Presentation for class hour “Conquerors of Space”
Gagarin
Yuri Alekseevich (1934-1968)
On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in world history to fly into outer space. The Vostok launch vehicle with the Vostok spacecraft, with Gagarin on board, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. After 108 minutes in space, Gagarin successfully landed in the Saratov region, near the city of Engels. Starting from April 12, 1962, the day of Gagarin's flight into space was declared a holiday - Cosmonautics Day.
Early life and education
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934, according to documents in the village of Klushino, Gzhatsky district of the Western region of the RSFSR, that is, at the place of residence (registration) of his parents. The actual place of birth is the maternity hospital in the city of Gzhatsk (renamed in 1968 to Gagarin). Russian. He comes from a peasant background: his father, Alexei Ivanovich Gagarin (1902-1973), was a carpenter, his mother, Anna Timofeevna Matveeva (1903-1984), worked on a dairy farm. His grandfather, a worker at the Putilov plant Timofey Matveevich Matveev, lived in St. Petersburg, in Avtov, on Bogomolovskaya (now Vozrozhdeniya) street at the end of the 19th century.
Yuri Gagarin spent his childhood in the village of Klushino. On September 1, 1941, the boy went to school, but on October 12, the village was occupied by Nazi troops, and his studies were interrupted. For almost a year and a half, the village of Klushino was occupied by German troops. On April 9, 1943, the village was liberated by the Red Army, and schooling resumed.
On May 24, 1945, the Gagarin family moved to Gzhatsk. In May 1949, Gagarin graduated from the sixth grade of the Gzhatsk secondary school, and on September 30 he entered the Lyubertsy vocational school No. 10. At the same time, he entered the evening school for working youth, the seventh grade of which he graduated in May 1951, and in June he graduated with honors from the school with a degree in molding -caster.
In August 1951, Gagarin entered the Saratov Industrial College, and on October 25, 1954, he came to the Saratov Aero Club for the first time. In 1955, Yuri Gagarin achieved significant success, graduated with honors and made the first independent flight on a Yak-18 aircraft. In total, Yuri Gagarin performed 196 flights at the flying club and flew 42 hours 23 minutes.
On October 27, 1955, Gagarin was drafted into the Soviet army and sent to Chkalov (now Orenburg), to the 1st Military Aviation School named after K. E. Voroshilov. Gagarin studied with the then famous test pilot Ya. Sh. Akbulatov. Despite some difficulties that arose during the learning process, on October 25, 1957, Gagarin graduated from college with honors. For two years he served near Murmansk in the 169th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 122nd Fighter Aviation Division of the Northern Fleet, armed with MiG-15bis aircraft. By October 1959, he had flown a total of 265 hours.
The USSR Air Force was engaged in the selection and training of future cosmonauts. It was planned to select 20 candidates. The selection of cosmonaut candidates was carried out by a special group of specialists from the Central Military Research Aviation Hospital. Psychologists drew attention to the following features of Gagarin’s character:
He loves spectacles with active action, where heroism, the will to win, and the spirit of competition prevail. In sports games he takes the place of the initiator, leader, and captain of the team. As a rule, his will to win, endurance, determination, and sense of team play a role here. Favorite word is “work.” Makes sensible proposals at meetings. Constantly confident in himself and his abilities. He endures training easily and works effectively. Developed very harmoniously. Sincere. Clean in soul and body. Polite, tactful, careful to the point of punctuality. Yura's intellectual development is high. Excellent memory. He stands out among his comrades for his wide range of active attention, quick wit, and quick reaction. Assiduous. He does not hesitate to defend the point of view that he considers correct.
On January 11, 1960, by order of the Air Force Commander-in-Chief Konstantin Andreevich Vershinin, a special military unit (Military Unit) No. 26266 was organized, whose task was to train astronauts (later, the unit was transformed into the Air Force Cosmonaut Training Center). Gagarin was enrolled in the group of cosmonaut candidates by order of the Air Force Commander-in-Chief K.A. Vershinin dated March 3, 1960, and on March 11 he and his family left for a new place of military service. On March 25, regular classes began under the cosmonaut training program.
The Chief Designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Defense Technology, Korolev, and his associates had no doubt about who should fly into space first - it should be a jet fighter pilot. Taking into account the features and capabilities of space technology, special candidates were needed - people who were absolutely healthy, professionally trained, disciplined, and who met all the physical and medical requirements.
In addition to Gagarin, there were also contenders for the first flight into space; There were twenty of them in total (the First Cosmonaut Detachment of the USSR). Candidates were recruited specifically from among military fighter pilots by decision of Korolev, who believed that such pilots already had experience of overload, stressful situations and pressure changes. Selection for the first group of cosmonauts was carried out on the basis of medical, psychological and a number of other parameters: age 25-30 years, height no more than 170 cm, weight no more than 70-72 kg, ability to adapt to altitude and stratospheric conditions, reaction speed, physical endurance, mental balance . The height and weight requirements arose due to the corresponding restrictions on the Vostok spacecraft, which were determined by the power of the Vostok launch vehicle.
In the first group of cosmonauts, three leaders emerged - Yuri Gagarin, German Titov and Grigory Nelyubov. Of the twenty applicants, six were selected; Korolev was in a hurry, since there was information that on April 20, 1961, the Americans would send their man into space. And so the launch was planned to be scheduled between April 11 and April 17, 1961. The one who would fly into space was determined at the last moment, at a meeting of the Civil Committee; they were Gagarin and his backup German Titov.
The commission approved the first ever task for a person to fly into space, signed by S.P. Korolev and N.P. Kamanin: “To carry out a one-orbit flight around the Earth at an altitude of 180-230 kilometers, lasting 1 hour 30 minutes with a landing in a given area. The purpose of the flight is to check the possibility of a person staying in space on a specially equipped ship, check the equipment of the ship in flight, check the connection of the ship with the Earth, and make sure of the reliability of the means of landing the ship and the astronaut.”
The Vostok spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961 at 09:07 Moscow time from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, with pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board; Gagarin's call sign was "Kedr". After the command “to start,” Gagarin uttered the now famous phrase: “Let’s go!”
In orbit, Gagarin carried out simple experiments: he drank, ate, and made notes in pencil. “Putting” the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that it instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his sensations and observations on the on-board tape recorder. Before the flight, it was not yet known how the human psyche would behave in space, so special protection was provided to prevent the first cosmonaut, in a fit of insanity, from trying to control the flight of the ship. To enable manual control, he had to open a sealed envelope, inside of which was a piece of paper with a code, which, by typing on the control panel, could unlock it.
At the end of the flight, the braking propulsion system (TPU) designed by Isaev worked successfully, but with a lack of momentum, so that the automation issued a ban on the normal separation of compartments. As a result, for 10 minutes before entering the atmosphere, the ship tumbled randomly at a speed of 1 revolution per second. Gagarin decided not to scare the flight directors (primarily Korolev) and in conditional terms reported an emergency situation on board the ship. When the ship entered denser layers of the atmosphere, the connecting cables burned out, and the command to separate the compartments came from thermal sensors, so the descent module finally separated from the instrument and engine compartment.
The descent took place along a ballistic trajectory (like the rest of the spacecraft of the Vostok and Voskhod series), that is, with 8-10-fold overloads, for which Gagarin was prepared. It was more difficult to survive the psychological stress - after the capsule entered the atmosphere, the hull of the ship caught fire (the temperature outside during descent reaches 3-5 thousand degrees), streams of liquid metal flowed down the windows of the windows, and the cabin itself began to crack.
At an altitude of 7 km, in accordance with the flight plan, Gagarin ejected, after which the capsule and the cosmonaut began to descend by parachute separately (the landing of the other five ships from the Vostok series took place according to the same scheme). After ejection and disconnection of the air duct of the descent vehicle, the valve in Gagarin’s sealed spacesuit did not immediately open, through which outside air should flow, so Gagarin almost suffocated. The last problem in this flight was the landing site - Gagarin could parachute into the icy water of the Volga. Gagarin was helped by good pre-flight preparation - by controlling the lines, he moved the parachute away from the river and landed 1.5-2 kilometers from the shore.
Having completed one revolution around the Earth, the ship completed its flight at 10:55:34 in the 108th minute. Due to a failure in the braking system, the descent module with Gagarin landed not in the planned area 110 km from Stalingrad, but in the Saratov region, not far from Engels in the area of the village of Smelovka. At 10:48, the radar of a nearby anti-aircraft missile battalion spotted an unidentified target - it was a lander (the anti-aircraft gunners had been warned the day before to watch for “containers from the sky”). After the ejection, there were two targets on the radar.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester, Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova, and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita (Rumiya). Soon, military personnel from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene of events. One group of military men took guard over the descent module, and the other took Gagarin to the unit’s location. From there, Gagarin reported by phone to the commander of the air defense division: “Please convey to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief: I completed the task, landed in the given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin."
Meanwhile, an Mi-4 helicopter took off from Engels airfield, the crew’s task was to find and pick up Gagarin. The crew of the Mi-4 helicopter was the first to discover the descent vehicle, but Gagarin was not nearby; The situation was clarified by local residents who said that Gagarin had left on a truck for Engels. The helicopter took off and headed for the city. From its side, on the road not far from the checkpoint of the missile division, they noticed a car in which Gagarin, after reporting to the unit, was heading to the descent module. Gagarin got out of the car and waved his hands, they picked him up, and the helicopter flew to the Engels airfield, transmitting a radiogram: “The cosmonaut has been taken on board, I am heading to the airfield.”
At the landing site, Gagarin was presented with his first award for space flight - the medal “For the development of virgin lands.” Subsequently, the same medal was awarded to many other cosmonauts at the landing site. At the airfield in Engels, they were already waiting for Gagarin; the entire leadership of the base was at the helicopter ramp. He was presented with a congratulatory telegram from the Soviet government. In the Pobeda car, Gagarin was taken to the command and control center, and then to the base headquarters for communication with Moscow.
On April 14, an Il-18 flew for Gagarin, and on the approach to Moscow, the plane was joined by an honorary fighter escort consisting of seven MiG-17 fighters. The plane with the escort passed in solemn formation over the center of Moscow, over Red Square, then landed at Vnukovo airport, where a grand reception awaited Gagarin: jubilant people, journalists and cameramen, and the country's leadership. The plane taxied to the central building of the airport, the ramp was lowered, and Gagarin was the first to descend. A bright red carpet was stretched from the plane to the government stands, and Yuri Gagarin walked along it. On the way, his shoe lace came undone (according to another version, it was a sock brace), but he did not stop and reached the government stands, risking tripping and falling, to the sounds of an orchestra performing the Soviet air march “We were born to make a fairy tale come true.” Approaching the podium, Yuri Gagarin reported to Nikita Khrushchev
Next was a ride in an open ZIL-111V, Gagarin greeted those greeting him while standing. Congratulations were heard all around, many waved placards. One person broke through the cordon and handed Gagarin a bouquet. A rally was held on Red Square, at which Nikita Khrushchev announced that Gagarin was awarded the titles Hero of the Soviet Union and “Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR.”
The meeting grew into a spontaneous 3-hour demonstration, which Yuri Gagarin and the leaders of the Soviet state greeted from the rostrum of Lenin's mausoleum. After the end of the demonstration, Nikita Khrushchev escorted Gagarin inside the mausoleum to the sarcophagus. The celebrations continued at a reception in the Kremlin, which was attended by many designers, whose names had not yet been officially announced. Leonid Brezhnev presented Gagarin with the “Golden Star” of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin. Many newborn boys were named Yuri by their parents that day in honor of Gagarin.
Almost a month after the flight, Yuri Gagarin was sent on his first foreign trip with the so-called “Peace Mission”. The first cosmonaut visited Czechoslovakia, Finland, England, Bulgaria and Egypt. The first foreign trip for Yuri Gagarin was a trip to Czechoslovakia. He was flying on a regular Tu-104 to Prague. Passengers on the flight recognized Gagarin and rushed to him for autographs. And the crew commander P. M. Mikhailov invited him into the cockpit and gave him the steering wheel. In Czechoslovakia, Gagarin visited a foundry and received a souvenir from the local workers - a figurine of a foundry worker. The government of Czechoslovakia awarded Gagarin the title of “Hero of Socialist Labor of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.” Next, Gagarin’s path lay in Bulgaria. When approaching Sofia, the Bulgarian pilots met him with an honorary escort of fighters. Gagarin visited several cities in Bulgaria, in Plovdiv and Sofia he was elected an Honorary Citizen of the city; visited the monument to Alyosha.
In July 1961, Gagarin arrived in England at the invitation of the English foundry trade union. YG 1 was installed on the Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud-II car
(Yuri Gagarin 1). First he visited Manchester and the headquarters of the oldest foundry union in Great Britain. There Gagarin was awarded the diploma of Honorary Foundryman of England. During this visit, Yuri Gagarin received a gold medal from the Space Development Foundation (the first copy) and met with the country's leadership, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen, contrary to etiquette, took a photo with the astronaut as a souvenir, citing the fact that he is not an ordinary, earthly person, but a heavenly one, and therefore there is no violation of etiquette.
During 1961, Gagarin visited Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Finland, Great Britain, Poland (July 21-22), Cuba, Brazil with a stop on the island of Curacao, Canada with a stop in Iceland, Hungary, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Afghanistan. In January-February 1962, Gagarin visited the United Arab Republic (Egypt) at the invitation of the vice-president and commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces, Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer. Gagarin stayed in Egypt for 7 days. The country's President Gamal Abdel Nasser awarded Yuri Gagarin the highest order of the republic, the Necklace of the Nile. In September 1963, Gagarin visited Paris, where he took part in the XIV International Congress of Astronauts. In total, Yuri Gagarin visited about 30 countries as part of his foreign visits.
For three years, meetings and trips took up most of Yuri's personal time. According to N.P. Kamanin, an additional burden was created by the fact that such meetings were often accompanied by a feast. As a result, Gagarin gained an extra 8-9 kilograms of weight and stopped systematically playing sports. The newly begun preparations for space flight, airplane flights and the necessary regime were able to stop this process. On September 1, 1961, Yuri Gagarin entered the Air Force Engineering Academy. Zhukovsky, and on February 17, 1968 he defended his diploma project there. The State Examination Commission awarded Colonel Yuri Gagarin the qualification of “pilot-engineer-cosmonaut” and recommended him to the academy’s postgraduate program.
In 1964, Gagarin was appointed commander of the Soviet cosmonaut corps. Gagarin studied at the Air Force Engineering Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky and therefore did not have flight practice for some time, and his social activities also affected him. Gagarin served as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th and 7th convocations, was a member of the Central Committee of the Komsomol (elected at the 14th and 15th congresses of the Komsomol) and headed the freelance cosmonautics department of the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper (since 1964). In addition, the historical significance of space flight made him a recognizable person abroad. Gagarin was the president of the Soviet-Cuban Friendship Society, an honorary member of the Finland-USSR Society and visited many countries of the world with a mission of peace and friendship.
In 1966, Gagarin was elected an Honorary Member of the International Academy of Astronautics, and in June of the same year, Gagarin already began training under the Soyuz program. He was appointed as a backup for Komarov, who made the first flight on the new ship. The flight was interrupted early due to a malfunction of the solar battery, and ended with the death of the astronaut due to malfunctions of the parachute system. It is very likely that if Korolev had been alive, Gagarin would have been the main pilot of Soyuz-1, since Korolev promised him a flight on a new type of ship.
Yuri Gagarin made a lot of efforts to carry out lunar space flights and, until his death, he himself was a member of the crew of one of the lunar ships being prepared. Gagarin did not have the right to fly a fighter on his own, although he was the deputy head of the training center for flight training, and therefore achieved a referral to restore his qualifications as a fighter pilot. Despite his busy schedule, Gagarin also found time for hobbies, which included water skiing and collecting cacti.
Death
On March 27, 1968, Gagarin died in a plane crash while performing a training flight on a MiG-15UTI aircraft under the guidance of experienced instructor V.S. Seryogin, near the village of Novoselovo, Kirzhach district, Vladimir region.
A State Commission was created to investigate the causes of the disaster. The report amounted to 29 volumes and was classified; Until recently, its details were known only from articles and interviews with individual members. The gist of the commission’s conclusions was this: the crew, due to a change in the air situation during the flight, made a sharp maneuver and emerged from the cloud layer, diving almost vertically. Despite the pilots' attempts to bring the car into horizontal flight, the plane collided with the ground and the crew died. During the investigation, no failures or malfunctions of the equipment were found. Chemical analysis of the remains and blood of the pilots did not reveal any foreign substances.
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Gagarin's flight into space, the conclusions of the state commission on the possible causes of his death were declassified. The most likely reason for the plane crash, according to the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, was a sharp maneuver to evade a balloon or, less likely, to prevent entry into the upper edge of clouds. In conditions of complicated meteorological conditions, this led to the aircraft entering a supercritical flight mode and stalling.
Research by a group of specialists led by S. M. Belotserkovsky showed that the most likely reason for the sudden maneuver was approaching and sharply evading another aircraft, with a possible fall into its wake vortex. As a result, Gagarin and Seregin's MiG-15UTI fell into a flat tailspin. Being in the cloud layer, the pilots could not see the flight altitude. Guided by inaccurate meteorological data and instrument readings, the pilots assumed that they would have time to bring the plane out of the crash, but the altitude was insufficient. After leaving the cloud layer, it was too late to eject. In 2013, Alexey Leonov reported that as a result of the declassification of documents from the investigative commission, this version was completely confirmed: a Su-15 aircraft appeared unauthorized in the flight zone of Gagarin and Seregin, which, after afterburner, went to its flight level, passing at a distance of 10-15 meters from Gagarin’s aircraft and thereby driving the latter into a spiral, from which the pilots did not have time to exit.
Honorary titles and awards
As bonuses, the first cosmonaut received from the government 15 thousand rubles, a Volga car (number 78-78 mod), a four-room furnished apartment at his place of duty, and many gifts. The Soviet government also promoted Yu. A. Gagarin from senior lieutenant to major (he launched into space with the rank of senior lieutenant and landed as a major).
Hero of the Soviet Union (April 14, 1961) Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (June 27, 1961) Hero of Socialist Labor of Czechoslovakia (April 29, 1961) Hero of Socialist Labor (NRB) (May 24, 1961) Hero of Labor (SRV) (April 28, 1962) President of the Soviet Society -Cuban friendship Honorary member of the Finland-Soviet Union Society Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1961, title received as a reward for space flight) Military pilot 1st class (1961, qualification awarded for space flight)
Order of Lenin (USSR, April 14, 1961) Order of "Georgi Dimitrov" (Bulgaria, May 24, 1961) Order of the Star of Indonesia, II class (Indonesia, June 10, 1961) Order of the Grunwald Cross, I class (Poland, June 20, 1961) First holder of the order "Playa Giron" (Cuba, July 18, 1961) Order of Merit in the Field of Aeronautics (Brazil, August 2, 1961) Order of the Banner of the Hungarian People's Republic, 1st class with diamonds (Hungary, August 21, 1961) Karl Marx (GDR, October 22, 1963) "Necklace of the Nile" (Egypt, January 31, 1962) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Africa (Liberia, February 6, 1962)
Honorary citizenship
Yuri Gagarin was elected an honorary citizen of the cities: USSR: Kaluga, Novozybkov, Klintsy, Novocherkassk, Lyubertsy, Sumgait (modern Azerbaijan), Smolensk, Vinnitsa, Sevastopol, Saratov, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Tyumen Russia: Orenburg Bulgaria: Sofia, Pernik, Plovdiv Greece: Athens Cyprus: Famagusta, Limassol France: Saint-Denis Czechoslovakia: Trencianske Teplice He was also awarded the golden keys to the gates of the cities of Cairo and Alexandria (Egypt).
Family
Grandfather - Timofey Matveevich Matveev, worker of the Putilov plant, revolutionary. Father - Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin (1902-1973), carpenter. Mother - Anna Timofeevna Matveeva (1903-1984), worked on a dairy farm. Sister - Zoya Alekseevna Gagarina (married Bruevich, 1927-2004), worked as a nurse at the Gzhatsk hospital. Her daughter, Filatova Tamara Dmitrievna, is the head of the department of the Yu. A. Gagarin Museum (Gagarin). Brothers: Boris Alekseevich Gagarin (1936-1977), worker at the Gzhatsk radio tube plant. Valentin Alekseevich Gagarin (1924-2006), carpenter. His wife, Valentina Ivanovna Gagarina, née Goryacheva (married in 1957 in Orenburg), worked in the laboratory of the Medical Administration of the Flight Control Center. Retired. In Orenburg, in the house where Valentina’s family lived, the Apartment Museum of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin was subsequently opened. Children - daughters: Elena (born April 17, 1959) - general director of the Moscow Kremlin museum-reserve, candidate of art history - and Galina (born March 7, 1961) - professor, head of the department of national and regional economics of the Russian Economic University Academy. G. V. Plekhanova, Candidate of Economic Sciences.
Memory
The city of Gzhatsk and the Gzhatsky district were renamed into the city of Gagarin and the Gagarinsky district (Smolensk region) Boulevards, streets, avenues, squares were named after Gagarin Memorial in the village of Smelovka not far from the landing site of the first cosmonaut of the Earth In cosmonautics, the Gold Medal named after Yu. A. Gagarin is awarded to cosmonauts and astronauts for their contribution to space exploration. The Federal Space Agency has established an award - the Gagarin Badge. The highest award of the Continental Hockey League, created in 2008, is called the Gagarin Cup. On the Moon, American astronauts left memorial medals depicting people who gave their lives to space exploration, including one of the two medals dedicated to Soviet cosmonauts, with the image of Yu. A. Gagarin
In space
A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after Yuri Gagarin An asteroid is named after Yuri Gagarin
Other A
monument to Yuri Gagarin was opened in Greenwich in May 2013 Traditional motocross competitions dedicated to the memory of Gagarin are held annually in Saratov A rare mineral found in the mines of the East Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan, Gagarinite was named A variety of gladioli called “Gagarin’s Smile” was developed. The German avant-garde record label Gagarin Records was named after Gagarin.
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