Summary of a lesson in the Russian language on the topic “Formation of words using suffixes.”

Why do you need to know word formation?

The main benefit is that knowing the meanings of prefixes and suffixes significantly increases the number of words you recognize when reading and listening (especially when reading). In other words, passive vocabulary increases.

Take, for example, the verb to use - to use. With the help of suffixes it is formed from:

• Adjective useful – useful.
• The adjective useless is useless.
• Noun usage - use.

Understanding the meaning of the suffixes -ful, -less, -age, you will easily understand all three words formed from to use , even if you did not know their meaning.

• -ful and -less indicate the presence or absence of quality: from the word care (care) careful - careful, careless - carefree.
• -age forms nouns from verbs: leak (leak) – leakage (leakage), pass (pass) – passage (passage).

The effect will be especially noticeable when reading, because in the text suffixes and prefixes are easily noticeable, but in oral speech they can simply not be made out. In general, understanding oral speech differs from understanding text in that for listening comprehension it is not enough to know words and grammar - you need to have a developed, trained skill in listening comprehension. It is developed separately through listening, i.e. listening to live speech, watching films, TV series.

Recommended article: How to find out your vocabulary?

Why passive vocabulary, why not active? Prefixes and suffixes are good semantic clues, but the English vocabulary is structured in such a way (like Russian) that not every word can be attached with any affix.

A striking example is the prefixes in- and un- , which have the meaning of negation: able - capable, unable - incapable, stable - stable, instable - unstable. The prefixes are completely the same in meaning, but when you need to “prefix” which one you need to remember. When reading, you will easily understand the meaning of words with in\un- , but in speech you may make mistakes.

However, it's not that scary. I am sure that you will be understood if you say inable and unstable by mixing up the prefixes. Speaking Russian, we still make such mistakes!

Forming words using both suffix and prefix

Often a unit of speech is obtained with the participation of a prefix. That's what they call the attachment. But much more often people use the prefix-suffix method. Examples of words obtained with the participation of both suffixes and prefixes together can be considered in relation to the same root “laughter”.

- By adding the prefix na- and the suffix -k- (we don’t take the ending into account), we get a new word - “mockery”, which already means an offensive or ironic statement, joke, mockery or action. This is often used to describe a facial expression (muzzle) or gaze. Example: “Meanwhile, Vaska the cat looked with mockery at the stupid mouse darting from corner to corner.” The new word appeared thanks to the prefix na- and the suffix -k-. This unit of language has a completely different semantic meaning. From a person’s involuntary physical reaction to humor or tickling, by moving the muscles of the face and producing certain sounds, a deliberate offensive action or phrase was created.

— When adding the prefix u- and the suffix -k-, laughter turns into a grin, which means a short, light smile, sometimes with an ironic or even bitter tinge. “I didn’t like my pet’s grin: he thinks too much of himself.”

- Using several suffixes at the same time, such as: -nu-, -t- and -sya, as well as the prefix u-, you can get another part of speech - the verb “grin”, which means “to put a grin on your face.” “When I discovered cats in the kitchen, brazenly eating my catch, I could only smile bitterly.”

How to study word formation in English

Prefixes and suffixes (together they are called “affixes”) are not the case when you need to sit down with textbooks, cram the rules, and do exercises one after another. It is quite enough to simply familiarize yourself with the meaning of the main prefixes and suffixes and look at examples.

The tables and mind maps (images-summaries) below will help you with this. The tables reveal the meaning of prefixes and suffixes (as far as possible), examples of words, and mind maps are a kind of summary, a cheat sheet made on the basis of the tables.

After looking through the materials, you will notice that many affixes are similar to Russian ones and even have similar meanings. It’s not surprising, since they came to English, Russian and other languages ​​from Latin and Greek, especially for affixes with a scientific connotation: deactivate , antivirus , counterbalance , idealism . Thanks to these preserved connections between languages, word formation in English is given without any special problems.

As in the case of vocabulary and grammar, knowledge is thoroughly and reliably consolidated only with practice in reading, listening, writing, speaking. Read more about all aspects of language learning in the chapter “Language Formula” in my book “How to Learn English”.

Abstract of the Russian language in 4th grade on the topic “Formation of words using suffixes”

Construct of a Russian language lesson in 4th grade.

Subject:

“Repetition and systematization of the main spellings of the root. Forming words using suffixes"

Target:

strengthening students’ skills to form new words using suffixes

Tasks:

Educational: to consolidate through exercises of different levels the students’ ability to form new words using the suffixes -ok-, -ik-, -chik-, -onk-, -yonok-, -enk, -ishch.

Developmental: skills to analyze, compare, compare, highlight the main thing, development of attention, memory, thinking, speech; expand students' horizons and vocabulary.

Educational: cultivate a respectful attitude towards classmates’ answers

Equipment:

textbook “Russian language grade 4, author L.F. Klimanova,” posters, task cards, electronic material.

During the classes

1.Organizational moment

Greetings. Psychological mood for the lesson.

2. A minute of penmanship

. They sit down correctly when counted. Spelling the word rose. Characteristics of this word (work of students on duty)

3. Updating knowledge.

A group of words is written on the board (city, town, suburb, burn, urban). Which word is the odd one out in this group? Why? (burn, it is not the same root as data)

What words are called cognates? (relatives that share a root part)

What is a root? (the main part of the word). The root sign is posted on the board.

Write down these words, highlight the root.

What have we repeated now? (ability to identify words with the same root, highlight the root)

Which part of a word is used to form new words? (prefix) the designation of the prefix is ​​posted on the board.

Where is the console located? (before the root). Find the word with the prefix in this group of words (suburb). What meaning does this prefix give to the word (near, near the city)

Let's complete the following task on cards. (Group 1 to form words using prefixes, group 2 to highlight the prefix in words). Check with the board (arrive, drive in, leave, move in, drive away, drive up, add, write down, write out, write in, write out, sign).

What part of the word was repeated? (prefix)

3.Self-determination for activity.

What other part of the word is used to form new words? (suffix) a graphic designation is posted on the board.

What is our goal? (learn to form words using suffixes)

To learn how to form words using a suffix, we will formulate a working algorithm.

Where is the suffix in the word? (after the root). If we determine the root, can we determine the suffix? (Yes)

This means that the first step will be to identify the root in the word.

To form a new word using a suffix, what needs to be done? (match the suffix to the root) this will be stage 2. And lastly, if a suffix forms new words, can it change the meaning of that word? (yes) that is, we can say that suffixes have different meanings. Stage 3: choose a suffix based on its meaning.

4.Work on the topic of the lesson

And so we determined the algorithm for forming new words using a suffix. Let's start with the first stage. Do you need to remember how to determine the root in words? (choose words with the same root). We work on cards (group 1 highlights the root in words, group 2 highlights the root in words in which other parts have already been highlighted: prefix, suffix). Mutual check: exchange cards with your desk neighbor and check with a red pencil.

What skill have we developed? (highlight the root in the words). Why did we do this? To select a suffix for the correctly selected root.

Now I suggest you work in pairs. To do this, group 1 will open the textbook on p. 100 exercise 165 (they form words using the suffixes –enk, -yonok, -ik), and group 2 works on cards (they form words using the same suffixes. Molod+enk+iy = young , duck+yonk= duckling, white+yonk= little white, tiger+yonok= tiger cub, house+ik= house). After completing the work, the children check.

What were we doing now? (formed new words using a suffix)

5. Physical minute. (electronic application)

6. Consolidation of the studied material.

What is the third stage of work? (select the suffix taking into account its meaning)

I suggest you play the game. The first group will increase the characteristics of the word, and the second will decrease them. The suffixes will help you with this: -ish, -enk, -ik, -ok. are formed from words (leg, arm, mustache, eye, wind). Slide check.

What conclusion can be drawn from this work? (suffixes can give different meanings to words)

Lesson summary.

Remember the purpose of our lesson. Have we achieved it?

Reflection.

Continue the expression from the slide.

I taught myself...

I'm having difficulty with...

For the lesson I would like to thank...

Homework.

1 group with 100 exercise 167, 2 group page 100 exercise 168

Methods of word formation in English

There are different approaches to the classification of word formation methods; in Russian-language literature, two main methods are usually distinguished: word composition and word production .

Word production, in turn, is of four types: conversion, change of stress, alternation of sounds and affixation (prefixes and suffixes).

Compounding

Compounding is the combining of two words or stems into one word. The resulting words are written together or with a hyphen. The Russian language also has such a method and, by the way, the word “composition” itself is formed by compounding.

Verbs, nouns (most often), adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns are formed by compounding words.

• Verbs : to blackmail (blackmail), to broadcast (transmit over the radio).
• Nouns : girlfriend (friend), handbook (directory), newspaper (newspaper).
• Adjectives : dark-blue (dark blue), kind-hearted (kind-hearted).
• Adverbs : nowhere (nowhere), everywhere (everywhere).
• Pronouns : somebody (someone), everyone (everyone).

Derivation

Word production is the formation of one word from others. This can happen in four ways:

1. Conversion.
2. Changing the place of stress.
3. Alternation of sounds.
4. Affixation.

Conversion

Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another without changing the spelling or sound. It turns out that the word formally remains unchanged, but:

• it turns into another part of speech,
• its meaning changes.

Conversion is a method of word formation characteristic of the English language, thanks to which there are many words in English that do not differ in appearance or sound, but have the meaning of different parts of speech.

For example, nouns and verbs can match:

Or adjectives and verbs:

Changing the place of stress

In this case, the nouns have the same form as the verbs, but they have a different emphasis. Typically, a verb's stress falls on the second syllable, and a noun's stress falls on the first.

Alternation of sounds

In this case, verbs and nouns formed from the same root differ in the alternation of the last consonant sound. Usually it is voiced in a verb, and unvoiced in a noun.

For example:

Affixation

Very often, words are formed by adding prefixes and suffixes (together they are called affixes).

• Prefixes (prefixes) change the meaning of words, but the word itself does not change into another part of speech. Knowing the most common prefixes, you will be able to guess the meaning of words formed with their help, if, of course, you know the source word.
• Suffixes serve to form one part of speech from another. Knowing which suffixes are characteristic of which speech, you will easily understand which part of speech is in front of you, and accordingly this will make it easier to understand the word.

A prefix is ​​a significant part of a word that comes before the root and serves to form new words. For example:

open, think about it

In the word open, the prefix from - stands before the root ~ - kry -, ~ in the word reflect, two prefixes ~ at-, ~ for - ~ stand before the root ~ - dum -.

The prefix is ​​usually found at the beginning of the word, but in words with several roots it can appear in the middle of the word. For example:

Populous. The prefix na - stands in the middle of the word before the root - sat -.

A suffix is ​​a significant part of a word that is located after the root and serves to form new words or forms of words. For example:

circle, puddle, sea

In the word circle the suffix ~ ok - comes after the root ~ - circle -, ~ in the word puddle the suffix ~ its- comes after the root ~– puddles -, ~ in the word sea the suffix sk- comes after the root - mor -

All suffixes are divided into word-forming and form-forming

Word-forming suffixes serve to form new words. For example:

Master + ic → craftswoman

From the word master with the help of the suffix ~ - its - a new word craftswoman is formed.

Formative suffixes serve to form the forms of a word. Formative suffixes are not part of the word stem.

Formative suffixes are of the following types:

• Form-building suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb ~ -ть, -ти . For example:

serve, shine, go

Serve, formative suffix – t , the basis of the word serve -.

Shine, formative suffix - ty , the basis of the word shine -.

Go, formative suffix - ti , word stem and d -.

• Formative suffix of the past tense of verbs ~- l. For example :

came, took a walk

Came, the formative suffix is ​​l , the base of the word is proshe -.

I took a walk, the formative suffix is ​​l , the basis of the word progu..s .

• Form-building suffixes of participles ~ – ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -e-, -im-, -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, enn-, -t- . For example:

radiant, vulnerable

Shining, formative suffix - yushch , the basis of the word this -.

Vulnerable, formative suffix - im , the basis of the word wound -

• Formative suffixes of gerunds ~ –a, -ya, -v, -shi, -vshi . For example:

listening, doing

Listening, the formative suffix –ya, the basis of the word listen -.

Having done, the formative suffix is ​​lice , the base of the word done is

• Form-forming suffixes of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs ~ - ee, -ey, -she, -e, -eysh-, -aysh -. For example:

kinder, greatest

Kinder, the formative suffix is ​​ee , the basis of the word kind is.

The greatest, formative suffix is ​​aish , the basis of the word great is

Let's repeat

A prefix is ​​a significant part of a word that stands before the root and serves to form new words. In words with several roots, the prefix can appear in the middle of the word.

A suffix is ​​a significant part of a word that is located after the root and serves to form new words or forms of words. All suffixes are divided into:

• word-forming - which serve to form new words;
• formative - which serve to form the forms of words. Formative suffixes are not part of the word stem.

Basic formative suffixes:

• suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb -ть, -ти ;
• past tense suffix of verbs - l;
• participle suffixes – ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -eat-, -im-, -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, enn-, -t- ;
• suffixes of gerunds –a, -ya, -v, -shi, -louse ;
• suffixes of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs - her, -ey, -she, -e, -eysh-, -aysh -.

Prefixes in English

Prefixes can be divided into two groups: negative and all others . The most common negative prefixes are: un-, in-, dis-. There are no rules governing which of these prefixes is used to give a negative meaning to a word.

However, if we talk about passive vocabulary, about understanding text or speech, then this is not so important: if a word has one of the negative prefixes, then its meaning has been changed to negative or the opposite. The tables below give examples of words with these prefixes.

Prefix un-

Also un- is attached to verbs to express the opposite action.

Prefix in-

There are no rules governing when un- and when in- is used , although the meaning of these prefixes is the same. The important difference is that in- is NOT used in verbs.

Examples:

Recommended article: How to find out your vocabulary?

The prefix in is modified in some cases:

• before l turns into il-
• before r becomes ir-
• before m and p turns into im-

Prefix dis-

Dis- can express negation or the opposite action.

Negation:

Opposite action:

Other negative prefixes

Among other negative prefixes, there are many of international, Latin and Greek origin, which are also found in the Russian language.

• a\ab – (without-, non-, a-): abnormal – abnormal, amoral – immoral.
• anti- (anti-, anti-): antivirus - antivirus, antibiotic - antibiotic.
• counter- (counter-, anti-): counterstrike - counterstrike, counter-clockwise - counterclockwise.
• de- (deprive, delete): decode - decode, deformation - disbandment.
• non- (negation, absence): non-stop - non-stop, non-alcoholic - non-alcoholic.

Prefixes with different meanings

Notes:

• In modern English there are words with inseparable prefixes, they include the prefixes listed in the table above, but by separating them, we do not get an independent word. For example: reduce (reduce), discuss (discuss), prepare (cook). In fact, these consoles are no longer consoles at all. Once upon a time they grew attached to the roots of words, now unused and modified, and gradually they themselves became part of the root of the word. For example, in the word prepare (cook), pre is no longer a prefix, but part of the root of the word.
• “ex” is used - it exactly corresponds to our “ex, former” and has the meaning “ex-husband\boyfriend, ex-wife\girlfriend”: My ex texted me - My ex wrote me an SMS.

Suffixes in English

Suffixes are indicators of parts of speech in the English language; accordingly, they can be divided into three groups: suffixes of nouns, adjectives and verbs. There is not much to say about adverbs; in most cases they are formed using only one suffix -ly (quick – quickly), there is a small note about them at the end of the article.

Noun suffixes

With the help of suffixes, nouns denoting persons and abstract nouns denoting broad or general concepts are formed.

Nouns denoting persons

Abstract nouns

Adjective suffixes

Noun suffixes

Noun suffixes are also divided into groups.

1. Suffixes, which can be formed not only from nouns, but also from adjectives and even verbs. For example: “groom horse”.

2. Suffixes that form nouns from nouns. In this case, the word also receives a special emotional connotation: rudeness, love, kindness, friendliness. For example: “gnome-gnome”.

formed from a noun in the Russian language are table:

Words with the suffix -ushk-, -chik-, -echk- and others show a loving, tender attitude towards a particular object, person. Therefore, they are especially important.

Words with the suffix -ik- denote affiliation, a territorial region.

Words with the suffix -en'k are based on the evaluation of something, for example, cute. It is also important to note that words with the suffix -enk-form forms, not new words.