Lesson plan:
The concept of “garbage” can be defined differently for each person. For example, for some, garbage is an old vacuum cleaner that was thrown away due to its age. Others will never classify such household appliances as trash. It can be used at the dacha or in a country house.
Question: Where does the garbage come from?
Most of it appears as a result of human activity. This is the waste of the population.
Classification of waste according to its generation
Waste is divided into different types according to the method of generation. Highlight:
- Industrial waste
At any enterprise - factory or plant - substances, materials, and objects remain that are unsuitable for further production work. The form of such waste can be liquid or solid. Sometimes the result of processing can be in the form of gas.
- Consumer waste
Such waste appears after the use of the original product, residual raw materials. Solid household waste belongs to the consumer group. Leather, rubber, fabrics, plastic, food waste, wood substances, glass, paper - all this is solid waste.
What is solid waste?
MSW (municipal solid waste) includes construction waste. During renovation, construction or dismantling, materials remain that cannot be used.
The concept of “construction waste” includes:
- Pieces of broken bricks
- Metal fragments
- Concrete destroyed structures
- Floor covering (for example, linoleum)
- Plaster
- Parts of used wallpaper
- Remains of asphalt pavement
Every month, huge amounts of it accumulate in places where construction waste is buried. But not all waste building materials are sent underground. Some of them are recycled and used to fill roads or house foundations. Modern technologies make it possible to give construction waste a “second life”.
Garbage that is invisible in apartments and houses
Garbage in an apartment poses a danger to human health. Spending a lot of time in their homes, many are not even aware of where and in what quantities different types of garbage accumulate.
Tap water may contain chemical hazards if it is not properly treated. And also various impurities from the air, if there are factories near your home that produce harmful emissions.
Types of apartment pollution include mold that appears on the walls. As well as dust, fungi and bacteria in the air.
How to deal with garbage in residential areas
To improve the ecology of your home, you should clean it daily. This includes dusting and mopping the floors.
Be sure to have indoor plants on the windowsill; they improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide. Some of the plants can even filter cigarette smoke.
Household waste collection
Special attention should be paid to collecting household waste in the apartment. It can be solid or liquid. It is recommended to send liquid waste down the drain, periodically washing the plumbing with a special product. This is required so that grease does not remain and accumulate on the pipes.
Classification
Depending on the physical state, waste can be solid, liquid or gaseous.
When determining the degree of impact on human health, they are divided into toxic and neutral.
The sources of waste generation are determined by the names of the types:
- Construction - appear during the dismantling, reconstruction of buildings, houses, as a result of the production of finished products. This includes concrete, brick, asphalt, scrap metal, asbestos and other materials used in the construction of buildings.
- Municipal solids are the result of human activity in domestic conditions, such as sewage, garbage.
- Agricultural - waste from livestock, field cultivation, as well as processed products (manure, nitrates, fertilizers).
- Radioactive residues are the result of the operation of nuclear power plants and reactors.
- Industrial - processing of used raw materials that are not suitable for recycling.
- Consumption – machines and mechanisms that are 100% worn out or have failed due to mechanical damage.
Industrial and agricultural wastes are classified as toxic if they can cause poisoning or cause significant damage to health.
Solid waste sorting
It is better to sort solid waste. Previously, people did not think about separate waste collection. Today, the environmental problem of garbage and waste disposal is acute throughout planet Earth.
Therefore, each person should think about what help he can contribute to solving the problem that has arisen. You need to start small - develop a waste sorting system in your home. If household waste is packaged into categories, then in the future this will facilitate the processing of large amounts of waste.
How to sort garbage: rules and recommendations
The rules for collecting separate waste are as follows:
- You should have two containers at home - for those wastes that can be recycled and for those that are not;
- Plastic needs to be allocated a separate container or bag. Plastic waste includes disposable tableware, toothbrushes, drinking straws, oil bottles and cellophane;
- Food waste should be in the trash can and should be disposed of every day by throwing it in the trash;
- Metal objects, wood products and paper can be stored in the same container. Metal foil and aerosol cans are not accepted;
- Batteries, accumulators, mercury thermometers are a particularly dangerous type of waste. They need to be taken to special collection points. First, used batteries can be accumulated at home, then taken to where they are accepted.
It is important to remember that they can be stored for 1-2 months in a place where children have no access.
After all the garbage in the apartment has been sorted into separate parts, you can take it to the trash cans, where there are also containers for sorting household waste.
Separate waste collection - colored containers
Legislation in Russia has developed a scheme for separate waste collection with five colors of garbage cans.
Question: What colors of garbage cans are found on the streets of our city?
Most often, trash containers are yellow, orange (red), green and blue.
Metal waste should be placed in yellow. In orange - plastic. The blue container is suitable for paper waste; you should also throw cardboard here. The green trash can is for glass.
Mesh containers are used to collect plastic bottles. Before releasing them there, you should crumple the container so that it takes up less space. Bottles of detergents and cleaning products are also suitable here. But they must be thoroughly washed.
This classification of colored containers for separate waste collection may differ from one another in different regions. Local authorities in some cities choose a simplified scheme for dividing waste into two bins - blue and gray. Solid dry waste - plastic, glass, cardboard, metal, polyethylene and others - is placed in blue.
Wet household waste is sent to gray - it can be leftover food, peelings of vegetables or fruits.
What do they do at waste sorting points?
An important stage in waste separation has been completed - all waste is separated and packaged in the required containers at the landfill. Next, the machine picks up the waste.
Question:
Where is the garbage taken?
A garbage truck carries waste to waste sorting points.
The garbage is unloaded onto a special area where a conveyor belt operates. All unnecessary brought items and items are sent to the pre-sorting booth. Workers remove all hazardous waste with their hands - this is what can ruin the tape - glass, fabric, various types of films. A special magnet pulls out batteries and metal waste from a huge amount of garbage.
After such preparation, the conveyor belt carries the waste for manual sorting. Each employee is responsible for their own waste. From all the rubbish, he chooses only a specific type. For example, glass or plastic of a certain color.
It's very hard work. Garbage sorting stations operate around the clock, people at them change shifts and work 8 hours a day.
After manual sorting, different types of garbage end up in their own bins. Once the cells are filled, all their contents are compressed by a special machine and turns the waste into huge briquettes. Each weight reaches half a ton.
Only after such special sorting is the waste sent to factories where it will be used as secondary raw materials.
It became clear where the garbage comes from and where it goes. It is necessary to dwell in more detail on waste processing systems and technologies.
Is it necessary to sort garbage?
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Informing citizens about how to properly sort waste is poorly implemented. And most importantly, there is really no motivation or explanation why anything needs to be sorted at all? The rules change regularly, new nets, tanks, or something else appear. People are starting to get confused. Five years ago we got these huts for collecting sorted waste. They still stand today. Four small windows were made in the end wall of the change house so that people do not push whole bags through, but throw out garbage one by one.
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There are clear instructions above each window, although some may think it’s “a lot of books.”
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Inside such a change house there are four 240-liter containers, which are almost always filled to the brim and heaped. Each container is for its own type of waste: paper and cardboard, metal, glass and plastic. At the same time, the main part of the room is not used in any way.
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Personally, this method of waste disposal was not suitable for my family. Firstly, the closest cabin to us is located one and a half kilometers away. Secondly, the containers are often overfilled, which is why more than once we had to carry our sorted garbage to the nearest regular garbage dump and dump everything into a common container - there were no nets then. I'm not so thrifty as to carry the trash back home and wait for these containers to be empty. Thirdly, keep five in the apartment! Containers (or bags) for separate waste are difficult to find (four for sorting and a fifth for food waste).
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Then a mesh container for plastic bottles appeared at our yard dump. The short instructions read: remove the cap, crush the bottle, throw it into a container.
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Thirty years ago, a unified label for plastic products was adopted. If you have plastic containers on hand, look at the symbols printed on the bottom. Under the triangle with arrows symbol there will be a letter code with the type of plastic, and inside there will be a marking of the plastic for recycling. So, the grids were intended only for the common PET 01 plastics. And there are other plastics, but not a word was written about it, so it is not surprising that people began to throw all their plastic that they considered necessary into this grid. Some people considered cardboard and wood to be plastic.
Later, the instructions on the grids were changed. Now you can throw out not only plastic, but also cardboard, tin, glass and sometimes even tetrapack (depending on the area). At first, this caused some confusion - why sort the garbage separately when it is proposed to dump everything sorted into one common vat? But we have gotten used to this, although there are still morons who throw organic food into the nets. This is how a two-stream waste collection system was born in Moscow...
Why do they take out garbage?
Garbage removal is necessary to keep cities clean. If garbage is not removed for several days, this can lead to environmental disaster, epidemics and mass diseases. Waste is removed daily using special vehicles. There are garbage trucks for removing small volumes (up to several tons), and there are large-capacity vehicles for large waste.
The second type includes most construction waste. Repair and construction waste cannot be placed in ordinary containers. The law provides for fines of several thousand rubles for this. In order not to pay sums of money, you need to take care of the removal of construction waste. You can contact the housing company at your place of residence. They will tell you where there are specially organized landfills for unnecessary building materials.
