Economic cycles presentation for an economics lesson (grade 11) on the topic

Presentation on the topic “Cyclic development of the economy”

Presentation on the topic “Cyclic development of the economy” in economics in powerpoint format. This presentation for high school students contains 33 slides, which tell in detail about the cyclical development of the capitalist economy, types of cycles, reasons for the cyclical nature of economic development, state stabilization policy, and the transformation crisis in the Russian economy. Author of the presentation: Koltsova L.A.

Fragments from the presentation

Cyclical development of the capitalist economy. Types of cycles.

• The long-term development of the world economy is progressive.
• consistent long-term trends:
• population growth,
• increase in total production volume,
• technology development.

Definition of a cycle

• The period of time between two identical states of economic conditions is called the economic cycle.
• The economic cycle
  is fluctuations in the actual volume of production around its potential value, which is achieved at full employment, and associated changes in other macroeconomic indicators.

Types of cycles

• Short-term (2-4 years) – Kitchin cycles
• Medium-term (7-11 years) – Juglar – Marx cycles
• Long-term – (45-50 years) – Kondratiev cycles

Medium-term cycles

• Expressed most clearly in macroeconomic statistics
• Play the most noticeable role in disrupting the equilibrium of the market economy and stimulating its development
• “In the modern world, they look at economic cycles in much the same way as the ancient Egyptians looked at the floods of the Nile. This phenomenon is repeated at certain intervals, is of the utmost importance to everyone, and its real causes are hidden from view.” J.B. Clark

World crisis 2008-? and Russian economy

• Generals are always preparing for the last war
• Mortgage crisis. Bank balance sheet problems.
• Imbalances in world trade - the US trade balance was covered by China, Japan, Russia (stimulating the export of labor, scientific and technical developments, ???)
• Overheating of the world economy: oil – $147; metals; Gazprom is the third largest company in the world by capitalization;
• Cheap and accessible capital against the backdrop of expensive real assets

Internal problems:

• Real estate bubble;
• Rental price;
• Rising prices for raw materials: metal, fuel, building materials, etc.
• Involvement of all semi-suitable production facilities in the production process
• Debt growth:
• Real sector enterprises;
• banks

Transmission mechanisms of the global crisis to the Russian economy:

• Budget – tax reduction (mineral extraction tax, export duty, income tax)⇒
• Budgetary investments (infrastructure, social sphere, fundamental science, defense);
• But!!! - stabilization fund, abandonment of the surplus and transition to a deficit budget;

• Limiting access to credit
• Interest rate:
• Falling investment
• Reduced consumer demand
• Falling demand for real estate
• Stock Market Squeeze

Long-term cycles (Kondratieff)

the trend line is not straight. It is also wavy, but the waves are flatter and longer, and the economic cycle itself fluctuates around these long waves

Manifestation of Kondratiev cycles

• On an upward wave:
• Long and stormy climbs
• shallow recessions
• short-term depressions

• short and sluggish climbs,
• deep recessions
• long-term depression

Reasons for long-term cycles:

• “Large cycles can be viewed as disruption and restoration of economic equilibrium over a long period. Their main reason lies in the mechanism of accumulation, accumulation and dispersion of capital sufficient to create new productive forces.”
• the beginning of the rise of a long cycle occurs “when the accumulation and accumulation of capital reaches such a tension at which profitable investment of capital becomes possible in order to create basic productive forces and radical re-equipment of equipment” Kondratyev N.D.
• Qualitative changes in production based on major inventions
• Updating of passive elements of fixed capital
• Expansion of markets and circulation technologies

Development of a lesson on the subject “Fundamentals of a market economy” Lesson topic: “Fundamentals of Marketing”

Lesson topic:

Marketing Basics.

The purpose of the lesson:

1. Consider what the purpose of marketing is and who does the marketing. What is market segmentation, define A. Maslow’s pyramid.

2. Formulate a civic position.

3. Develop the ability to summarize acquired knowledge and draw appropriate conclusions.

Equipment:

Blackboard, chalk, interactive board, computer.

Lesson method:

Combined.

References:

website, S.S. Nosova “Economic theory”

During the classes:

1. Opening remarks.

2. Studying new material.

3. Consolidation of the studied material.

4. Homework.

Marketing

- a type of human activity aimed at satisfying the needs and requirements of people through exchange (F. Kotler).
These activities include the development and implementation of a marketing concept, pricing, product promotion and distribution. Marketing operates with the following concepts:
need, requirement, requests, product, exchange, transaction and market. The first step in marketing planning is to develop a marketing strategy. It represents a general plan of marketing activities for a specific product. The first stage of developing a strategy is to identify the group of consumers whose needs the company focuses on in its activities. The second step is to decide on the combination of elements to use in your marketing program to achieve maximum effectiveness.

There are three stages in the evolution of marketing:

1. Mass marketing. In this type of marketing, the seller engages in mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion of the same product to all buyers.
2. Product-differentiated marketing. In this case, the seller produces two or more goods with different properties.
3. Targeted marketing. In targeted marketing, the seller differentiates between market segments, selects one or more of them, and develops products and a marketing mix for each of the selected segments.

Main tools of marketing activities:

The most important object of marketing research is the market. Market

— a set of existing or potential buyers of the product; This is a system of economic relations of purchase and sale of goods within the framework of which the demand, supply and price of goods are formed. Historically, two types of markets can be distinguished:

- a seller's market, which is characterized by a shortage of goods, a lack of freedom of choice for buyers, whose main problem is the purchase of goods, which can only be carried out on terms dictated by the seller;

- a buyer's market, which is determined by an excess of goods, the availability of choice, while the main task of the seller is to sell the goods.

Markets are made up of many market segments—groups of consumers who have similar needs and interests. The company focuses its activities on significant (target) markets. These markets represent a specific group of consumers that the firm targets in the production and sale of its goods.

The marketing mix consists of four elements:

• product
• price
• promotion
• place - how a product is placed on the market. (Developer comment)

These elements are known as "four pi = 4π".

The initial task of a marketer is to identify those goods and services that will attract consumers (identify a promising product). After deciding what goods to produce, the manufacturer must determine what price to set for this product. Then, sales points, distribution channels, transportation systems, and partner sales organizations are determined. Product promotion includes advertising, personal selling, creating favorable public opinion and other sales promotion techniques.

Marketing planning involves researching the company's market opportunities, the most efficient allocation of resources and forecasting the final results of its activities.

The main stages of the marketing planning process are:

1. External environment analysis
2. Setting goals.
3. Assessment of internal resources.
4. Strategy development.

The concept of “external environment” includes economic, social and cultural factors, technology, competition, legal climate and the natural environment. In other words, this is an analysis and consideration of factors that the enterprise cannot influence, but must adapt to them.

The goal of marketing is to increase sales of relevant products. Marketing is focused on increasing the market share of a company - the portion of the total sales of a product attributable to this company. To carry out its activities, a company requires various resources: financial, production, labor. Production costs depend on them. By studying these three factors, a firm can develop a marketing strategy. This strategy must be consistent with the organization's goals. To increase the efficiency of marketing activities, the company conducts marketing research. They are the collection, processing and analysis of information or data with the aim of reducing the uncertainty associated with making a marketing decision.

The market research process includes five main stages:

1. Identifying the problem and formulating the goals of marketing research.
2. Selection of information sources.
3. Collection of initial data (information).
4. Analysis of the information received.
5. Presentation of analyzed data, development of recommendations.

For example, consider a situation where an entrepreneur is going to conduct marketing research regarding the production and sale of office supplies.

Conducting marketing research, he must research information about the market, answer the questions: who will buy his goods, in what quantity they should be produced, at what price they should be offered; he must decide on the appearance of his product, its packaging, and models. He must also study the possibilities of his production, study competitors: who are the competitors in this industry, what are their strengths and weaknesses, study channels for promoting the product.

Marketing and buyer behavior.

Consumer research allows us to determine the entire range of motivations that guide consumers when choosing products. The main objects are: individual consumers, families, legal entities. The main results are a typology of consumers, modeling of their behavior in the market and demand forecast.

Studying consumers and their demand is an important component of marketing research. The number of products or services produced or sold by an enterprise is determined by supply and demand.

Main components of demand:

1. Availability of potential buyers.
2. Their desire to purchase a specific product.
3. Their ability to purchase a specific product or product.

A number of factors influence consumer behavior:

— cultural factors: culture, subculture and social norms; — social factors: reference groups, family, roles and statuses; - personal factors: age, stage of the family life cycle, occupation, economic status, lifestyle, personality type and self-image; — psychological factors: motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes.

A. Maslow arranged human needs in order of hierarchical importance. At the lowest level he placed physiological needs (hunger, thirst); at the second level - self-preservation needs (safety, security); on the third - social needs (feelings of spiritual closeness, love); on the fourth - esteem needs (self-esteem, recognition, status); at the highest level - the need for self-affirmation (self-development, self-realization). First of all, a person strives to satisfy physiological needs. As soon as he succeeds, an impulse appears to satisfy the next level of needs, and so on.

Consumers can be divided into five groups that react differently to the introduction of new products:

1. Super innovators. They make up about 2.5% of all consumers. These are people with high social status, living in the city, prone to novelty and risk.
2. Innovators. They make up approximately 13.5% of the total number of consumers. They are characterized by much the same as superinnovators, only they are more careful in their actions.

1. Ordinary consumers. This category represents approximately 34% of the market capacity. Most of these people live in rural areas and small towns. They are thorough and try not to take risks.
2. Conservatives. Their number also amounts to approximately 34% of all consumers. They do not approve of any innovations, but imitate ordinary consumers. Among them there are many elderly people, people with low incomes, engaged in low-prestige activities.
3. Superconservatives. They make up about 16% of all consumers. These people belong to different strata of society, lack aesthetic sense and imagination, and retain the habits of youth and inclination towards goods.

The first three groups (approximately 50%) account for the acquisition of 90% of all new goods.

Buyer groups:

. Market segmentation.

Market segmentation

-
this is the process of dividing the market into separate parts (segments), differing from each other in different opportunities for selling products for the manufacturer, that is, dividing the market into clear groups of buyers, each of which requires separate types of goods.
Thus, segmentation is an activity aimed at dividing the market into segments that differ in their requirements for the product or in their response to various types of market activities (advertising, sales methods).

Market segmentation is based on two points:

1. Recognizing the heterogeneous nature of the product market.
2. Differentiation, or separation of products and methods of marketing them.

Customers use products differently, so studying their motivations is necessary. This helps when choosing a marketing strategy.

Firms use various marketing strategies.

1. If a company does not plan development, does not set itself the goal of capturing new markets or releasing a new range of products, then in this case undifferentiated marketing is used.
2. If a company wants to capture several market segments for its products, it must concentrate its efforts on researching these segments and produce an appropriate product for each segment. In this situation, concentrated marketing is used.
3. A company planning its significant development, with the goal of capturing the entire market for the corresponding range of goods, uses differentiated marketing.
4. A firm uses consumer marketing when it wants to strengthen relationships with a specific type of consumer. In this case, the company considers such consumers as a separate consumer segment.

When forming a market segment, the following characteristics are used:

1. Differences between consumers that allow them to be grouped into segments.
2. Similarities between consumers that form the stability of the preferences of a given group of consumers for a given product.
3. Availability of indicators to measure the characteristics and requirements of consumers and determine market capacity.
4. Sufficiency of sales volume to cover complex expenses and generate profit.
5. Availability of the segment for enterprises, that is, the availability of sales and transportation channels.

A market segment is created in the following sequence: analysis of customer requirements regarding the company's products; formation of a group of consumers with similar requirements for a particular product; studying the production of a given product and the possibility of changing technology to produce a product that meets the requirements of the relevant buyer groups; assessment of competitive products; determining the economic efficiency of creating a market segment; development of a marketing program for a market segment.

Market segmentation is carried out according to the following principles: demographic (age, gender, purchasing power, profession, education, race and nationality), geographical (regions of the world, countries, regions of the country, states, counties, cities, neighborhoods, climate, terrain, population density, market density), behavioral (volume of consumption, type of consumption, brand loyalty, expected benefits), psychographic (social class, personal characteristics, lifestyle).

Product positioning on the market

-
this is providing the product with an undoubted, clearly different from others, desirable place in the market and in the minds of target consumers (F. Kotler).
Any product has many properties. The positioning principle involves identifying the most important properties of a product for consumers (for example, low price, efficiency of use). In the process of analyzing the properties of a product, consumer preferences regarding products are revealed. In this way, the most preferred product is selected.

Fixing the material.

1. Read the next two slides carefully and choose the company that, in your opinion, behaves economically competently.

Company A.

Having purchased the necessary raw materials and materials, it establishes the production of goods. ... advertises his product, tries to sell it.

Company B.

First, it determines the need for a product, ...then produces the product and sells it.

Which company did you choose?

Company A Company B

1. Name human needs in order of hierarchical importance according to A. Maslow.
2. Name the principles of market segmentation.
3. What are the elements of four pi?

Homework
.
Develop a trademark, label and packaging for your products.

To do this, use your experience as consumers and the following information.

The label may contain:

• Product description
• Who, where and when did
• Package Contents
• How to use it
• Safety precautions when working with it
• Volume or weight
• Best before date
• Nutritional value
• Variety
• Wishes
• Etc.

Marketing Basics; 10-11 grade

Target

– to form in students an idea of ​​the purpose of marketing in modern life.
Objectives: Educational
– to create conditions for students to acquire knowledge about the goals of marketing, both from entrepreneurs and from consumers.
Developmental
– to promote the development of students’ logical thinking, speech skills, and ability to work in a group.
Educational
– to promote the formation in students of a desire to interact with each other, uniting the class team.
Equipment used:
projector, screen, laptop, presentation, blackboard, handouts for students - a sheet with lesson notes for each student, 4 boxes with a task, a set of colored cards.
Methods used:
lecture, conversation, group work, discussion.
Lesson structure:
1. Organizational and motivational moment 3 minutes 2. Study of new material 35 minutes A. Definition of marketing 5 minutes B. Methods of promoting goods and services in marketing 5 minutes C. Price segments of the market 24 minutes 3. Reinforcement of the covered topic 5 minutes 4 Homework and grading.
3 minutes Lesson progress 1. Organizational and motivational moment.
The teacher divides the students into 4 groups.
They sit at tables that have been moved in advance, on which there are handouts and one box with a task per group. 2. Studying new material.
Goal setting: The purpose of our lesson is to find out how marketing can benefit us, both from the position of possible entrepreneurs and from the position of ordinary consumers of goods and services.
At the end of the lesson we will definitely answer this question and draw conclusions. But first we need to understand what marketing is. A. Definition of marketing.
The teacher asks students to answer the question what marketing is.
He writes down the answer options on the board. From these answers, the teacher and the students create a definition of marketing, after which the students write this definition in their notebooks. Let's find out what you understand by the word “Marketing”. Please go to one person’s board to write down your associations. So: 1. What do representatives of such professions as marketers and PR managers do? 2. Do you know anyone who works in the marketing field? 3. Now what words do you associate with the word “Marketing”? Now our task, based on our associations, is to create a definition of the term “marketing”. Marketing is a strategy for selling goods and services. B. Methods of promoting goods and services in marketing.
The teacher shows students the slide “The Three Essentials of Marketing” and asks them to copy them in their notebooks.
“As you can see, the second component of marketing is the promotion of a product or service. Now I will give you a list that lists the main methods of promoting goods and services. Now the task: discuss these methods in groups and choose three of them that in your opinion are the most effective. 2 minutes are given for discussion. Then each group will announce the result and explain their choice.” Full text of the material Fundamentals of Marketing;
For grades 10-11, see the downloadable file . The page contains a fragment.

Thank you for your mark. If you want your name to be known to the author, log in to the site as a user and click Thank you again. Your name will appear on this page.

Login | Registration

Have an opinion? Leave a comment