals containing them in small quantities. Wood, glass, plastic, paper and fabric do not react to magnets. A magnet is attracted to a large iron surface by itself, being lighter. Conclusion: a magnet only attracts objects made of iron, steel and some other metals. Experiment No. 2: Can magnetic force pass through objects? A paper clip was thrown into a glass of water. We leaned the magnet against the wall of the glass at the level of the paperclip. And after he approached the wall of the glass, he slowly moved the magnet upward along the wall. The paperclip moved with the magnet and rose up with the magnet. This is because the magnetic force acts through both glass and water. Conclusion: magnetic force can pass through objects and substances. Experiment No. 3: Magnets act at a distance Let's draw a line on paper and place a paper clip on it. Now slowly move the magnet towards this line. At some distance from the line, the paperclip will suddenly “jump” and stick to the magnet. Let's mark this distance. Let's carry out the same experiment with other magnets. You can see that some of them, the strong ones, magnetize the paper clip from a farther distance, while others, the weak ones, magnetize the paper clip from a close distance. Moreover, this distance does not directly depend on the size of the magnet itself, but only on its magnetic properties. Conclusion : The larger the magnet, the greater the force of attraction and the greater the distance over which the magnet exerts its influence.

Experiment No. 4: Does the force of attraction depend on the shape and size of the magnet? We took three magnets of different shapes and different sizes. 1. Place various metal objects (nails, coins, paper clips) into groups into three boxes. 2. Then they brought magnets to different boxes in turn and counted how many similar objects each magnet could lift. As a result, it was found that one magnet lifts more objects than others. This happens because the shape and size of the magnet affects its strength. The strongest magnetic properties are at the edges of the magnet, and the weakest at the center. Horseshoe magnets are stronger than rectangular magnets. The weakest magnet is round. Among magnets that have the same shape, a larger magnet will be stronger. Conclusion: the strength of a magnet depends on its shape and size. Experiment No. 5 : A magnet has two poles . Each magnet has 1 north (N - ) and 1 south (S+) pole. The ends of a magnet are called poles. We first brought identically colored magnet poles closer to each other, then differently colored ones. As a result, it was established that poles of the same color repel, and poles of different colors attract. This happens because the poles of each magnet have opposite signs (positive and negative). Poles of opposite signs attract; identical - they repel. If a magnet is broken in half, it will still have 2 poles. Let's try to fold 2 magnets. They turned into one big one, and the magnetic poles were found only at opposite ends of the composite magnet. Let's apply an iron ball to the poles of a magnet. It turned out that the ball is best attracted to the poles, but there is no attraction in the middle. Conclusion: a magnet has two poles: south and north. Like poles repel, different poles attract. Magnetic force is stronger at the poles. It is impossible to obtain a magnet with one pole. Experiment No. 6: How to magnetize and demagnetize a nail? Let's run either end of the magnet over the nail in the same direction 30 times. By touching the ball or paper clip, check that the nail has become magnetized and attracts paper clips. Let's try running a magnet back and forth across the nail and check the magnetic properties again. Paper clips are not attracted to the nail. Conclusion: Any metal object can be magnetized and demagnetized. Experiment No. 7: How to see a magnetic field? We placed a sheet of paper on a rectangular magnet, and metal filings were poured onto the paper. Most of the sawdust is distributed at the ends of the magnet - these are the magnetic poles. Magnetic force is concentrated at the poles. The pattern of metal filings shows the zone (field lines) of magnet activity. These lines are called the magnetic field. There are no intersecting lines among them. The magnetic field lines leave the north pole of the magnet (N) and enter the south pole (S). Magnetic field lines are always closed (loop). The shape of these lines depends on the shape of the magnet and the relationship of the poles. We will place half a plastic ball on top of the sheet where we see the outline of the magnet. Hooray! We have a model of the Earth's magnetic field! Conclusion: Iron filings form patterns under a magnet because the filings are located along magnetic lines of force.
Thus, with the help of sawdust you can sort of see the magnetic field. Experiment No. 8: Earth's Magnetic Field Invisible lines of force entangle the planet, connecting the North and South magnetic poles.
They are called the Earth's magnetic field. You can detect the magnetic field of any body using a compass. The compass needle is magnetized, so it reacts to any body that has a magnetic field. Therefore, we can say that the compass needle is also oriented in the Earth’s magnetic field because its arrow shows the direction to the north. Like all magnets, the Earth has poles. The Earth's magnetic north pole is located near the geographic south pole. The Earth's magnetic south pole is located where the geographic north pole is. Let's take a compass, put it on the table and rotate it. Some invisible force turns the arrow and makes it point with the red end where north is. This is the Earth's magnetic field. The compass needle is a magnet. For permanent (metal) magnets, the north pole is painted blue and the south pole red. And only with compasses, the opposite is done so that the blue arrow (south pole) points to where it is cold - to the north pole of the Earth, and the red arrow - to where it is hot. It always turns to point towards magnetic north. But does the compass always point north? Let's take a magnet and bring it to the arrow. We see that the needle will turn towards the magnet and we can determine where the north and south poles of the magnet are. Let's bring the magnet with its north pole to the side of the arrow. The arrow will turn towards the magnet because the field of our magnet is stronger than the magnetic field of the Earth. We gradually move the magnet to a distance at which the arrow takes the middle position, that is, it is attracted by the Earth and our magnet equally. Conclusion: Our planet Earth is a huge magnet, the poles of which are very close to the geographic poles of the planet. The magnetic field of all our magnets interacts with her magnetic field. This is the basis for the operation of a compass, the magnetic needle of which is aligned along the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field, always pointing north. This means that in the north of the Earth there is a south magnetic pole, and in the south there is a north magnetic pole. Experiment No. 9: Making a compass Take a needle and magnetize it on one side using a magnet. Pour water into a plate, put the needle in a plastic tube and mark the magnetized side with a marker and lower it into the water. The tube rotates. We'll place a compass nearby. The magnetized end points north. Hooray! Homemade compass works! Experiment No. 10: How does temperature affect the properties of a magnet? Let's bring a magnetized needle to the compass, the arrow will turn towards it. Let's clamp the needle in a wooden clothespin and heat the needle in a candle flame until red-hot, the compass needle will return to its original position. Conclusion: iron or steel, heated to a certain temperature, loses its magnetic properties, and even the most powerful magnet does not attract it. As soon as the needle warmed up, the magnet stopped attracting it. Experiment No. 11: Is it possible to transfer magnetic properties to ordinary iron? Let's take 7 iron balls and a magnet. We bring the ball to the pole, the ball will stick to the magnet. Add another ball to the first and add all 7 balls. The result is a magnetic chain. Let's take the top ball and separate it along with the rest of the balls from the magnet. We know they are not magnets, but why didn't they separate immediately? The balls were magnetized and became magnets. There is a magnetic field inside the metal balls, which gives them magnetic properties. The further from the pole of the magnet, the weaker it is. Slowly moving the balls away from the magnet, we see how they fall one after another. Conclusion: Magnetic properties can be transferred to ordinary iron. But the magnetic field is short-lived; it can be created artificially. Electricity To perform any work: move a load, heat, cool, illuminate a room, perform calculations, etc., electrical energy is required. Modern life cannot be imagined without electricity. How and where is electricity generated? There are many ways to generate electricity: these are nuclear power plants . Atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electrical energy. It is produced by special machines - turbines. The generator rotates using a turbine, which uses water, steam, and gas. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor; thermal power plants consume minerals; hydroelectric power plants, they require a river to flow nearby; windmills and solar panels . I learned that all objects, including humans, consist of small particles - atoms. Each atom consists of protons - they are immobile and form an “atomic nucleus”; protons have a positive charge (+). Also, every atom has electrons. They are mobile and constantly rotate around the nucleus, and can “flow” from one atom to another. Electrons have a negative charge (-). When an electron jumps from one atom to another, electricity . The word " electricity " comes from the Greek "electron", meaning "amber". The ancient Greeks noticed that amber, rubbed with sheep's wool, attracts light objects. Everyone is familiar with the slight crackling and sparkling sound produced when removing a synthetic or woolen jacket from the body, especially noticeable in silence and in the dark. Or a balloon, if actively played with, suddenly begins to collect dust particles. This is the simplest everyday manifestation of electricity - electrification of objects (static electricity). Static electricity is a phenomenon associated with the accumulation of positive and negative charges on the surface of the body. It is not dangerous for humans. It can be obtained by rubbing two objects (made from different materials) against each other. When static electricity becomes strong enough, an electrical spark (electric charge) can be seen. What is electric current and where does it come from? Where does the electricity in the outlet come from? The electricity that enters our homes through wires is generated at power plants using a special machine called an electric generator. Its design is quite simple: a coil with copper wire rotates between the poles of a magnet (it is called a rotor). An electric current appears in a wire moving in a magnetic field. In wires, electrons move under the influence of a magnetic field. They move in the same direction, just like water flows in a river. This is electric current. It is very important: for a current to occur, the “road” from the negatively charged pole (where there are too many electrons) to the positive pole (where there is a lot of free space for them) must be continuous. This means "closed circuit". Electric current is a directed flow of charged particles. This is the “flow” of electrons from one object to another, but in one direction. For current to appear, it must be directed in one direction. How to make it flow? This requires a current source , i.e. a device in which some type of energy is converted into electrical energy. There are several types of them: Mechanical - due to the friction of parts, charges accumulate on parts of the device and a current arises (these are generators). Thermal - current appears due to heating of the wire (these are thermal sensors). Light – light energy is converted into electrical energy (these are solar panels, light sensors, calculators, video cameras). Chemical - current arises due to a chemical reaction between substances (these are batteries, accumulators). Substances that allow current to pass through them are called conductors. Metals and graphite, solutions of salts and acids, moist soil, human and animal bodies are good conductors of electricity. Materials that usually do not conduct electricity include: amber, oil, wax, glass, rubber, paper, plastic. Such materials are called dielectrics.

Interactive magnet game for preschoolers. Presentation “Magic stone-magnet” presentation for the lesson (senior group) on the topic