Presentation for the lesson (senior group): Presentation "Dolls of our grandmothers"

Presentation “The History of Dolls” presentation for the lesson (senior group) on the topic

Screensaver
The doll is one of the most interesting pages in the history of culture. Everyone loves dolls: adults and children. For children they are fun, and adults are happy to look at beautiful toys that bring them joy and bring them back to childhood.
The oldest Egyptian dolls are about 4 thousand years old. Archaeologists find a clown in the graves of little Egyptians. The doll sometimes looks like a crude block of wood without arms or legs. The heads were decorated with wigs made of wooden and thread beads. But these dolls served not children, but adults and were associated with various forms of religion. Dolls discovered in ancient Egypt date back to the Bronze Age. These are just toys, although very conventional, mostly flat, without legs and rounded in the lower part of the body.
The first dolls that we know are associated with rituals that express the fundamentals of the worldview of primitive society. These are rituals of the cult of the creation of the world and the cult of dead ancestors, hope for the harvest
The dolls found in Greece already had movable joints, sometimes real hair, and carefully chiseled limbs.
It is difficult to say what the doll's first purpose was. If we do not dwell now on the purely ritual function of dolls (they were used in this capacity in Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome), then we need to highlight two aspects - the sacred and play roles, which at first were almost inseparable from each other.
And then the dolls were completely banned. According to medieval church beliefs, the doll was an idol, so its production was prohibited (although there is evidence of English wooden dolls of the 14th century, created to order). And the children had especially no time to play - most of them were simply deprived of childhood, since from the age of 5-6 they worked alongside adults.
Judging by the samples of European doll products of the 15th–16th centuries, stored in various European museums, mostly painted wooden dolls were made - rather conventional and primitive. And right up to the 18th century. Even children from wealthy families played with wooden and rag dummies. Expensive dolls were made to order and dressed in fashionable outfits.
From the second half of the 17th century, France began to set the tone for the whole of Europe both in the field of politics, economics, spiritual life, and in the field of fashion. Fashion magazines were not yet published in those days, and all fashionistas in Europe wanted to learn about new trends in French fashion. Enterprising Frenchmen remembered that in ancient Rome, to demonstrate fashion, painted clay figurines (figurines), ranging in height from 8 to 25 cm, were sent to the provinces. And in France they create the descendants of figurines - beautiful pandoras.

Truly, pandoras were real works of art. These were medium-sized porcelain dolls with the approximate proportions of an adult woman, dressed in the latest fashion. The doll came with a whole wardrobe, chests with new perfumes, and a huge number of accessories.

The London Museum has a beautiful example of 17th century dolls - Lady Clapham and Lord Clapham. The dolls have an enviable wardrobe of casual and festive clothes.
The demonstration of the dolls was carried out by traveling throughout all European countries. Such importance was attached to these journeys that there were cases of stopping battles in order to let Pandor pass. Literally all the royal houses of Europe were owners of such fashionable dolls. Later, in the 60s of the 19th century, Pandora was reborn into a mannequin. Until the mid-19th century, dolls were dressed up ladies. After fashion magazines with pictures appeared, adults' interest in fashionable dolls disappeared, and dolls completely moved into the world of children's play.
The French became famous masters of mechanical dolls, which already in the 17th century could move and make sounds, and in the 18th century they could even walk, dance and say something meaningful.
Progress did not stand still and at the end of the 19th century articulated dolls appeared. These dolls could take a variety of poses and furniture was added to the doll accessories.
What about Russian puppet history? The very first dolls were made in Rus' from ash. Strange as it may seem, but that’s exactly how it is. Ash was taken from the hearths and mixed with water. Then a ball was rolled up and a skirt was attached to it. This doll was called Baba - a female deity. “Baba” was passed down through the female line from grandmother to granddaughter, and was given as a gift on the wedding day. This doll clearly did not have a playful character, but was a talisman. Which one? A talisman for a woman, home, hearth. When moving to a new place, they always took this doll from the ashes of the home with them, apparently so that in the new place there would again be a hearth, comfort, and home. A ritual doll is not a toy. The face, as a rule, remained white. The meaning of this is much deeper - a doll without a face was considered inaccessible to instilling evil forces into it. By giving the child a log doll, a “strigushka” (made from clipped grass) or a “Vepsian doll” (rolled up from the mother’s old clothes), the mother gave him a toy and a talisman at the same time. It is not for nothing that when making the Vepsian doll, which was placed in the cradle of a child even before his birth, neither scissors nor needles were used, so that the child’s life would be “not stabbed or cut.”
Russia was deprived of doll sophistication for a long time - until the 18th century, when porcelain curiosities from Europe began to be imported into the country. These dolls were so expensive that children from the royal family only got their hands on them on holidays. Future grand duchesses made toys themselves: they sewed foreign porcelain heads onto soft homemade outfits. The porcelain dolls that appeared at this time were worth a lot of money, since porcelain had been discovered quite recently and was very highly valued.
So their peers from the people were content entirely with rag dolls. As a rule, such dolls were stuffed with straw, sawdust, leaves, feathers, scraps of fabric left over from the mother after working on adult clothing, etc., and the clothes of the dolls generally repeated the clothes of the people who created them. Facial features were embroidered or applied in ink and painted with natural dyes - tea, berry juice or leaf juice.
Due to wars and revolutions, the country's economy was severely devastated, industry fell into decay and the production of toys ceased completely for some time. During the Soviet years, the “Middle Ages” came again for dolls. The dolls were declared a “bourgeois relic.” In the 1920s The doll is banned in the Soviet Union. She was removed from kindergartens because they believed that she was harmful and taught bourgeois skills. But the teachers, watching the children play, saw that they still brought dolls with them and slowly played with them. I had to rehabilitate the doll, recognizing that children, playing with it, learn and acquire cultural skills. Thus, we can say that children defended their legal right to play with a doll! During the NEP years, toys were made in artels; the range of dolls was narrow and poor, but in the 30s. handicraft production came to naught. Doll factories are obsessed with celluloid dolls. The first dolls made from celluloid in the USSR began to be produced following Europe. But in the West they quickly realized that this material was not suitable for toys. In the Union, dolls from this material were produced until the 1980s. In 1948, a competition was announced for new toy designs. The March 8th Artel prepared a series in which the dolls had not names, but specializations: “Athletic Girl”, “Suvorovets”, “Doctor”, “Schoolgirl”, etc. They were the ones that were put into circulation.
In 1949-1950, the production of dolls from pressed sawdust began. They stuffed the head and torso. The dolls were stuffed, primed and varnished. Therefore, the toy was very heavy, and it had to be handled carefully, otherwise sawdust would fall out of it. A mandatory attribute of any decent toy store were toys in the national costumes of the peoples of the USSR.
In 1970, plastic production was launched in the Soviet Union. And millions of industrial standard toys appear, the production of which was carried out by about 900 enterprises. Although they all ordered samples from the Toy Institute, the finished doll was no longer recognizable as a sample. Instead of good-natured baby dolls, we got cold and rational toys. Therefore, some psychologists believe that the generation of girls in the 70s and 80s. we never felt like real “mothers”.
All girls in the 70-80s had dolls made in the GDR as their ultimate dreams.
In the 90s, Russian children were introduced to the Barbie doll. In the West, children learned about it earlier. The world's first Barbie doll was born in 1959. The inventor of the world's most famous doll, Colorado businesswoman Ruth Handler, named Barbie in honor of her daughter Barbara. The first Barbie sold for just $3, and her wardrobe included a striped black and white swimsuit. Gradually, Barbie began to acquire her own property: clothes, houses, cars, dishes, pets and other material assets, personifying the American dream. There are currently 150 varieties of Barbie dolls.
In recent years, collectible portrait Barbie dolls have become especially popular.
A couple of decades ago, when the first sculptors in this direction began to create vinyl dolls that looked very much like babies, the art of Reborn appeared. Reborn dolls are made entirely by hand. The artist carefully paints the doll's body parts, giving them shades of the child's natural skin, drawing folds, wreaths, and spots. For this, special acrylic or oil paints are used. To make reborns as realistic as possible, technological devices have recently appeared that simulate breathing and heartbeats. As you understand, the cost of a reborn doll is quite high and can vary from several hundred to several thousand dollars. Manufacturing takes one to two weeks or more, depending on the complexity, and requires natural talent and long practice. At first, these dolls were available to a narrow circle of collectors. Over time, reborns have become a craze for many people for one reason or another, especially in Europe. From year to year, baby dolls win the hearts of millions around the world, shocking, terrifying, overwhelming, but not leaving anyone indifferent.
Today dolls are available to children. They are produced in millions, looking alike, like sisters in Indian melodramas. They are cheap and practical: they are easy to disassemble, but difficult to break. But they are deprived of the feature that their great-grandmothers possessed from time immemorial - uniqueness.
Nowadays, the industrial production of dolls has reached incredible development. The doll has become an integral part of our daily life, a kind of reminder of childhood or simply a beautiful accessory or piece of furniture. Dolls meet us in the theater, in the store, they look at us from TV screens or become part of promotions. And yet, against the backdrop of victoriously marching serial toys, in the 20th century a new genre of art appears, strange and mysterious - the author's art doll.
Puppetry art is currently experiencing a rebirth. Right now it is gaining unprecedented popularity. In Soviet times, puppetry art simply ceased to exist in Russia, but since 1997 a new stage of its development has begun, which is characterized by the flourishing of puppetry art and its excellent quality, which is recognized almost throughout the world.
A doll is an important element in the development of any child. But they are interesting not only for children. Some creative people devote their entire lives to dolls, rightfully considering them their children. After all, a doll is a living creature if a piece of the artist’s soul is embedded in it, giving rise to the doll’s unique aura. Creating a doll allows you to fully reflect the inner world of the creator. After all, a doll imitates a person not only in appearance. And after birth, each doll begins to live its own life, creating its own unique story and accumulating energy, which it subsequently transmits to people who contemplate it. And today you have the opportunity to plunge into this fabulous world of dolls and write your own unique page into this doll story. We wish you creative success.