Lesson development
Summary of a geography lesson in 10th grade.
Topic: “Factors of distribution of productive forces.”
Target:
to form an idea of the old and new factors of the location of productive forces.
Tasks:
Educational
: introduce the concepts of “old and new factors of location”, “technopolises”, consider the relationship between the location of the population, economy and natural conditions in specific territories
Developmental
: develop the ability to establish patterns between location factors and their influence on the world economy, develop the ability to generalize material.
Educational:
stimulate students' global thinking.
During the classes:
1
.
Organizational stage:
welcoming students, creating a favorable psychological situation, focusing on successful fruitful activities.
2.
Checking homework
.
- How does the post-industrial structure of the economy differ from the industrial one?
- How does scientific and technological progress affect the sectoral structure of the world economy?
- How does the territorial structure of the economy differ in developed and developing countries?
3. Studying a new topic.
Teacher:
Today we are completing the study of the topic “Scientific and technological revolution and the world economy” and before moving on to the study of individual sectors of the world economy, it is necessary to get acquainted with the main factors in the distribution of productive forces. Therefore, we will devote today’s lesson to the study of this topic, namely, we will consider the features of the influence of factors on the location of productive forces, and we will get acquainted with the new concepts of “technopolis”, “technopark”.
The productive forces are understood as the totality of the means of production and people employed in production. The distribution of productive forces (territorial national economy) is not only the geographical distribution of production and people across the territory of the country and its regions, it is also a complex theoretical and practical problem. What is a factor? We became acquainted with this concept in the course “Population and Economy of Russia” (Student Answers).
Thus, location factors are the requirements (conditions) imposed on the territory when locating production.
Main factors of farm location
All placement factors can be divided into old and new. The first of them, accordingly, arose a long time ago, and the second mainly in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Although, this division is conditional. After all, even those of them that arose a long time ago acquired largely new content in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
Old placement factors
- TERRITORY FACTOR. Territory is one of the important elements of the geographical environment of society. Let's think about how territory affects the distribution of population and production. Exercise :
Try to identify the positive and negative features of the territories. (Children's answers)
Teacher (summarizing student responses): Indeed, the larger the territory, the richer and more diverse the natural resources, the more different options arise for the placement of the population and production. First of all, this applies to large countries - Russia, Canada, Brazil, Australia, USA, China. India. But in such countries, the problem of transport communication between its individual regions arises. These countries are usually divided into separate large parts: economic regions, zones, macroregions, regions.
It is believed that the large size of the territory has a certain influence on the psychology of people. In relation to Russia back in the 19th century. The famous historian V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote about this. And the philosopher N.A. Berdyaev owns the following words: “The immensity of the Russian land, the absence of borders and limits are expressed in the structure of the Russian soul.”
In relatively small countries, the problem of long-distance transportation is not so acute; they quickly reach the “maturity” of their territorial structure, and often have the prerequisites for economic integration. On the other hand, many of them experience a “territory deficit.”
- NATURAL RESOURCE FACTOR. The geography of economic sectors of any country is greatly influenced by its natural resource potential, i.e., the country’s provision with certain natural resources. Problematic question:
Think about whether all sectors of the economy are equally dependent on the country’s natural resource base. (students' answers).
Teacher
: For the location of extractive industries, the natural resource factor continues to be the main one. Nowadays, there has been a shift in the mining industry to areas of new development, often inaccessible and sparsely populated, with extreme natural conditions.
Example 1.
The northern regions of the world occupy a huge area of 21 million km 2, of which 11 million are in the Russian North. The scientific and technological revolution has made it practically possible to develop new territories here, to allow people to live there and to exploit natural resources.
Example 2.
The continental shelf worldwide covers 31 million km2. The development of shelf areas led to the fact that at the beginning of the 21st century. the share of “offshore oil” and “offshore gas” in global production reached more than 1/3 and 1/4, respectively. The main production areas are the North, Caribbean and Caspian Seas, the Persian and Mexican Gulfs.
For the development of the North and sea areas, special equipment is being created. [14]. It must, however, be taken into account that the development and exploitation of natural resources in these areas require very large capital investments and increase the threat of environmental pollution.
3. FACTORS OF ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (E G P ). We also became acquainted with this concept during the study of the geography of the Russian economy, and you know that the economic and geographical position of the country determines its economic development, i.e. is either profitable or unprofitable.
N.N. Baransky identified four types of EGP: 1. central position, 2) deep position, 3) neighboring position, 4) coastal position. Assignment: think about which of these features can be considered beneficial for the economic development of the country and which are disadvantageous. (conversation with students).
Teacher
(summarizing the conversation): The central and coastal position usually act as advantageous features of the EGP. The deep (peripheral) position can slow down economic development. The neighborly situation factor largely depends on the relations between states. The coastal location, with the exception of the Arctic seas, has always been advantageous for EGP. 2/3 of all cities with a population of more than 1.5 million people are located in the coastal zone. And out of 23 “super-cities,” only seven are not seaports.
- TRANSPORT FACTOR. Before the era of scientific and technological revolution, this factor had almost a decisive influence on the location of production. But in the era of scientific and technological revolution, transport costs were significantly reduced, communication routes were improved, despite the fact that the transport factor continued to have a significant impact on the location of production, especially in large countries.
Example.
The construction of the BAM in Russia is closely connected with the development of new resource areas. In Canada, one of the transport construction programs is called the “Road to Resources”.
5. LABOR RESOURCES FACTOR. First of all, the factor of labor resources influences the location of labor-intensive industries, such as mechanical engineering. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the influence of this factor is manifested in two ways:
- in the first case, labor from other countries is attracted to industry and the non-productive sphere.
- in the second case, it turns out to be more profitable to move production to sources of cheap labor resources.
Example 1.
The largest industrial areas and urban agglomerations of Western Europe, with great economic potential and well-developed infrastructure, have become the main centers of attraction for additional labor resources both from other European countries and from non-European countries.
Example 2.
The regions of East and especially Southeast Asia, with their vast resources of cheap labor, have become the main centers of attraction for labor-intensive industries from Japan, Western Europe and the United States. For example, the Dutch built the world's largest picture tube plant in Taiwan (4 million units)
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the focus on cheap labor remains, including female labor, which has become widely used in the newest industries with mass production. But the focus on highly qualified labor force, on the “quality” of the workforce, has become even more important.
6. Factor of territorial concentration. Industrial concentration, expressed in an increase in the size of enterprises, has a great economic effect. Closely related to it is the territorial concentration of the economy and population in large industrial centers, hubs and regions, in transport hubs, and urban agglomerations. The role of old industrial areas, which have long been formed around capital cities, coal mines, etc., is especially great.
However, the excessive concentration of population and economy in old industrial areas also has a number of negative consequences, primarily for the quality of the environment. Therefore, the process of territorial dispersal of production through the creation of small and medium-sized enterprises, mini-factories, mini-hydroelectric power stations, etc. is even more characteristic of the scientific and technological era .
“Small is beautiful!” This is one of the slogans of the time, the correctness of which has already been proven by the experience of advanced countries.
New placement factors
.
- RESEARCH INTENSITY FACTOR. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the scientific and technical base becomes a more important factor in the location of production. First of all, this applies to the latest knowledge-intensive industries, which gravitate towards large scientific centers, large cities and urban agglomerations; specialized “cities of science” are also emerging
Example.
In Russia, the main centers of scientific research are Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. In France, half of all scientific workers are concentrated in Paris, in Japan in Tokyo. And in the USA, the main scientific research is conducted at universities located throughout the country.
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, new forms of territorial organization of science also emerged - these are, first of all, technopolises and technoparks that are similar in nature.
Technopark (scientific, research, technological park) is an agglomeration of knowledge-intensive companies grouped around a large university, institute, laboratory. The main task of the parks is to reduce the time it takes to implement scientific ideas into practice according to the “Science-Entrepreneurship” principle. Appeared in the 50s in the USA (Silicon Valley), then spread to Foreign Europe, NIS Asia, and other countries.
Example:
There are over three thousand companies operating in Silicon Valley. Hundreds of them produce computers, about a thousand specialize in software. About 40% of American engineers employed in the field of information technology work here. Stanford University is also located here. The technologies and products of Silicon Valley changed the world in a short time, and it itself became a household name and a role model in many countries.
Technopolis is a specially built integrated research and production town, a satellite of an industrial and scientific center, engaged in the development of innovative technologies, the development of high-tech industries and the training of scientific personnel. The idea of technopolises originated in Japan in the 80s and became widespread. In Russia: Moscow region - Dubna, Pushchino, Obninsk, Chernogolovka, Zelenograd, Zhukovsky, Korolev. In Siberia - Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk. Cities of the Atomic Ministry: Arzamas, Penza, Yekaterinburg, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk. Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk.
- The ECOLOGICAL FACTOR acquired particular importance during the scientific and technological revolution thanks to a whole system of environmental measures. Lack of territory, water, growing costs for the treatment of industrial wastewater and emissions, and the general deterioration of the environment in the most industrialized and urbanized areas have become important reasons for limiting the further concentration of production and population in them. In some cases, some of the “dirty” industries are moved to other areas or even dismantled.
Example.
The Ruhr industrial region, which is called the industrial heart of Germany, was considered one of the dirtiest in Europe both before and after the Second World War. But thanks to a whole system of effective environmental measures, the environmental situation in it has become much more favorable. In particular, a special air pollution program was implemented under the motto “Clean Skies over the Ruhr”, as a result of which many industries were closed or moved out of the area.
4. Fixing the material.
Students complete the task - work in pairs.
Correlate the factors and the nature of the impact on the location of production.
Nature of impact
Factors
1.
Promotes territorial concentration A. Knowledge intensity
Production B. Territorial.
2. Promotes territorial distribution of V. EGP
produced by G. Natural Resources
3. Promotes the formation of industrial centers, D. Transport
nodes and districts E. Labor resources
4. Promotes a shift of production to the sea G. Territorial concentration
5. Increases attraction to big cities and Z. Ecological.
urban agglomerations
6.Limits concentration of production
and population
7. Promotes the development of new areas
5. Summing up the topic
. So, all factors can be divided into old and new. The first of them arose a long time ago, and the second - mainly already in the era of scientific and technological revolution. However, this division of factors is largely arbitrary. After all, those that arose a long time ago acquired a largely different content in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
6.Homework
: 1. Topic 4 § 4. Block of acquiring knowledge and skills: tasks 4,5,6.
2. Prepare a message on the topic “Technology parks and technopolises of the world”
Territorial and natural resource factor
The initial factor in the location of the world economy was the territorial factor. The larger the territory, the more and more diverse the resources on it, which leads to a variety of options for production and placement of the population (Canada, USA, Russia, China, etc.).
Typically, large state areas are divided into separate large elements (regions, regions, economic regions, zones, etc.).
Note 2
When locating extractive industries, the main factor is the natural resource factor, since there has been a shift in areas of new development, often inaccessible and sparsely populated.
Finished works on a similar topic
- Course work Factors in the location of the world economy 480 rub.
- Abstract Factors in the distribution of the world economy 230 rub.
- Test work Factors in the location of the world economy 190 rubles.
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