Properties of the waters of the World Ocean: salinity, temperature. - presentation
Properties of the waters of the World Ocean salinity temperature
Average annual temperature of the surface waters of the oceans
90° N -1.7° 60° N +4.8° 30° N +21.0° 0°(eq.) +27.0° 30° S +19.0° 60° S 0.0° 70° S -1.3° 90° N -1.7° 60° N +4.8° 30° N +21.0° 0°(eq.) +27.0° 30° S +19.0° 60° S 0.0° 70° S -1.3° 1. How does the temperature of water in the World Ocean change when moving from the equator to the poles? 1. How does the temperature of water in the World Ocean change when moving from the equator to the poles? 2. In which hemisphere are the waters of the world's oceans warmer? 2. In which hemisphere are the waters of the world's oceans warmer? 3. What is the reason for this change in the temperature of the World Ocean? 3. What is the reason for this change in the temperature of the World Ocean?
Conclusions: Surface water temperature depends on latitude
Average annual temperature of surface waters in the oceans: in the Atlantic Ocean +16.9 °C, in the Indian Ocean +17.1 °C, in the Pacific +19.1 °C in the Atlantic Ocean +16.9 °C, in the Indian Ocean +17.1 °C, In the Pacific +19.1°C Which ocean is the warmest? Why? Which ocean is the warmest? Why?
How does the temperature of the oceans change with depth? 0m +16.0° 200 m +15.5° 0m +16.0° 200 m +15.5° 1000 m +3.8° 2000 m +3.1° 3000 m +2.8° m +2 .5°
Salinity Salinity Amount of mineral salts dissolved in 1 liter of sea water Amount of mineral salts dissolved in 1 liter of sea water
A liter of such water contains 1 g of salts. The freshest body of water is Lake Baikal. A liter of such water contains 1 g of salts. The freshest body of water is Lake Baikal.
What reasons influence the value of salinity? Equatorial latitudes 34 Tropical latitudes 35.8 Including: in the Pacific Ocean 36.5 in the Indian Ocean 36.5 in the Atlantic 37.5 Temperate latitudes 33 Equatorial latitudes 34 Tropical latitudes 35.8 Including: in the Pacific Ocean 36.5 in the Indian Ocean 36.5 in the Atlantic 37.5 Temperate latitudes 33
Which ocean is the least salty and why? Atlantic Ocean 35.5% o, Pacific 34.9% o Indian 34.8% o Arctic Ocean 32.5% o Atlantic Ocean 35.5% o, Pacific 34.9% o Indian 34.8% o Arctic Ocean 32 .5% about
Salinity of water in some seas and bays (in % o) Mediterranean Sea - 39 Black Sea - 18 Kara Sea - 10 Barents Sea - 35 Bay of Bengal - 32 Red Sea - 43 Caribbean Sea - 35 Mediterranean Sea - 39 Black Sea - 18 Kara Sea — 10 Barents Sea — 35 Bay of Bengal — 32 Red Sea — 43 Caribbean Sea — 35 What factors determine the value of salinity in different parts of the World Ocean? From the ratio of precipitation and evaporation, surface water influx, ice melting, etc. From the ratio of precipitation and evaporation, surface water influx, ice melting, etc.
Consolidation of knowledge 1. What reasons influence the value of salinity? 2.Why does the Atlantic Ocean have the highest salinity in tropical latitudes? 3. Is it possible to identify the general direction of change in salinity? 4.Which ocean is the saltiest and why? 5.Which ocean is the least salty and why? 1.What reasons influence the value of salinity? 2.Why does the Atlantic Ocean have the highest salinity in tropical latitudes? 3. Is it possible to identify the general direction of change in salinity? 4.Which ocean is the saltiest and why? 5.Which ocean is the least salty and why?
Homework
More than 3/4 of the Earth's surface is occupied by the World Ocean. The oceans are very important for all life on Earth. Half of all oxygen on Earth is released into the atmosphere by algae and other aquatic plants.
The oceans regulate the temperature of the seas and land and retain the warmth of the planet.
The oceans play a big role in maintaining a constant climate of the Earth and in determining the weather conditions on our planet.
The world's oceans provide man with a variety of building materials and minerals, and also provides him with marine products.
The waters of the World Ocean include the waters of oceans, seas, bays and straits.
Continents and groups of islands (archipelagos) divide the World Ocean into five parts - oceans: the Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Pacific and Southern.
In Russia, it has not traditionally been customary to distinguish the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean as an independent one, but in 2000 the International Hydrographic Union approved the division of the World Ocean into five oceans.
Pacific Ocean
The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific. It occupies half of the Earth's total water surface and more than 30% of the planet's surface area. The average depth of the Pacific Ocean is 3980 m, the maximum is 11022 m (Mariana Trench).
The Pacific Ocean is distinguished by the richest flora and fauna. Between the coasts of Asia and Australia there are vast areas of coral reefs. Poisonous sea snakes, walruses, seals, and sea lions live in the vastness of the ocean. About 60% of the world's fish catch is obtained from the waters of the Pacific Ocean (mainly salmon, sardines, pollock, sea bass, herring, tuna, cod, etc.). In total, over 2000 species of fish live here. Crab, shrimp and oysters are also harvested.
The bottom of the Pacific Ocean hides rich deposits of various minerals. Titanium, zirconium, oil, gas, tin are mined here, and the sands of the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Russia are rich in precious stones.
Atlantic Ocean
This is the second largest ocean on our planet. The area of the Atlantic Ocean is more than 90 million km2. The average depth is 3600 m, the greatest is 8742 m (Puerto Rico Trench). The name of the ocean goes back to the name of the mythical giant Atlas.
In the vastness of the Atlantic, all climatic zones of the planet are represented. A calm can instantly turn into a terrible hurricane that can crush a very large ship. The fauna is very diverse - first of all, these are large sea animals (whales, sharks, seals, fur seals) and ocean birds. Dolphins are often found in Atlantic waters.
Deposits of titanium, zirconium, tin, diamonds, phosphorides, and amber have been discovered in coastal areas. Coal, barite, sulfur, sand and limestone are mined from the bottom.
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean on Earth. Its area is more than 75 million km2. The width of the Indian Ocean is approximately 10,000 km (between the southern points of Australia and Africa). The average depth of the Indian Ocean is 3711 m, according to this indicator it is second only to the Pacific Ocean. The ocean is located in the tropical zone of the planet. The fauna and flora of the ocean are unusually rich. The flora is represented by brown, red and green algae. Ocean waters are inhabited by numerous animals: shellfish, squid, crabs and lobsters. Many species of fish live here: parrot fish, surgeon fish, flying fish, glowing anchovy and many others. Sponges, mollusks, and echinoderms live in coral reefs.
The most important mineral resources of the Indian Ocean are oil and natural gas.
South ocean
The fourth largest ocean on Earth. It surrounds Antarctica and has an area of more than 20 million km2. The greatest depth is 8428 m (South Sandwich Trench).
There are 13 seas off the coast of Antarctica. Many scientists do not share the opinion about the existence of the Southern Ocean and divide the Antarctic waters between three (Pacific, Indian, Atlantic) oceans.
Despite the harsh climate, the Southern Ocean is rich in life. It contains a lot of plankton, krill, sponges and echinoderms, as well as several species of fish. Whales and seals live in the waters of this ocean. There are many birds on the coast: petrels, skuas, penguins.
Test for consolidation of studied material
Test on the topic: The World Ocean
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Coastline of the World Ocean
The ocean coastline is characterized by the presence of bays, lagoons, bays, estuaries of flowing rivers, peninsulas, spits, estuaries, beaches or cliffs and other forms of relief.
Bays
Bays are parts of the ocean or sea that protrude into the land, but are not separated from it by underwater rapids (rises). The largest bay in area is the Bay of Bengal, and the deepest is the Bay of Biscay. Depending on their origin, shore structure and shape, bays have different, often local names:
- fjords are the Norwegian name for long, narrow sea bays that protrude deeply into the land, formed as a result of the flooding of the valleys of a former glacier by the sea. Many of them are very deep. Examples of typical bays are the fjords of the Norwegian Sea. The Vikings hid in them on their ships and, lying low, waited for victims to attack;
- bays are small calm areas of the sea, separated from open waters on three sides by rocks, coastal ledges or islands and protected by them from wind and waves. They are formed as a result of the washing away of soft rocky or clayey soil by waves. Examples of bays include Sevastopol and Balaklava in the Black Sea, the Golden Horn in the Sea of Japan;
- lagoons are shallow areas of the sea separated from it by a coral reef, spit or bar. They differ from other bays in their greater degree of isolation from the sea. Lagoons are often found inside atolls;
- estuaries are bays separated from the sea by a sand spit (bar). Usually these are flooded areas of the river valleys closest to the sea (Dnieper, Dniester estuaries on the Black Sea coast). There are open type estuaries (estuarine) - constantly exchanging water with the sea, and closed type (lagoonal). The regime of the estuary is largely influenced by the river that flows into it;
- lips is a common name in northern Russia for bays formed by the work of large rivers. They extend deep into the land (Nevskaya in the Gulf of Finland, Ob in the Kara Sea).
Lyse Fjord, Norway
Historically, some seas are classified as gulfs (Persian, Mexican, Bengal, Hudson), and bays are classified as seas, although according to their regime they should be called gulfs (Beaufort Sea, Lincoln Sea, etc.).
Straits
Straits are relatively narrow parts of the world's oceans that separate continents or islands and connect oceans or seas. The widest and deepest is the Drake Passage (average width and depth, respectively, 986 km and 3111 km), the longest is the Mozambique Strait - 1760 km. The straits have their own special hydrological regime and a special system of currents. The straits connecting two oceans are not divided between them, but belong to one of them. Artificial straits are called canals. For example, the Suez and Panama Canals.
Gibraltar
