Lesson summary "Non-ferrous metallurgy" 9th grade geography

so UNT / Geography / Lesson plans for geography 9th grade

Lesson 32. Non-ferrous metallurgy

20.08.2014 16153 0

Objectives: To study the features of metallurgy of light and heavy non-ferrous metals. Determine the leading factors for the location of enterprises (light) and non-ferrous metallurgy (light and heavy metals) and metallurgical bases. Identify the problems of metallurgy and prospects for its development. Develop the ability to work with economic maps and statistical materials.

Equipment: map “Metallurgy (non-ferrous)”, collection of minerals (bauxite, copper ore, tin, lead-zinc ore), metal samples - copper, aluminum, etc.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Checking homework

1. Tell us about the types of enterprises in the iron and steel industry. What is their difference? (Full cycle plant, processing plant, industrial complex, small metallurgy plant.)

2. What factors have the greatest influence on the location of metallurgical enterprises? (Raw materials, fuel, transport, environmental.)

3. Which Kondratiev cycle does ferrous metallurgy belong to? (Second cycle, 19th century, old industry.)

4. Name the metallurgical bases of Russia. Describe one of them according to plan:

1) Name of the base;

2) Sources of raw materials (ore);

3) Fuel sources;

4) Metallurgical centers.

Several students can prepare for this question about the Ural, Central

or the Siberian metallurgical base.

5. Determine the most promising location for the construction of a new metallurgical plant in the Far East, using the necessary maps and knowledge of factors for locating metallurgical plants. (The most promising is the construction of a plant on the territory of the South Yakut coal basin, the city of Neryungri, Chulman deposit. The Taezhnoe iron ore deposit is located nearby. The Tynda-Aldan railway passes through Neryungri, the future AYAM - Amur-Yakutsk mainline. There are two thermal power plants in this area - Chulmanskaya and Neryungrinskaya.)

II. Learning new material

— Non-ferrous metallurgy produces metals that have the properties of heat resistance, electrical conductivity, etc. These metals are used in the nuclear (uranium) and space (titanium) industries, electrical engineering (copper, silver, gold), etc. Russia is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Of the world reserves in Russia there are:

11% copper reserves;

12% lead reserves;

16% zinc reserves;

21% cobalt reserves;

27% tin reserves;

31% of nickel reserves.

But there are not enough reserves of aluminum ores (bauxite, nepheline), mercury, and antimony.

Heavy non-ferrous metals

— Heavy metals are contained in the ore in very small quantities. (Demonstration of ore samples.)

Iron in the ore is from 25% to 45%.

Copper in ore - 1-2%;

Tin in ore less than 1%

For example, to obtain 1 ton of copper, more than 100 tons of copper ore are required, of which 99 tons are waste rock. To produce tin, more than 300 tons of ore are needed.

Working with the map:

— On the Metallurgy map, find copper, nickel, tin and zinc plants.

Exercise:

— Where the main metallurgical base of heavy non-ferrous metals is formed

fishing? (Uralskaya - copper smelters in Karabash, Mednogorsk, Revda, Pyshma, etc.)

— Name the smelting centers for copper, zinc, tin, and nickel. (Zinc - Chelyabinsk, nickel - Orsk. The main amount of copper and nickel is produced in Norilsk. The second center is located on the Kola Peninsula - Monchegorsk, Zapolyarny, Nikel.)

Light non-ferrous metals

— Light non-ferrous metals (aluminium, titanium, magnesium) are produced from a source of cheap energy, that is, which power plants are located at aluminum smelters (hydroelectric power plants).

Working with the map:

- According to the “Metallurgy” map of the atlas, or account. A. s. 137 images 40 find where in Russia

Does most of the aluminum melt? (In Eastern Siberia there are large factories Bratsky, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansky, Shelekhovsky.)

- Place aluminum and copper smelters on the outline map.

Noble non-ferrous metals

Exercise:

- According to Fig. 39, school. A. identify the main gold mining areas in Russia and draw a conclusion:

1st place - Magadan region (29 tons per year)

2nd place - Krasnoyarsk Territory (18 tons per year);

3rd place - Yakutia (13 tons);

4th place - Irkutsk region (12 tons per year).

Conclusion: The main gold mining in Russia is carried out in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

Problems and prospects of non-ferrous metallurgy

1. Problems:

— Depletion of deposits of copper and aluminum ores.

— Absence of large deposits of manganese, chromite, titanium and other ores.

— Production of ferrous metals in Russia, since 1990, has decreased by 50%.

— Low quality of cast iron and steel (due to the fact that most factories operate on old equipment and old technologies).

— The high cost of Russian metal (prices are 20-40% higher than world prices). One of the reasons for this is the monopoly of giant factories.

— Environmental problem (metallurgy is a dirty industry).

Exercise:

- According to school A. analyze the table. us. 139. What place does metallurgy occupy among industries in terms of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere?

Conclusion: the fuel and energy complex produces 50% of emissions into the atmosphere, metallurgy - 37%, and costs

2nd place for emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere (this is blast furnace production, steelmaking). This does not take into account the disturbance of landscapes during ore mining.

2. Prospects:

— Development of the Far Eastern metallurgical base (example of the Neryungri plant project).

— Application of new ore mining technologies that allow less environmental pollution. Geo- and biotechnologies for ore mining have been developed, which make it possible to preserve landscapes.

— One of the promising areas in metallurgy (especially in ferrous metallurgy) is the creation of automated mini-factories that operate on scrap metal and pollute the environment less.

— The use of recyclable materials (scrap metal, etc.), the melting of which is effective. Thus, when melting 1 ton of scrap metal, 4 tons of iron ore and 530 tons of copper ore are saved. Air pollution is reduced by 7 times, the amount of waste will be reduced by 16 times.

III. Consolidation

Discussion of questions in groups using cards:

Card No. 1

Question: What is the difference between the technological chain of production of ferrous and heavy non-ferrous metals?

Answer: Low-grade ores of heavy non-ferrous metals are necessarily enriched at mining and processing plants, but rich iron ores (45%-60% iron) are not necessarily enriched. Heavy non-ferrous metals are purified twice during smelting: first, rough metal is obtained, and then refined.

Card No. 2

Question: What is the difference in the principles of location of copper smelters and aluminum smelters?

Answer: Copper smelters are located near raw material extraction sites (especially when blister copper is smelted), and aluminum smelters are located near sources of cheap energy, i.e., hydroelectric power plants.

Card No. 3

Question: What raw materials are supplied to the iron and steel plant?

Answer: Iron and manganese ores, coking coal, gas, water, limestone.

Card M 4

Question: Make a diagram of the “Composition of the metallurgical complex.”

Homework

According to school D. §27, make up 5 questions on metallurgy;

According to school A. §30, p. 135-138:

1) answer 5 questions p. 138-139 (self-assessment questions).

2) sociocultural workshop (according to Table 4).

Individual task

1. What enterprises represent metallurgy in your region (region, republic, city)?

2. Where do raw materials and fuel come from?

3. What products do metallurgical enterprises in your region produce?

4. What metallurgical base does the metallurgy of your region belong to?

Preparation for the Olympiad on the topic “Metallurgy”

Preparation question:

— Propose an option for locating a new full-cycle metallurgical plant on the territory of modern Russia. Justify your decision.

When choosing a site for the construction of a metallurgical plant, one should take into account raw materials, energy, and environmental factors, as well as the availability of water, availability of transport routes (railway), and labor resources.

Possible options:

1. Southern Siberia

Favorable conditions: proximity to iron ore deposits. (Mountain

Shoria, Angara region) and coking coal (Kuzbass), cheap electricity (hydroelectric power plants on the Yenisei and Angara), sufficiently free labor resources (migrants from the North).

Negative factors: undeveloped area, low quality of iron ore.

1. Urals

Favorable factors, the presence of qualified personnel due to the long-standing specialization of the Urals in ferrous metallurgy, development of the territory (availability of roads).

Negative: a) remoteness of the main ore deposits (Kola Peninsula, KMA), b) the need to purchase ore from Kazakhstan and possible problems in this regard; c) remoteness of coal basins (Kuzbass); d) poor energy supply (there is no fuel in the Urals, and energy consumption by industrial enterprises is very high; e) environmental factor (high concentration of dirty industries).

2. Region of the South Yakut coal basin (Neryungri, Chulman)

Favorable factors: availability of coal and ore, lack of metallurgical

plants in the region, possible export orientation.

Negative factors: undeveloped area, lack of labor resources.

Additional material

Metallurgy of the Urals

The metallurgy of the Urals has gone through a three-century development path. Over the entire history of Ural metallurgy, more than 200 metallurgical plants were built.

Before the revolution, there were only 82 of them. Most of the factories arose in the 18th century, when the engine of industry was the water wheel.

A peculiarity of the location of Ural factories and cities was their attachment to small rivers as a source of mechanical energy. The dam and the pond were part of the metallurgical industry, writes writer P. Zayakin-Uralsky in the story “Captured by Iron.”

All ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the Urals until 1924 worked on charcoal. This means that metallurgy could be developed in the forest zone. The ores of Mount Magnitnaya, located in the steppe, were not used, although rich deposits had been known since 1742.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, 90% of the Ural cast iron was smelted using mineral fuel - coke.

Several factories have retained smelting of metal on charcoal (Serovsky plant), despite the fact that metal on charcoal is more expensive than on stone. Metal smelted on charcoal does not have harmful impurities and is subject to little corrosion, which means it lasts longer. On the roof of the Gostiny Dvor in Yekaterinburg, the roofing iron lay for 100 years, and was still suitable for use.

Many old metallurgical plants in the Urals are closed. Some found themselves far from the highways, others have exhausted the ore reserves around which they were built.

Now there are less than 20 old factories in the Urals. The capacity of these factories is not great. The largest of them are the Chusovsky, Serovsky and Zlatoust plants.

All old factories are specialized in the production of high-quality steel grades: stainless, tool, electrical.

The Urals occupies a special place in the production of pipes - 30% of all pipes in Russia. There are 5 pipe factories here. Pipes with a diameter from fractions of a millimeter to one and a half meters: this is the needle of a medical syringe and oil and gas pipelines.

Additional material to the question “Agriculture of the Urals, or folk arts and crafts”

In the Orenburg region, goats have been bred since ancient times, the fluff of which is used to make Orenburg down scarves.

The down of Orenburg goats is considered the best in the world. Light, fluffy, warm scarves are knitted from it. A scarf measuring 1.5-2 cm2 can be loosely threaded through a wedding ring or placed in a goose egg shell.

Down fishing in the Urals arose a long time ago and is a branch of folk art crafts,

A down knitting factory was opened in Orenburg in 1930. Still, handmade down scarves by experienced knitters are superior in quality to machine-made scarves.

Many of them are beautiful works of art.

general characteristics

Non-ferrous metals are widely in demand in industry, but they are most important in construction, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.

In the process of producing non-ferrous metals, 3 main stages :

• extraction of natural raw materials and their subsequent enrichment;
• processing of non-ferrous ore - obtaining an intermediate product;
• production of pure metal.

Rice. 1. Non-ferrous ores.

The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is closely related to scientific and technical progress, thanks to which the scope of application of non-ferrous metals and their alloys has significantly expanded. If at the beginning of the twentieth century no more than 15 metals were in demand in industry, today the industry actively uses about 70 types of various non-ferrous metals.

Non-ferrous metallurgy has a number of features that affect its placement . These include:

• High energy intensity of production. The development of the industry will only be effective when production is located close to sources of inexpensive energy resources.
• High material consumption. Since non-ferrous metals are contained in ores in small quantities, it is advisable to build production facilities for their enrichment and processing directly near the sites where natural raw materials are extracted.
• The raw materials used are complex. This means that the vast majority of non-ferrous metal ores contain several metals. To make the most of them, the most effective way is to combine them.
• Non-ferrous metallurgy is widely used in the production of secondary raw materials - scrap metal.

Rice. 2. Production of scrap metal.

Table “Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy”

The production of non-ferrous metals poses a great threat to the environment. In this case, all components of nature suffer: the atmosphere, surface and underground waters, and soil. For example, sulfur dioxide, which enters the air in huge quantities every year, falls on the surface of the Earth in the form of acid rain, which has a detrimental effect on all living things.