Educational and research project “Social Networks” - why do people prefer virtual communication to live communication?

Lesson summary on the topic “Communication”

Lesson summary

on the topic "Communication"

Lesson type - lesson explaining new material

Type of lesson - mixed lesson

(combination of different types of lesson in one)

Forms of learning new material in class -

lecture; explanation by the teacher with the involvement of students in the discussion of individual issues; independent work with the textbook and other sources.

Organization of educational activities of students in the classroom -

Frontal, Individual,

Group.

Equipment:

• Homework cards
• Target-
• mastering knowledge on the topic “Communication”

Tasks:

• 1.give an idea about the types, forms, functions, aspects of communication;
• 2.introduce verbal communication;
• 3.contribute to the development of non-verbal communication skills;
• 4.form specific actions for conducting a conversation and observing territorial law.
• Lesson structure:
• 1.Org. moment
• 2.Introductory conversation
• 3. The main part is a lecture with simultaneous completion of the supporting notes
• 4. Work according to options
• 5. Drawing up reminders for groups
• 6. Reflection
• 7.Homework

During the classes

1. Organizing time
2. Introductory conversation

Motivational stage.

The lesson begins with the “communicative attack” technique. The teacher, without saying anything, uses gestures to show the students various movements: stand up, sit down, open their notebooks, go to the board, etc. On the board he writes some task for them that they must complete (for example: open the textbook to ... page, shake hands, etc.). He evaluates each student's answer with various emotional emoticons. Students must determine what the teacher wants to tell them. Then the students are asked questions: “Was it difficult for you to understand me? What prevented this? What are we going to talk about today?”

Summarizing the students' answers, in the process of conversation with them, the topic and goals of the lesson are formulated. The motivational stage ends with the words of the teacher: “Communication is a complex and multifaceted process. The fact that it plays a big role in a person’s life is eloquently demonstrated by the words of L. Ron Hubbard, an American researcher, developer of Dianetics (the science of the human mind): “A person is only as alive as he is able to communicate.”

-Who else can remember proverbs or sayings about communication?

Today we will consider communication only from the exchange of information side, and its other sides in subsequent lessons.

What is communication? Try to give your own definition.

What is communication? Answering this question is both easy and very difficult at the same time. Communication is a socio-psychological phenomenon that not only accompanies a person throughout his life, but is also the most important condition for the formation of his personality. Communication is the basis of the existence of any society: it unites people into a single whole, ensures the consistency of their efforts, makes it possible to preserve and transmit group norms, traditions, legends, that is, social experience, to subsequent generations. By communicating, we understand the world; The need for communication is one of the most important human needs; loneliness is perceived by us as one of the greatest disasters. “Society” and “communication” are the same root words, because any society is nothing more than a system of different levels and forms of communication between people.

In psychology, communication is defined as the interaction of people, during which information is exchanged, people perceive and understand each other. The teacher leads the lesson, explaining new material to students and conducting surveys; the buyer asks the seller about the quality and price of the product; mother plays with a small child; a TV commentator talks about the latest news - all these are different types of communication. Every day we are faced with numerous situations in which we can observe the full diversity of human communication.

In the process of communication, a relationship between two individuals arises. Who do you think is the subject here? (The subjects are both participants in the communication). What is an object? (the object of communication is information). The significance of information plays a special role for each participant in communication; this is possible provided that the information is understood and meaningful. Therefore, in every communicative process, activity, communication and cognition are actually given in unity.

-Now let’s look at several “communication options.”

Participants are divided into pairs.

1. "Synchronized conversation". Both participants in a pair speak simultaneously for 30 seconds. You can suggest a topic of conversation. For example, “A book I read recently.” On signal, the conversation stops.
2. "Ignoring" Within 30 seconds, one participant from the pair speaks out, while the other completely ignores him at this time. Then they change roles.
3. "Back to back". During the exercise, participants sit with their backs to each other. For 30 seconds, one participant speaks while the other listens to him. Then they change roles.
4. “Active listening”: for 1 minute one participant speaks, and the other listens attentively, showing interest in communicating with him.

DISCUSSION: How did you feel during the first three exercises? What prevented you from feeling comfortable? How did you feel during your last exercise?

And the most important question: What helps you communicate with other people??? (listening to answers)

3. Main part

During the lecture by the teacher, students fill out the outline of the table on the topic.

Form to fill.

Dear students, please fill out the form on the topic “Communication”

Communication is ________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sides of communication

• __________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________

Types of communication

• __________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________

Communication functions

• _____________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________

Lecture text

Communication is a complex social phenomenon, and although it is a holistic act, three aspects can be distinguished:

• the communicative side (communication ~ information transfer) is the exchange of information, during which knowledge, skills, and emotions are transferred from person to person;
• the perceptual side (perception - perception) is the perception
  of a person by a person and their mutual understanding;
• interactive side - interaction of people with each other

  .

Any communication consists of individual, relatively complete elements, which are called acts of communication or communicative acts. For example, a teacher asks a student a question and receives an answer. A single act is usually part of a longer process of communication.

Types of communication

The variety of life situations in which a person finds himself and the variety of his social connections determines the variety of types of communication. An example is the classification of types of communication by level of contact.

• “Mask contact” is formal communication when a person does not seek to understand his partner and does not have any feelings for him, but, as it were, puts on a mask: a mask of politeness, participation, severity. This type of communication is especially common in a modern city, where contacts between people are numerous, but short-lived and formal. A person is not able to get to know each partner well and strives to rid himself of unnecessary emotions.
• Formal-role communication is communication within certain social roles (buyer - seller, doctor - patient, teacher - student, etc.), when a person chooses the forms and means of communication. Based on your social role and the role of your partner. This type of communication also does not require people to know each other’s personal qualities, but is based on their knowledge of patterns of command of certain social roles.
• Manipulative communication is close to primitive. It is aimed at extracting benefits from communication with this person. In this case, as a rule, interest is shown in the interlocutor, personal characteristics are taken into account, emotions are demonstrated, but all this serves only one goal - to manipulate the partner.
• Business communication presupposes a serious relationship between partners, taking into account each other’s individual characteristics, but the interests of the business, rather than the interest in the person, are put in first place.
• Social communication. Its essence is pointlessness. The main goal of this type of communication is maintaining contacts. People in the process of social communication come into contact because it is customary, they say not what they think or feel, but that. what is accepted in this situation.
• Spiritual or interpersonal communication is the communication of friends and loved ones connected by relationships of sympathy. Emotions play a big role in it, determining both the nature of communication and the chosen means. The basis of this type of communication is people’s knowledge of each other’s personal qualities and understanding of emotional states.

Communication functions (

students express their opinions
)
Occupying an important place in the life of both an individual and society as a whole, communication performs a variety of functions:

• communicative function - transfer of information;
• perceptual function - perception and mutual understanding of people;
• interactive function - interaction of people in a group:
• coordination function - organizing joint activities;
• function of social control - in the process of communication, not only social norms are formed and assimilated, but their implementation is also monitored;
• function of intergroup interaction;

4.Work according to options

Students of option 1 prepare a message about verbal communication, option 2 - about non-verbal communication.

Depending on the use of means of information transmission, two types of communication are distinguished: verbal

(speech) communication, in which information is transmitted using words of a formal language and
non-verbal
(non-speech), where information is transmitted using means such as gestures, facial expressions, pantomime

Material for students' work.

Option 1

Verbal means of communication

Verbal means include speech - a unique form of activity during which information is transmitted using words of a formal language. Language is a system of words and expressions, as well as rules for combining them into meaningful statements. Language is conventional in nature, that is, it is a product of the interaction of people in a group. Modern national languages ​​have gone through a very long evolutionary path; and> originality is closely connected with the characteristics of ethnic groups, with the type of occupation that prevailed among a given people in ancient times, with the originality of its national character, etc.

The words of a language are the same for all speakers, and strict requirements are imposed on the use of words and their pronunciation. Anyone who violates these requirements risks being misunderstood. Language is important in the process of communication, not only as a means of transmitting a message: it allows a person to feel unity with his group, to distinguish strangers and to be different from them. In any society, there are groups (age, professional, social, etc.) that use their own special vocabulary, the so-called slang. These can be either special words or generally accepted ones, with their own specific meaning. Examples of such group languages ​​include Voevo jargon or teenage slang. The use of special words and expressions among teenagers allows young people to emphasize their belonging to a certain group and, as it were, to isolate themselves from the world of adults.

Each word is a sign that has its own specific content. This content, called meaning, connects the word with the world of real things and phenomena. allows a person to express his thoughts and convey information. The centuries-old connection between words and objects has led to the formation of a special attitude towards them. When pronouncing words (“mother”, “Motherland”, “death”, “enemy”), we not only make certain sounds, but also experience feelings associated with objects that are denoted by the spoken word. The word has enormous power over a person. It’s not for nothing that they say that a word can kill and a word can heal. Psychologists have proven that a word can “switch on” certain mental mechanisms. For example, if a doctor carelessly tells a patient that his illness is incurable, this will not only cause fear in the patient, but may also worsen his physical condition. The ability of words to influence mental processes is the basis of suggestion or hypnosis. Everyone can test the power of words for themselves: if a girl every morning, looking in the mirror, says to herself: “How beautiful and charming I am!” - then she will truly become an irresistible, self-confident beauty.

If language is social, then speech, although it is built on the basis of formal language, is individual. It reflects the individual characteristics of a person, his emotional states, interests, motives, etc.

TEACHER: We are all trying to communicate verbally.

- "Who am I?" Answer this question five times.

Option 2

Nonverbal communication

According to research, words make up from 7 to 30% of transmitted information in communication, while most of it comes from non-speech or non-verbal means. These means are very diverse: gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, postures, intonation, people touching each other and much more. There are special sciences that study various types of nonverbal means of communication.

Kinesics

studies the role of various movements of the human body (kinem) in the process of communication. The objects of study of kinesics are mainly facial expressions, pantomimes and gestures. The movements of the human body carry interesting and important information about the individual psychological characteristics of a person, for example, about temperament. People with a more dynamic nervous system, with a predominance of choleric temperament, are more mobile than phlegmatic people and even sanguine people. They quickly gesticulate, they have expressive and mobile facial expressions, they often change poses in the process of communication. In comparison, phlegmatic people seem inhibited, their facial expressions are inexpressive, which is often perceived as indifference or secrecy.

By the way a person moves, one can determine his emotional state. A stooped back, limply hanging arms, a “dull” look and a shuffling gait indicate a person’s general depressed state, while a cheerful, elastic gait, head held high, expressive facial expressions are evidence that this person is in a good mood.

A smile plays a big role in communication, which is perceived as a manifestation of goodwill and a desire to make contact. As a rule, it causes a similar response. If you want to win the favor of your communication partners, then smile at them more often, only the smile should be sincere and not official. In general, facial expressions play an important role in communication, since most often they are perceived and assessed on an intuitive level. Transmitting information through facial expressions and eyes is the oldest type of communication, it exists not only in primates (apes), but also in most higher animals. A person can control his facial expressions, for example, smile if he is sad, make a sympathetic face and gloat to himself, but his eyes will always give him away. It is not without reason that they say that the eyes are the mirror of the soul. L.N. Tolstoy describes more than 80 eye expressions in his works. Eye expressions carry important information about the attitude towards the interlocutor and what he is currently saying, about the emotional state of the person, how carefully he listens to his partner and even about his sincerity. The desire to avoid eye contact, the so-called shifting gaze, indicates that the person is either hiding something or lying. Attention to the interlocutor, interest in him or the subject of conversation is manifested in the sparkle of the eyes. The English psychologist McCloy even designed a device with which the brightness of the retina can be used to determine the degree of... a person’s love.

One of the most important means of non-verbal communication is gestures. In contrast to expressive movements of the face and body, gestures are conventional, that is, they are part of the culture of the group. Gestures as a means of communication are very common and are of great importance for mutual understanding. Accompanying words, gestures can emphasize the meaning contained in them, or change it to the exact opposite. For example, one person says to another: “How smart you are!” and at the same time taps his forehead with a bent finger. The meaning of the message in combination with the gesture turns out to be the opposite of what is contained in the speech utterance. Since groups are social, the system of gestures is different in different groups (especially if we are talking about different nations), so mutual understanding between people depends not only on their knowledge of the formal language, but also on sign language. So, for example, if an Italian, while communicating with his interlocutor, begins to rub his cheek with the back of his hand, then literally this gesture means that the conversation has dragged on so much that stubble has already begun to grow. His interlocutor, even knowing the language well, will not be able to communicate correctly if he does not understand the meaning of this gesture.

Gestures and non-verbal communication carry considerable information, mainly evaluative, that is, information about a person’s attitude to a message, to an interlocutor, to a specific situation, as well as information about a person’s emotional state. However, there is no independent sign language that completely replaces speech. The language of the deaf is not a sign language in the proper sense of the word, since it is closely related to formal language: the gestures in it correspond to words or expressions of this language and are artificially invented for the convenience of communication of people deprived of the ability to use speech.

Speech, facial expressions and gestures are the most visible means of communication. But there are moments in communication that we rarely pay attention to, but which, nevertheless, play an important role in the interaction process. Imagine that you need to discuss an issue that is important to you with a friend. Where would be more convenient for you to do this? Somewhere in a corner; The less open space there is around you, the more confident you will feel. What if, on the other hand, you want to attract attention, deliver an important message, act as a leader, or demonstrate your superiority? Then, most likely, you will prefer an open space, face the intended audience and perhaps try to take an elevated position (on a staircase, on a lectern, on a podium or on a chair). Such elevation of a person above others helps to increase his authority in the eyes of others. It is not for nothing that political leaders prefer to speak from high tribunes, and the throne of the ruler has always been placed on a dais. The science that studies the influence of the spatial location of people on the process of their communication is called proxemics.

Proxemics also studies the role of distance in the communication process. American social psychologists have found that every person, when communicating with other people, tries to maintain a certain personal space. The size of this personal space depends not only on the individual characteristics of the person, but also on the goals of communication. So, in the process of intimate communication, a person can get very close to his partner up to 45 cm. The distance of friendly communication is 45-120 cm; official distance - 120-400 cm; public distance is 400-750 cm. However, it should be remembered that these figures are typical for American culture and may differ significantly among other nations. There are so-called “contact” peoples, whose representatives maintain a very close communication distance and often touch each other in conversation (Italians, Mexicans, etc.) And representatives of the peoples of Northern Europe (Swedes, Finns, English, etc.) maintain a much greater distance and They rarely touch each other in conversation. Russian culture belongs to the middle type.

The tendency to make direct contact in the process of communication depends not only on a person’s nationality, but also on his emotional state, on the degree of acquaintance of partners and on the culture of the group to which they belong. The role of touch in the communication process is studied by a science called takeshika.

Nonverbal means of communication also include some features of speech. Varying degrees of speech volume, intonation, and changes in voice tonality make our speech lively and expressive, filling our statements with special meaning. For example, the expression: “You look so good!” can be said in such a tone that the interlocutor will perceive it as an insult or as a declaration of love. The role of the vocal capabilities of the voice in the communication process is studied by paralinguistics.

But
extalinguistics
studies the features of speech associated with changes in tempo, pauses and the inclusion of various sounds in speech: laughter, coughing, sighs and others.

Thus, we see that non-verbal means of communication occupy a very important place in our lives. Knowing them helps a person to properly organize his communication, understand others and be understood himself.

-Is it possible to communicate verbally and non-verbally at the same time???

-In what professions do we often see this??? (teacher, guide, etc.)

Non-verbal communication.

Is it possible to communicate without words?

Let's do a little physical education using non-verbal communication gestures:

the person thought and looked away (eye movement to the right, left)

a person likes someone and winks at him (blinking his eyes)

say “yes” (head tilts)

we say “no” (turns the head)

we don’t know something (we raise and lower our shoulders)

and then an authoritative person came in (straighten your back)

we saw a good friend (we spread our arms to the sides)

We wave our hands in greeting (left-right)

The teacher begins the conversation: “We live in an era of mass communication flows. A civilization is developing where communication creates all the conditions for limitless communication between people. Modern society is characterized not only and not so much by expanding possibilities for accumulating and processing information, but by new forms of communication.”

Issues for discussion:

1. What new forms of communication do you know in the modern world?

2. Which social networks are you a member of?

3. Why are you attracted to them?

Using the interactive method “Take a Position,” students express their attitude to virtual communication on the Internet and social networks - “Virtual communication: for” or “against”?

The ancient commandments say that those who want to enjoy communication must:

Trust in the person you are communicating with, the belief that the person you are communicating with is good, that he is disposed towards you, and is ready to communicate with you.

Respect for the person you are communicating with, recognition that a person is the highest value and you need to communicate with him carefully.

Think and indicate your commandments of communication. (communicate in a friendly manner, smile at the interlocutor, do not interrupt, use the interlocutor’s name in conversation, etc.)

Competition “STEP TO MEET”. Participants must stand opposite each other and speak polite words while taking a step towards. (we check students for politeness when communicating). Now let's try the opposite.

-Which words were easier for you to say? Why?

5.Working with reminders (task for students)

Group 1 (material for the “Communication Techniques” memo)

Communication techniques are the methods a person uses to prepare for communication and his behavior during communication.

Communication techniques are the most preferred means chosen for the communication process.

In order for the communication process to proceed effectively, before it begins, it is important to determine the most appropriate communication technique and techniques.

They must be correlated with their own interests

and with the interests of the communication partner.

At the initial stage, the communication technique consists of adopting a certain posture, facial expression, choosing the appropriate tone, gestures, and correctly selected initial words.

The facial expression should express the attitude towards the partner, correspond to the purpose of the message and the desired result.

The same requirements apply to the position occupied. Sometimes a person consciously takes a particular position, adopts a facial expression, and uses certain gestures in order to best achieve the desired result.

Let's take a closer look at the meaning of some gestures that can influence the course of communication.

Group 2 (material for the “Psychology of Gestures” memo)

Psychology of gestures. Information conveyed verbally may be perceived incorrectly if it is accompanied by inappropriate gestures.

Knowledge of the psychology of gestures will help you change your behavior, finish negotiations on time, etc., if something does not go as you would like.

Gestures of openness:

• open arms (hands with palms up);
• unbuttoning the jacket.

Defense Gestures:

• arms crossed on chest;
• hands clenched into a fist.

Reflection and Critical Evaluation:

• finger along the cheek;
• bowed head (attentive listening posture);
• scratching the chin (“okay, let’s think about it”);
• gestures with glasses (slowly taking them off, wiping the glasses for a long time, etc.), a gesture is also used if time is needed to think, while the temple of the glasses is taken into the mouth, it is difficult to speak, so you just have to listen carefully, thinking about the answer;
• walking around the room;
• pinching the bridge of the nose.

Suspicion and secrecy:

• looking away (“what do you mean?”);
• protecting the mouth with the hand: during speech - deceit; while listening - feels that the interlocutor is lying;
• touching the nose - option 2 in a disguised form;
• rubbing the eyelid;
• scratching or rubbing the ear.

Warning

— the considered gestures cannot be elevated to absolutes.

Maybe the person is cold and that's why he crosses his arms, or his nose or ear just itches.

Group 3 (material for the memo

“Attitude to conversation. Territorial rights")

Attitude to the conversation:

• legs (or the whole body) facing the exit - evidence that the person wants to end the meeting, so you should either end the conversation or take it in a more interesting direction;
• resting your cheek and chin with your palm is an indication of boredom, sometimes confused with a gesture of attentive listening, but in this case the index finger is directed vertically to the temple.

Territorial rights:

• the intimate zone (from 15 to 46 cm) is the psychological property of a person, only a very close person has the right to violate this zone; when a stranger invades, for example, during a crush in public transport, the person experiences irritation and discomfort;
• personal zone (from 46 cm to 1.2 m) - distance for parties and official meetings;
• social zone (from 1.2 to 3.6 m) - an area for communicating with strangers, for example, the owner of the apartment and the plumber should be at such a distance so as not to irritate each other;
• public area (more than 3.6 m) - distance for communicating with a large audience.

In situations where your interlocutor is sitting, you should not hang over him, as this is perceived as your superiority, and the interlocutor feels very small.

In conditions of forced crowding, when the intimate area is violated, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

• you should not even talk to people you know;
• You can’t look straight at others;
• it is undesirable to display any kind of

emotions;

• if you have a newspaper, magazine, or book, it is advisable to immerse yourself in reading, at least for appearances;
• movements should be restrained;
• When riding in an elevator, focus on the floor signs.

6. Reflection

What is communication?

Name three sides of communication.

What types of communication do you know?

How does verbal communication differ from nonverbal communication?

What is a “communicative act”? (the teacher asks a question to the student, to which he must receive an answer)

What functions does communication serve?

What role does information exchange play in the communication process?

What means of communication do you know?

What verbal means of communication do you know?

What non-verbal means of communication do you know?

What role do gestures play in communication?

What do such fields of knowledge as kinesics, takesics, proxemics, extra- and paralinguistics study?

And at the end of our task, I would like to read a parable. Let's listen carefully.

Parable - When people quarrel Once the teacher asked his students: - Why, when people quarrel, do they scream? “Because they are losing their calm,” said one. - But why shout if another person is next to you? - asked the Teacher. - Can't you talk to him quietly? Why shout if you're angry? The students offered their answers, but none of them satisfied the Teacher. Finally he explained: “When people are dissatisfied with each other and quarrel, their hearts grow distant.” In order to cover this distance and hear each other, they have to shout. The angrier they get, the further they move away and the louder they scream. - What happens when people fall in love? They do not shout, on the contrary, they speak quietly. Because their hearts are very close, and the distance between them is very small. And when they fall in love even more, what happens? - continued the Teacher. “They don’t speak, they just whisper and become even closer in their love.” “In the end, they don’t even need to whisper. They just look at each other and understand everything without words.

In the next lesson we will talk about conflicts in communication. Let's look at various conflicts and ways to resolve them.

7.Homework

(given in a variable form, which allows students to independently determine for themselves which tasks they will perform)

Complete any three tasks of your choice.

1. Select examples from classical literature that characterize each type of communication.
2. Select examples from the literature that describe eye expressions. Prove with the help of examples the conventional nature of gestures.
3. Write a short essay-reflection on the topic: “The role of a smile in communication.”
4. "Association". Who or what do you associate yourself with at the moment? You can name objects, phenomena, plants, animals. The exercise develops reflection and imagination.
5. "Reincarnation". If the thesis about the transmigration of souls were true, what or who would you like to incarnate into in your next life? An exercise may indicate an individual’s unfulfilled aspirations.
6. "Weather report". Describe your mood in the form of a weather report. The exercise gives an idea of ​​the well-being of the training participants.
7. "Motto". Almost each of us has a memory or phrase that can support us in difficult times. What saying or catchphrase would you use for your motto?
8. "Signboard". If we all turned into buildings, what sign would you put on each one?
9. "My parents and their favorite sayings." What “catch phrases” of your parents do you remember, in what situations did they use them?

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so UNT / Lesson developments / Russian language lessons

Notes for the Russian language lesson “Rules of verbal communication”

02/10/2015 7464 999 Zhumabekova Ainagul Mukhambetovna Objectives: to introduce students to the basic requirements for speech culture; develop the ability to clearly and accurately express one’s own point of view and comprehensible speech of students; cultivate a culture of speech. Lesson equipment: 1) sheets with texts; 2) epigraph to the lesson: “Success depends 15% on knowledge and 80% on the ability to communicate with people, to “present” oneself” D. Carnegie “The only true luxury is the luxury of human communication” A.S. Exupery Type of lesson : a lesson in learning new knowledge. Technology: RCMCP (development of critical thinking through reading and writing) Lesson progress: 1.Challenge stage. 1) Conversation. —Who do you communicate with every day? — What topic is most often the subject of your conversation with classmates and friends? — Do you adhere to the requirements of speech etiquette when communicating with people? Name them. — What roles do you play in different communication situations? 2 (Group work) Card 1. Drawing up and acting out situations where students are in different roles: A patient in a hospital; a son who came home from school; daughter, who returned from the evening; son and father watched an interesting film; a student who has not completed his homework. 3) Card 2. Reading the text “Learning to communicate” Dear guys! Communication is one of the greatest virtues of humanity. The famous French writer Antoine Saint-Exupery, whose fairy tale about the little prince you all know and love, said that “the only true luxury is the luxury of human communication.” The happiness of communication is appreciated by everyone who has to remain alone for a long time. According to the cosmonauts, one of the most difficult is the test in a special chamber, where the cosmonaut is cut off from the outside world for about six hours. Communication differs from simple speaking in that it most often involves an addressee. People communicate with each other when they want to ask the other person something, tell him something, encourage him to do something, or even just “chat” with him. You can say that there is nothing more natural and easier than talking to someone. And there is no need to specifically study this. However, not everything is so simple. People speak differently on different occasions. Take yourself, for example. At home you communicate with your parents, brothers and sisters, at school with teachers and classmates, in the sports section with your coach and fellow athletes. You constantly find yourself in different circumstances: either you are a bus passenger, or a buyer in a store, or a spectator in a theater, a fan at a stadium, a patient in a hospital, or even just a passerby. And in each case you need to know what and how to say. One of the most important conditions for communication is knowing and following the rules of speech etiquette. These rules help a person achieve communication goals. - What is the name of the person you are communicating with? (addressee, interlocutor). — Why is communication “the only true luxury”? - Write out the words of A.S. Exupery from the text, putting them in the form of an epigraph. 4) Creative (group) work. Students draw up rules for verbal communication. Reading and discussing the proposed rules. 2. Stage of understanding new information. 1) Rules of speech communication. — Now let’s read the topic from the textbook and find out what requirements apply to speech. Application. — Mark the most interesting information with a sign, the most important rule, in your opinion, with a + sign. — Which rule do you consider most useful for yourself? 2) Card 3. Text “Rules of conversation.” Reading using the insert method. 1. The most important condition for genuine communication is constant attention to the interlocutor. 2.Learn to listen carefully. The sages say that there is only one way to become a good conversationalist - to be a good listener. 3. Don't try to talk a lot. Restraint and appropriateness in conversation are more valuable than talkativeness. The more laconic you are, the more attentively they listen to your voice. Screamers and talkers, as a rule, are not listened to seriously. 4.never interrupt your interlocutor. Know how to listen to the end. “Chew before you swallow, listen before you speak,” says popular wisdom. 5. If you are busy with something and at this time a speech is addressed to you, leave what you are doing and listen to the speaker. 6. Never insult your interlocutor with nicknames or offensive words, even if he is right. 7. When talking, watch your hands. A very bad habit is to twist the button of your interlocutor, grab his hand, or slap him on the shoulder. — Read with marks (I know +, new -). - Compare with previous rules. What points have something in common? (repeated) 3) Card 4. Text “A good word is half of happiness” Everyone knows that when communicating with each other - at home, at work, at school - there are certain rules of speech behavior. However, in practice it turns out that people often do not know what and how to say so as not to offend the interlocutor, how to support him or help him. Encourage. The ability to conduct dialogue and conversation with each other must be learned and learned. Traditionally, there are general rules for conducting and constructing speech. They are created by people's practices and passed on from generation to generation. It is interesting that they can be found in proverbs and sayings: “My tongue is my enemy”, “All a person’s troubles come from his tongue”, as well as parting words - “A good word is half of happiness”. Any dialogue is possible under the condition of being polite to each other. Folklore rules remind: “The tongue will not wither from pleasant words”, “One good word is better than a thousand words of abuse.” Speech communication should be based on goodwill and the ability to listen: “Speech is made beautiful by listening.” It is very important in communication to hear each other: “Tongue is one, ear is two, say once, listen twice.” Speech begins with listening, understanding, and correct assessment of the situation. The speaker must always remember that he is “caught” by the listener making mistakes. And folk wisdom testifies to this: “Answers. When they don’t ask”, “I’m talking about Thomas, and he’s talking about Yerema”, “A rope is good when it’s long, speech is good when it’s short” (about verbosity), “A good word is good once” (repetition of the same thing). (according to V.I. Annushkin) - Copy the proverbs. - Which points of the rules of speech communication given in the textbook do they fit? 4) Creative work. Using the rules of speech communication, compose dialogues again based on these situations (task 1.2). (groups change topics)

3. Reflection.

— What was the most important in the lesson? — What information seems valuable to you? — What was new for you? Summarizing word from the teacher: - I would like to end the lesson with the words of Rasul Gamzatov: The more skillful the sword, the more menacing it rings, The more unreasonable the speech, the noisier the talker.

Homework: Essay “Why you need to study the rules of communication.”

Annex 1.

Communication occupies an important place in people's lives: according to sociologists, up to 70% of their time is spent on it. For example, Japanese linguists have found that employees of Japan (the most technologically equipped country in the world) spend about half of their time talking - almost seven hours a day, they spend an hour and a half reading, and they write only 47 minutes. These data indicate that. That even modern man, who has perfect means of communication, is primarily a talking man. And to all the definitions of man - homo sapiens (reasonable man), homo fuber (producing man), homo eludens (playing man) we can rightfully add homo communikans (communicating man). According to experts, 85% of a person’s success in life is determined by his ability to communicate with people around him. A person who knows how to communicate is “doomed” to success. What does every person need to know and be able to do in order for his communication with others to be successful and effective? From the point of view of modern ideas about effective communication, there is no passive side in the communication process. The role of the listener is as active as the role of the speaker. The success of communication depends on the interaction of these two parties. The universal principle of successful communication is the principle of “cooperation”, or the principle of verbal cooperation, which includes the following particular rules: 1. Talk neither more nor less, but exactly as much as is needed to adequately convey information (there are known people who talk a lot , but they themselves don’t know how to listen). 2. Don’t be distracted from the topic (all remarks in the conversation must be appropriate and relevant). 3.Tell only the truth. This rule warns: “Do not say what you know to be false.” "Don't say anything you don't have good reason to say." 4.Speak definitely, not ambiguously (many people like to speak indirectly, with hints - this is a violation of the principles of normal communication) 5.Speak politely, respecting the speech dignity of the interlocutor. This rule includes a number of requirements: “Be tactful,” “Be generous,” “Don’t judge others,” “Be modest,” “Avoid conflicts,” “Formulate a statement addressed to your interlocutor according to the rules of speech etiquette.” Of course, in real life these rules are very often not followed. Otherwise, there would be no rudeness or disrespectful attitude towards people in the speech.

Lesson on the topic “Rules of speech communication”

Card 1. Compiling dialogues and acting out situations: a) a patient in a hospital; b) the son who came from school; c) daughter who returned from the evening; d) the son and father watched an interesting film; e) a student who did not complete his homework.

Card 2. Reading the text “Learning to communicate”

Dear Guys! Communication is one of the greatest virtues of humanity. The famous French writer Antoine Saint-Exupery, whose fairy tale about the little prince you all know and love, said that “the only true luxury is the luxury of human communication.” The happiness of communication is appreciated by everyone who has to remain alone for a long time. According to the cosmonauts, one of the most difficult is the test in a special chamber, where the cosmonaut is cut off from the outside world for about six hours. Communication differs from simple speaking in that it most often involves an addressee. People communicate with each other when they want to ask the other person something, tell him something, encourage him to do something, or even just “chat” with him. You can say that there is nothing more natural and easier than talking to someone. And there is no need to specifically study this. However, not everything is so simple. People speak differently on different occasions. Take yourself, for example. At home you communicate with your parents, brothers and sisters, at school with teachers and classmates, in the sports section with your coach and fellow athletes. You constantly find yourself in different circumstances: either you are a bus passenger, or a buyer in a store, or a spectator in a theater, a fan at a stadium, a patient in a hospital, or even just a passerby. And in each case you need to know what and how to say. One of the most important conditions for communication is knowing and following the rules of speech etiquette. These rules help a person achieve communication goals.

2) Card 3. Text “Rules of conversation.”

1. The most important condition for genuine communication is constant attention to the interlocutor. 2.Learn to listen carefully. The sages say that there is only one way to become a good conversationalist - to be a good listener. 3. Don't try to talk a lot. Restraint and appropriateness in conversation are more valuable than talkativeness. The more laconic you are, the more attentively they listen to your voice. Screamers and talkers, as a rule, are not listened to seriously. 4.never interrupt your interlocutor. Know how to listen to the end. “Chew before you swallow, listen before you speak,” says popular wisdom. 5. If you are busy with something and at this time a speech is addressed to you, leave what you are doing and listen to the speaker. 6. Never insult your interlocutor with nicknames or offensive words, even if he is right. 7. When talking, watch your hands. A very bad habit is to twist the button of your interlocutor, grab his hand, or slap him on the shoulder.

Card 4. Text “A good word is half of happiness.”

Everyone knows that when communicating with each other - at home, at work, at school - there are certain rules of speech behavior. However, in practice it turns out that people often do not know what and how to say so as not to offend the interlocutor, how to support him or help him. Encourage. The ability to conduct dialogue and conversation with each other must be learned and learned. Traditionally, there are general rules for conducting and constructing speech. They are created by people's practices and passed on from generation to generation. It is interesting that they can be found in proverbs and sayings: “My tongue is my enemy”, “All a person’s troubles come from his tongue”, as well as parting words - “A good word is half of happiness”. Any dialogue is possible under the condition of being polite to each other. Folklore rules remind: “The tongue will not wither from pleasant words”, “One good word is better than a thousand words of abuse.” Speech communication should be based on goodwill and the ability to listen: “Speech is made beautiful by listening.” It is very important in communication to hear each other: “Tongue is one, ear is two, say once, listen twice.” Speech begins with listening, understanding, and correct assessment of the situation. The speaker must always remember that he is “caught” by the listener making mistakes. And folk wisdom testifies to this: “Answers. When they don’t ask”, “I’m talking about Thomas, and he’s talking about Yerema”, “A rope is good when it’s long, speech is good when it’s short” (about verbosity), “A good word is good once” (repetition of the same thing).

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Developmental lesson “Secrets of communication”

Lesson notes for younger students

"Secrets of Communication"

Target:

formation of ideas about verbal and non-verbal communication;

development of thinking abilities, attention;

acquiring nonverbal communication skills, enriching the experience of interpersonal interaction;

development of empathy and tolerance.

Acquaintance

— In order to communicate more successfully in class, we need to get to know you. Let's do it this way: on the count of “1-2-3” everyone calls their name loudly at the same time. Oh, what noise and din! Do you think I heard your names? So what should we do? Maybe you need to shout them even louder for me to hear? Really, this won't help.

Then let's just all write their names on a piece of paper and I will know who is present in class today.

First secret

Game "Greeting"

Guys! I suggest you start today's lesson with the game "Greeting". I want to say hello to you in an interesting and unusual way, namely: I will say hello to one of you, and those I address will wave in response.

Game Handshake “Impulse”

“Guys, I’ll now pass on my handshake, and you will simply pass on my handshake to your neighbor, (if in a circle) you’ll pass it on until it comes back to me.” (Accelerating the pace. Repeat 3 times).

Game By Name.

Now let's greet each other in a different way. We will call the neighbor on the right by name and say “Hello, Masha...” with a smile, in a circle.

It turns out that any person is pleased when his name is spoken, so if you want to establish a good relationship with him, call him by name more often in conversation.

Game "Applause"

- Guys, let's greet everyone who is present here, I will read your names and surnames out loud, and you guys applaud louder and louder. The person named last gets the loudest applause!

Greeting is an important 1 secret

Our topic today is one of the most important topics that will help you understand how to communicate with people, today’s topic is “secrets of communication.”

The first secret of communication is the correct greeting.

The second secret of communication

What is communication

?

Communication is the interaction of people with each other. When communicating, we talk, shout, quarrel, cry. This is a very important part of our life. Communication is about understanding another person. Today we will reveal the secrets of how to make you become interesting to your friends, so that people are happy to communicate with you.

Game Tangle.

This exercise is performed in a circle. The guys throw themselves around in a ball, while simultaneously performing some task. For example, saying something nice to someone who is being thrown a ball. The resulting ball, before throwing it to the next player, wraps the thread once around the finger. The result is a kind of web. Communication is so difficult, but we communicate so often that communication itself seems easy.

Lecture 4 Psychology of communication

tags:

Person, Activity, Interaction, Side, Process, Psychological, Social, Attitude
TOPIC: Psychology of communication.
Target

: to familiarize students with the features of the process of interaction between people, during which interpersonal relationships arise, manifest themselves and are formed.

Plan:

1. General characteristics of human communication.
2. Communication concept. Communication functions.
3. Psychology of interpersonal influence.

Text:

1. General characteristics of human communication.

Communication is a process of interaction between people, during which interpersonal relationships arise, manifest and are formed. This is the process of transmitting and receiving messages using verbal and non-verbal means, including feedback, resulting in the exchange of information between participants in communication. Communication is seen as the most important social need.

Sides of communication.

1. The communicative side of communication is the exchange of information between people.
2. The interactive side of communication is the organization of interaction between people.
3. The perceptual side of communication is the process of communication partners perceiving each other and establishing mutual understanding on this basis.

Communication functions.

1. Information and communication – transmission and reception of information as a message. The main elements are: the text and the person’s attitude towards it.
2. Regulatory-communicative – the organization of interaction between people, as well as a person’s correction of his activity or state (the relationship between motives, needs, intentions, goals, etc.).
   Communication is aimed at achieving harmony and establishing strong-willed unity.
3. Affective-communicative – the process of making changes in the state of people under special or involuntary influence.

Psychology of communication.

The category “communication” is one of the central ones in psychological science, along with such categories as “thinking”, “behaviour”, “personality”, “relationships”. The “cross-cutting nature” of the communication problem becomes clear if we give one of the typical definitions of interpersonal communication. According to this definition, interpersonal communication

is a process of interaction between at least two persons, aimed at mutual knowledge, establishment and development of relationships and presupposing mutual influence on the states, views, behavior and regulation of the joint activities of the participants in this process.
7 pages, 3434 words

The influence of gender stereotypes on communication and interaction of people

... a huge impact on the process of communication and interaction of people in society. The male role is traditionally considered instrumental and active, while the female role is expressive and communicative. In the course of experimental work, one can see that the influence of gender stereotypes on communication and interaction of people is great. Anyone can easily determine the gender of a character in a comic book by artist Nicole...

Over the past 20-25 years, the study of the problem of communication has become one of the leading areas of research in psychological science, and especially in social psychology. Its movement to the center of psychological research is explained by a change in the methodological situation that has clearly emerged in social psychology in the last two decades. From a subject of research, communication has simultaneously turned into a method, a principle for studying, first, cognitive processes, and then the personality of a person as a whole (Znakov V., 1994).

Communication is not the subject of only psychological research, therefore the task of identifying the specifically psychological aspect of this category inevitably arises (Lomov B.F., 1984).

At the same time, the question of the connection between communication and activity is fundamental; one of the methodological principles for revealing this relationship is the idea of ​​the unity of communication and activity (Andreeva G.M., 1988).

Based on this principle, under communication

understands the reality of human relations, which presupposes any forms of joint activity of people.

However, the nature of this connection is understood in different ways. Sometimes activity and communication are considered as two sides of a person’s social existence; in other cases, communication is understood as an element of any activity, and the latter is considered as a condition for communication in general (Leontyev A.A., 1965).

And finally, communication can be interpreted as a special type of activity (Leontyev A.A., 1975).

It should be noted that in the overwhelming majority of psychological interpretations of activity, the basis of its definitions and categorical-conceptual apparatus is the “subject-object” relationship, which nevertheless covers only one side of human social existence. In this regard, there is a need to develop a category of communication that reveals another, no less significant side of human social existence, namely, the “subject-subject(s)” relationship.

Here you can quote the opinion of V.V. Znakova, which reflects the existing ideas about the category of communication in modern Russian psychology: “Communication I will call this form of interaction between subjects, which is initially motivated by their desire to identify each other’s mental qualities and during which interpersonal relationships are formed between them... Joint activity will be further understood as situations in which interpersonal communication between people is subordinated to a common goal - solving a specific problem" (Znakov V.V., 1994).

3 pages, 1419 words

Introduction. The set of mental processes through which an individual recognizes himself as a subject of activity

... the processes through which an individual realizes himself as a subject of activity is called self-awareness, and the individual’s ideas about himself ... is one of the key ones in psychology. It is widely discussed within the framework of domestic and foreign psychological research. Study ... 1.8% (11 out of 618 statements) 2. communication or subject of communication, features and assessment of interaction with people 4.9 ...

The subject-subject approach to the problem of the relationship between communication and activity overcomes the one-sided understanding of activity only as a subject-object relationship. In Russian psychology, this approach is implemented through the methodological principle of communication as subject-subject interaction, theoretically and experimentally developed by B.F. Lomov (1984) and his colleagues. Communication considered in this regard acts as a special independent form of activity of the subject. Its result is not so much a transformed object (material or ideal), but rather the relationship of a person with a person, with other people. In the process of communication, not only a mutual exchange of activities takes place, but also perceptions, ideas, feelings, a system of “subject-subject(s)” relationships manifests itself and develops.

In general, the theoretical and experimental development of the principle of communication in domestic social psychology is presented in a number of collective works cited above, as well as in the works “Psychological Studies of Communication” (1985), “Cognition and Communication” (1988).

In the work of A.V. Brushlinsky and V.A. Polikarpova (1990), along with this, provides a critical understanding of this methodological principle, and also lists the most famous cycles of research in which all the multifaceted problems of communication in domestic psychological science are analyzed.

Structure of communication. In Russian social psychology, the problem of the structure of communication occupies an important place. The methodological study of this issue at the moment allows us to identify a set of fairly generally accepted ideas about the structure of communication (Andreeva G.M., 1988; Lomov B.F., 1981; Znakov V.V., 1994), which serve as a general methodological guideline for organizing research.

10 pp., 4890 words

Psychology of business communication and diagnostics of human communication abilities 2

Test work Psychology of business communication and diagnosis of human communicative abilities Contents Introduction 1. The concept of business communication, its forms and types 2. Communication abilities 3. Michelson's test of communication skills 4. Methodology “Assessment of communicative and organizational aptitudes - COS” Conclusion References Appendix No. 1 Appendix No. 2 Introduction The art of communication, ...

Under the object structure

in science we understand the order of stable connections between the elements of the object of study, ensuring its integrity as a phenomenon during external and internal changes. The problem of the structure of communication can be approached in different ways, both by highlighting the levels of analysis of this phenomenon, and by listing its main functions. Usually there are at least three levels of analysis (Lomov B.F., 1984):

1. Macro level: an individual’s communication with other people is considered as the most important aspect of his lifestyle. At this level, the process of communication is studied in time intervals comparable to the duration of human life, with an emphasis on the analysis of the mental development of the individual. Communication here acts as a complex developing network of relationships between an individual and other people and social groups.

2. Mesa level (middle level): communication is considered as a changing set of purposeful, logically completed contacts or interaction situations in which people find themselves in the process of current life activity at specific time periods of their lives. The main emphasis in the study of communication at this level is on the content components of communication situations - “about what” and “for what purpose.” Around this core of the topic, the subject of communication, the dynamics of communication are revealed, the means used (verbal and non-verbal) and the phases or stages of communication during which the exchange of ideas, ideas and experiences are carried out are analyzed.

3. Micro level: here the main emphasis is on the analysis of elementary units of communication as related acts, or transactions. It is important to emphasize that the elementary unit of communication is not a change in the intermittent behavioral acts of its participants, but their interaction. It includes not only the action of one of the partners, but also the associated assistance or opposition of the other (for example, “question-answer”, “incitement to action - action”, “communication of information - attitude towards it”, etc.).

Each of the listed levels of analysis requires special theoretical, methodological and methodological support, as well as its own special conceptual apparatus. And since many problems in psychology are complex, the task arises of developing ways to identify relationships between different levels and discover the principles of these relationships.

6 pages, 2938 words

Internet in the lives of high school students - new types of communication and social connections

... : Jurisprudence Nomination: Social studies INTERNET IN THE LIFE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: new types of communication and social connections RESEARCH WORK Gizzatullina Karina, student of grade 11A ... -dependencies that were identified by child psychologists in the process of studying the phenomenon: addiction to virtual acquaintances - redundancy of acquaintances and friends in Networks. obsessive need for...

1. Communication concept. Communication functions.

Under communication functions

understands the roles and tasks that communication performs in the process of human social existence. The functions of communication are diverse, and there are various bases for their classification.

One of the generally accepted bases for classification is the identification of three interrelated aspects or characteristics in communication - informational, interactive and perceptual (Andreeva G. M., 1980).

In accordance with this, the following are distinguished:

• information and communication,
• regulatory-communicative,
• affective-communicative functions (Lomov B.F., 1984).

The information and communication function of communication consists of any type of exchange of information between interacting individuals. The exchange of information in human communication has its own specifics. First, we are dealing with the relationship of two individuals, each of whom is an active subject (as opposed to a technical device).

Secondly, the exchange of information necessarily involves the interaction of thoughts, feelings and behavior of partners. Thirdly, they must have a single or similar system of codification/decodification of messages.

The transmission of any information is possible through various sign systems. Usually there is a distinction between verbal

(speech is used as a sign system) and
non-verbal
(various non-speech sign systems) communication.

In turn, nonverbal communication also has several forms:

• kinetics (optical-kinetic system, including gestures, facial expressions, pantomime);
• paralinguistics (system of vocalization, pauses, coughing, etc.);
• proxemics (norms for organizing space and time in communication);
• visual communication (eye contact system).

Sometimes the set of odors possessed by communication partners is separately considered as a specific sign system.

The regulatory-communicative (interactive) function of communication is to regulate behavior and directly organize the joint activities of people in the process of their interaction. Here it is worth saying a few words about the tradition of using the concepts of interaction and communication in social psychology. The concept of interaction is used in two ways: firstly, to characterize the actual real contacts of people (actions, counteractions, assistance) in the process of joint activity; secondly, to describe mutual influences (impacts) on each other in the course of joint activities, or more broadly, in the process of social activity.

11 pages, 5088 words

Nonverbal communication in the process of intercultural communication

Contents Introduction 1. Nonverbal communication in the cultures of Russia and China 1.1 Mimic parameter of nonverbal communication 1.2 Gesture parameter of communication 1.2.1 The problem of typology of gestures 1.3 Functional features of nonverbal communication as an independent method of information 2. Comparative analysis of nonverbal communication within Russian and Chinese cultures 2.1 ...

In the process of communication as interaction (verbal, physical, non-verbal), an individual can influence motives, goals, programs, decision-making, execution and control of actions, i.e. on all components of their partner’s activities, including mutual stimulation and behavior correction.

The affective-communicative function of communication is associated with the regulation of the emotional sphere of a person. Communication is the most important determinant of a person’s emotional states. The entire spectrum of specifically human emotions arises and develops in the conditions of human communication - either a rapprochement of emotional states occurs, or their polarization, mutual strengthening or weakening.

You can give another classification scheme of communication functions, in which, along with those listed, other functions

: organization of joint activities; people getting to know each other; formation and development of interpersonal relationships. This classification is partly given in the monograph by V.V. Znakova (1994); the cognitive function as a whole is included in the perceptual function identified by G.M. Andreeva (1988).

A comparison of two classification schemes allows us to conditionally include the functions of cognition, the formation of interpersonal relationships, and the affective-communicative function into the perceptual function of communication as more capacious and multidimensional (Andreeva G.M., 1988).

When studying the perceptual side of communication, a special conceptual and terminological apparatus is used, which includes a number of concepts and definitions and allows one to analyze various aspects of social perception in the process of communication.

3 pages, 1496 words

In addition, the result of communication can be such socio-psychological phenomena as friendship, the creation of a real reference group, team

… individual characteristics. In the course of communication, people face various psychological difficulties - communication barriers. They arise in the process of disseminating and accepting information, implementing... barriers to communication is to increase the individual culture of communication, the culture of building relationships with other people, for which it is necessary to effectively use a variety of means of influence...

Firstly, communication is impossible without a certain level of mutual understanding between the communicating subjects. Understanding is a certain form of reproduction of an object in knowledge that arises in the subject in the process of interaction with cognizable reality (Znakov V.V., 1994).

In the case of communication, the object of cognizable reality is another person, a communication partner. At the same time, understanding can be considered from two sides: as a reflection in the consciousness of interacting subjects of each other’s goals, motives, emotions, attitudes; and how the acceptance of these goals allows relationships to be established. Therefore, in communication it is advisable to talk not about social perception in general, but about interpersonal perception or perception. Some researchers prefer to talk not about perception, but about the knowledge of another (Bodalev A.A., 1965,1983).

The main mechanisms of mutual understanding in the communication process are identification, empathy and reflection. The term “identification” has several meanings in social psychology. In the field of communication, identification

- this is the mental process of likening oneself to a communication partner in order to cognize and understand his thoughts and ideas.
Empathy
to the mental process of likening oneself to another person, but with the goal of “understanding” the experiences and feelings of the person being cognized. The word “understanding” is used here in a metaphorical sense—empathy is “affective understanding.”

As can be seen from the definitions, identification and empathy are very close in content, and often in the psychological literature the term “empathy” has a broad interpretation - it includes the processes of understanding both the thoughts and feelings of a communication partner. At the same time, when speaking about the process of empathy, one must also keep in mind an unconditionally positive attitude towards the individual. This means two things:

a) acceptance of a person’s personality as a whole;

b) own emotional neutrality, absence of value judgments about what is perceived (Sosnin V.A., 1996).

Reflection

in the problem of understanding each other, this is the individual’s understanding of how he is perceived and understood by his communication partner. In the course of mutual reflection of communication participants, reflection is a kind of feedback that contributes to the formation of both the behavioral strategy of the subjects of communication and the correction of their understanding of the characteristics of each other’s inner world.

Another mechanism of understanding in communication is interpersonal attraction. Attraction

(from English,
attract -
to attract, attract) is the process of forming the attractiveness of a person for the perceiver, the result of which is the formation of interpersonal relationships. Currently, an expanded interpretation of the attraction process is being formed as the formation of emotional and evaluative ideas about each other and about one’s interpersonal relationships (both positive and negative) as a kind of social attitude with a predominance of the emotional and evaluative component.

The considered classifications of communication functions, of course, do not exclude each other. Moreover, there are other classification options. This, in turn, suggests that the phenomenon of communication as a multidimensional phenomenon must be studied using systems analysis methods.

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

There are verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal means verbal. Verbal means of influence are words. Nonverbal means non-verbal. That is, communication is carried out using gestures, gait features, facial expressions, voice features, eye expression and body expression in general.

Stages of the communication procedure:

1. Need for communication
2. Orientation for communication purposes, in a communication situation
3. Orientation in the personality of the interlocutor
4. Planning the content of your communication
5. Unconscious choice of specific means of communication, speech phrases, ways of behavior
6. Perception and assessment of the interlocutor’s response, monitoring the effectiveness of communication based on feedback
7. Adjusting the direction, style and methods of communication

Communication barriers

When some difficulties or psychological obstacles suddenly appear in the way of information transfer, we speak of a communication barrier.

. There are three types of communication barriers:

1. Barriers to understanding. The emergence of this barrier can be caused by a number of reasons, both psychological and other, for example, phonetic

misunderstanding - an error in the process of transmitting information, appears as a result of inexpressive rapid speech, tongue twister speech or speech with a large number of parasitic sounds.
There are also semantic
barriers to understanding due to the fact that participants in communication use different meanings of words.
Stylistic
barriers arise when the speaker’s speech style does not match the communication situation or the style of the person who is currently listening.
Logical
barriers of misunderstanding arise in cases where the logic of the speaker’s reasoning is either too complex for the listener to understand, or seems incorrect to him, or contradicts his inherent manner of proof.

2. Barriers of socio-cultural differences - social, political, religious and professional differences lead to different explanations of certain concepts. Sometimes the very perception of a communication partner as a person of a certain profession, a certain nationality, gender and age can become an obstacle.

3. Barriers of attitude – are associated with the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust of the speaker, which extends to the information being transmitted.

1. Psychology of interpersonal influence.

The essence of psychological influence comes down to the mutual exchange of information and interaction. From the content side, the psychological impact can be pedagogical, managerial, ideological, etc. and is carried out at different levels of the psyche: conscious and unconscious.

The subject of psychological influence can act as an organizer, performer (communicator) and even a researcher of his influence process. The effectiveness of influence depends on gender, age, social status and many other components of the subject, and most importantly - on his professional and psychological preparedness to influence his communication partner.

Subject of interpersonal influence:

• studies the object and the situation in which the influence is carried out;
• chooses strategy, tactics and means of influence;
• takes into account signals received from the object about the success or failure of the influence;
• organizes counteraction to the object (with possible counter-influence of the object on the subject), etc.

In the event that the recipient does not agree with the information offered to him and seeks to reduce the effect of the influence exerted on him, the communicator has the opportunity to use the patterns of reflexive control or manipulative influence.

The object of interpersonal influence (recipient), being an active element of the influence system, processes the information offered to it and may disagree with the subject, and in some cases exercise a counter-influence on the communicator. The object correlates the information offered to it by the communicator with its existing value orientations and its life experience, and then makes decisions. The characteristics of the object that influence the effectiveness of the impact on it include gender, age, nationality, profession, education, experience in participating in communication exchanges and other characteristics.

The process of interpersonal psychological influence (influence), being in turn a multidimensional system, includes strategy, tactics, means, methods, forms, argumentation and criteria for the effectiveness of influence. Strategy is the subject’s methods of action to achieve the main goal of psychological influence on the recipient. Tactics is the solution of intermediate tasks of psychological influence through the use of various psychological techniques.

In social psychology, verbal (speech) and nonverbal (paralinguistic) features of means of influence are distinguished. To methods of influence

include persuasion and coercion (at the level of consciousness), as well as suggestion, infection and imitation (at the unconscious level of the psyche).

The last three methods are socio-psychological.

Forms of interpersonal influence

can be verbal (written and oral) and visual. The argumentation system involves both ideological (abstract) evidence and information of a specific nature (numerical and factual information is easier to remember and compare).

It is advisable to take into account the principles of selection and presentation of information - evidence and satisfaction of the information needs of a particular object, as well as communication barriers (cognitive, socio-psychological, etc.)

Criteria for the effectiveness of influence are divided into strategic (delayed in the future, for example, ideological) and tactical (intermediate), which are guided directly in the process of influencing a partner (verbal statements, facial expressions, etc.).

As intermediate criteria for the effectiveness of interpersonal influence, the subject can use changes in the psychophysiological, functional, paralinguistic, verbal, proxemic and behavioral characteristics of the object. It is advisable to use the criteria in a system by comparing their different intensity and frequency of manifestation.

Exposure conditions

include the place and time of communication, as well as the number of participants affected.