Text of the book “Ancient Rus'. History in stories for schoolchildren"

The formation of Ancient Rus'

In ancient times, many tribes of Eastern Slavs lived in the eastern part of Europe. They settled near rivers and lakes, and were engaged in fishing, farming, and hunting. The Slavs believed that all weather phenomena were controlled by powerful deities.

Settlements of the Eastern Slavs arose and developed on the banks of large rivers, which have long served as the main roads in this area. The trade route that united the inhabitants of these places was called “from the Varangians to the Greeks.” In those distant times, all the inhabitants of Northern Europe were called Varangians, and the inhabitants of Byzantium were called Greeks.

It was on this main route, in the northern region, near Lake Ilmen, that the glorious city of Novgorod arose. And in the southern part, on the banks of the Dnieper, the city of Kyiv was built. The favorable location of these two cities in a short time made them the most important centers of the Slavic lands.

Rice. 1. Novgorod.

In 862, the residents of Novgorod chose their ruler - Prince Rurik, who ruled for 17 years. After his death, Prince Oleg ascended the throne and managed to accomplish an important historical act - to unite Kyiv and Novgorod into one whole. This is how the Old Russian state was formed, and the city of Kyiv became its capital. Prince Oleg became a great ruler - the Prince of Kyiv.

Test work on the surrounding world in 4th grade on the topic “History of the Fatherland”

Test work on the topic: “History of the Fatherland”

1 option

1. Name the main occupations of the ancient Slavs. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What kind of domestic animals did the Slavs breed? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What was the name of the trade route from the Baltic Sea through the Slavic lands to the Black Sea, and from there to Constantinople? ______________________________________________________________

4. The reign of which prince is associated with the baptism of Rus'? ______________________________________________________________

5. What is the name of the battle on the Neva River in July 1240? ______________________________________________________________

6. Who is considered the founder of Moscow? ______________________________________________________________

7. What is the name of the hill on which the wooden Moscow Kremlin was built already in the 12th century? ______________________________________________________________

8. What is the Spasskaya Tower famous for? ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. What did the Kremlin become under Ivan Kalita’s grandson, Dmitry Donskoy?

______________________________________________________________

Test work on the topic: “History of the Fatherland”

Option 2

1. Name the main occupations of the ancient Slavs. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What did the Slavs sow? ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. Which seas were connected by the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

4. Name the year of the baptism of Rus'. _____________________________________

5. What is the name of the battle on Lake Peipus on April 5, 1242? ______________________________________________________________

6. What year is considered the year of birth of Moscow? ____________________

7. What kind of Kremlin existed during the reign of Ivan Kalita? ______________________________________________________________

The political system of Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus' was a multinational power, and not only the Eastern Slavs lived on its territory, but also many other nationalities: Chud, Karelians, Murom, Izhora, Vod.

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The ruler of all Rus' was the Prince of Kiev, and his advisers were the boyars - the richest and most noble people who represented the highest stratum of the ruling class.

The reliable protection of the Old Russian state, the support and support of the prince was his faithful army - the squad.

Acceptance of Christianity

The Slavs were characterized by paganism - belief in many gods who controlled the weather and fertility. At the same time, each tribe worshiped its own gods, and the Slavs did not have unity in faith.

For the convenience of worship, wooden sculptures of deities were created - idols, to which sacrifices were made. In especially important cases, when it was necessary to secure divine mercy, living people could be sacrificed.

Rice. 2. Idols.

The situation changed when Prince Vladimir ascended the Kiev throne. At first, he also fervently prayed to the wooden gods, but soon realized that to unite the Slavic people, a new, common faith was needed.

According to legend, Prince Vladimir was baptized in 988 in Korsun (now the city of Kherson). Returning to his native Kyiv, he baptized the entire people of Kiev, and after a while most of the Slavic people accepted Christianity.

The new faith did not take root immediately. Not everyone wanted to change their usual gods for a single god, and, having adopted Christianity, they secretly continued to worship idols. And even in our time, some holidays and customs of those times have been preserved: Ivan Kupala Day, caroling, Maslenitsa.

The meaning of the baptism of Rus'

The adoption of Christianity became the most important stage in the development of the Old Russian state. Thanks to this event, the following changes occurred in Ancient Rus':

• the unification of a once divided people;
• the church took under its protection the most defenseless sections of the population: the weak and sick, the elderly, orphans;
• education began to develop, the first schools for boys appeared in the state;
• church courts appeared, in which many controversial issues of the common people were resolved;
• The art of architecture began to develop rapidly: beautiful churches began to appear on the territory of the state, in which the art of preaching was developed, church singing sounded, and the walls were decorated with icons.

Prince Vladimir, as the founder of Christianity in Rus', was elevated by the church to the rank of saints.

Rice. 3. Prince Vladimir.

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