Class hour "International Cinema Day"
Teacher:
We all love cinema very much.
Cinema brings into our lives those colors that we lack in reality: love, passion, sincerity, tenderness, simplicity of communication or, conversely, immersion in the world of philosophical reflections, psychological mysteries and much more.
Cinema is a whole world without which it is now impossible to imagine our lives.
It’s now on the 3D screen, special effects, soundtracks written specifically for a specific film, for the story... But how did it all start? It’s unlikely that many of us know the history of the development of cinema, but it is, in fact, no less wonderful than the world of cinema.
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The birth of this type of cinema, which we can observe today, occurred on December 28, 1895, when one of the halls of the Grand Café on Capuchin Boulevard held the first film show. But to make this display possible, humanity went through three serious stages.
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The first and main step towards the development and origin of cinema was taken back in 1685, the Italian scientist and artist Giovanni di Fontana invented a simple lantern with transparent glass on which a drawing was applied. When the lantern was lit, a clear projection of the drawing appeared on the wall.
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At the same time, the great scientist, military man, architect and painter Leonardo da Vinci proposed using specially thickened glass - a lens - in order to focus the flow of light from an ordinary lantern. In the 19th century, optical illusion devices became more sophisticated.
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The second equally important step towards cinematography was made by Michael Faraday and his good friend Max Roger in 1830. At that time, Europe was trying to develop a device that could revive the drawing and make it dynamic. Faraday invented a device called a phenakistiscope, which included several sequential pictures.
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The third step occurred in 1877 and was only possible thanks to the work of José Niepce, Louis Daguerre, Leland Stanford (Governor of California) and the photographer Eadweard Muybridge. They conducted a rather unusual experiment. Stanford was very fond of horses and decided to argue with Muybridge on the topic of “whether a horse takes off its legs while galloping or not.” To test this, the guys had to purchase more than 60 cameras, which they placed on both sides of the treadmill (30 cameras on each side). Opposite the cameras, scientists placed booths in which there were people (they controlled the cameras). There was a cord stretched between the booth and the camera. When the horse began to gallop and crossed the segment with the cameras, it touched the same cord with its foot, as a result of which the camera recorded a picture and illustrated one of the phases of the horses’ movement. This was the first attempt to decompose the movement of an object into phases.
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Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière were the heirs of the owner of a photographic paper and record factory in Lyon. Not only were they well versed in technology, but they were also good photographers. From now on, the “optical illusion” became the property of many viewers. The same film could be viewed by tens, hundreds, thousands of people. It was possible to film any “life scene” and show it on the screen.
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So, December 28, 1895, evening, France, Paris, Boulevard des Capucines, 14, “Grand Cafe”, ticket cost 1 franc, 35 tickets sold out. Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière publicly demonstrate their invention, which they called the “cinematograph.” Five short, less than one minute scenes from the life of townspeople come to life on the white canvas of the screen. “Cinematograph” makes an amazing impression on the audience: people sincerely laugh and cry. The first films made by the Lumiere brothers were called: “The Arrival of a Train”, “A Child’s Breakfast”, “The Gardener or the Watered Sprinkler”. The films of the Lumière brothers were “pictures of life” on a wide variety of topics. So, at the very beginning, cinema was divided into two types: documentaries and fiction films.
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The Lumière brothers' cinematography, marking the birth of cinema, included a camera, a printing device and a projector.
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Already in 1896, he found a way to create the first special effects based on freeze-frame, time-lapse photography, double and multiple exposures, fast and slow film advance, laminating and other techniques.
In 1897, Méliès founded his own studio, Star Film
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In 1895, Jean Méliès attended one of the first film shows of the Lumière brothers and immediately became an ardent fan of cinema. Having failed to buy the camera-projector they had designed from the Lumières, Méliès found the opportunity to purchase a similar device made in England and began to actively experiment. The plot began to be built no longer sequentially - the action was transferred from one place to another. This is how parallel editing arose. The usual literary device “and at this time...” was implemented on the screen. It became possible to make the thoughts, memories, and feelings of the characters visible and tangible. Charles Spencer Chaplin became the favorite actor of millions of people.
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In the early period of cinema, sound films were tried to be created in many countries, but they faced two sets of problems.
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Already in 1926, Warner Brothers released several sound films, consisting mainly of musical numbers, but they were not particularly successful with audiences. Success came only with the film “The Jazz Singer,” in which, in addition to Al Jolson’s musical numbers, his short lines were also present. October 6, 1927, the day of the premiere of The Jazz Singer, is considered to be the birthday of sound cinema.
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Cinema, almost from its birth, has been trying to add color to its arsenal of media. The first surviving color film was the short film The Dance of Loie Fuller. It was shot in black and white in 1894 by director Alva, and hand-colored in 1895 or 1896 (each quad was painted with a brush).
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The first commercially successful color film, A Trip to the Moon, directed by Georges Méliès in 1902, was also hand-colored.
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In 1899, photographer Edward Raymond Turner patented the color film process. Using Turner technology, each frame was shot through one of three special filters of red, green and blue.
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British Kinemacolor technology
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invented in 1906, was the world's first commercially successful color film system. The technology was invented by Englishman George Albert Smith. However, compared to hand-colored films, it had a disadvantage: all colors were created by mixing not three, but only two primary colors: red-orange and blue-green.
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The situation was corrected after the invention of a three-color single-camera version of the Technicolor technology. This technique was first used by Walt Disney in the cartoon Flowers and Trees in 1932. The first "full color" live-action Technicolor short film, La Cucaracha, was released in 1934.
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The first full-length color film, Becky Sharp, was released in 1935, this year is generally considered to be the year of the appearance of color cinema.
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Another legendary film that was painted using the Technicolor system is still known today - the romantic melodrama “Gone with the Wind” (1939). The world's first full-length color film, shot using three-film technicolor technology. This film created a real sensation all over the world, and after it, directors from different countries created many more films. Technicolor was an expensive and quite complex technology that required reworking of movie cameras. However, it was this system that became the basis for the formation and further development of color cinema.
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: Currently,
in
order to create a truly spectacular and exciting movie, you need to spend a lot of money. Despite the fact that such exciting films are released almost every year, the most expensive among them remains “Titanic” directed by James Cameron.
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Filming the story of the disaster of the last century cost more than $200 million. It took less money to build the Titanic itself than to make a film about it. Part of the amount was spent on the work of stuntmen. Everything that the viewer sees on the screen was actually staged and played with minimal use of computer graphics.
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The most difficult scene for the stuntmen was the one in which the ship breaks into two parts and the passengers fly into the water. A tanker holding 77 million tons of water was used to create this moment. A ship depicting the Titanic was placed in it. In the story, the main male character of the film, Jack, makes a living by drawing people. All of his sketches that were shown on screen were done by Cameron himself. He also created the famous drawing depicting Rose. But the work had to be shown in a mirror image, because the director is left-handed.
Ved 2: How did Russian cinema appear?
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Despite the fact that the history of Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries consists almost entirely of difficult events for the people, such as wars and the revolution being prepared in the state, they also did not forget about art. The empire did not lag behind in the development of a new genre - cinema.
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The first picture was released in 1908. If you read interesting facts about Russian cinema, you might be surprised by the theme chosen for the very first film. It was a story about Stenka Razin, the famous rebel, whose name remained forbidden for a long time. This seems especially interesting against the backdrop of unfolding revolutionary actions.
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The official history of Soviet cinema began on August 27, 1919, when the Soviet People's Committee decided to nationalize cinema in Soviet Russia. This very day is celebrated today as Russian Cinema Day.
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In 1924, the first Soviet science fiction film called “Aelita” was released. A year later, the film “Battleship Potemkin” directed by Sergei Eisenstein was released, which today is considered the most significant film in the entire history of Soviet cinema.
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The film has been included more than once in various lists of the best films in the world compiled by reputable film critics and publications. It was in this painting that the flag was hand-painted in color for the first time in Russia.
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At the end of the 30s, the first movie cameras of the three-color single-camera system “TsKS-1” were manufactured in the USSR. The first full-length film using this technology, “Ivan Nikulin - Russian Sailor,” was released only in 1944 because of the war.
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The first color film shot on multilayer color film was a film about the 1945 Victory Parade under the direction of N.V. Solovyova.
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Soviet films have been nominated more than once for the world Oscar in the category “Best Foreign Language Film”.
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The following films won: “War and Peace” by Sergei Bondarchuk (1968), “Dersu-Uzala” (a joint film between Japan and the USSR) directed by Akira Kurosawa (1975), as well as Vladimir Menshov’s film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” (1981).
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It should be noted the outstanding director Stanislav Rostotsky, whose films were twice nominated for Oscars (“The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” (1972) and “White Bim Black Ear” (1978). In 1943, the film “The Defeat of German Troops near Moscow” received Oscar Award for Best Documentary Feature.
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It’s not just Western countries that are willing to spend money to make a good film. The most expensive is considered to be the four-part film adaptation of L. Tolstoy’s novel of the same name “War and Peace.” Interesting facts about the movie include information that filming cost $100 million. Even by the standards of our time, the amount is huge.
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Despite all these merits, in 1970 Soviet cinema found itself in failure. In 1977, the profitability of distribution and film production became negative. To overcome this “crisis,” several films of the “mass” genre were released.
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In 1979, the first Soviet action movie “Pirates of the 20th Century” appeared. Interesting facts about cinema are sometimes surprising. Like, for example, the fact that after the release of this picture, many Soviet boys and girls became interested in karate. It was in this tape that they first saw this type of martial art. And many people watched “Pirates”. For a long time, the film remained the record holder for the number of spectators in the cinema.
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A year later, the first Soviet disaster film “Crew” appeared, which amazed and fell in love with many viewers. Its peculiarity is that it is two-part. The first part of the story is a domestic melodrama. The second is a disaster movie.
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The longest Soviet series is the epic television series-drama “Eternal Call” based on the novel of the same name by Anatoly Ivanov. The film was shown in several stages - from 1973 to 1983.
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Last year the art of cinema turned 120 years old. There is no state today where they have not been created. Cinema is deeply ingrained in people's lives. Cinema plays both an educational and entertaining role.
Teacher
