History lesson in 11th grade, Topic: Lessons from the Civil War of 1917-1922
The Civil War is the most terrible page in the history of Russia; before it, we experienced it back in the 17th century. Topic: Lessons from the Civil War of 1917-1922
Purpose of the lesson: to form the idea that the civil war became a national tragedy of the people.
Lesson objectives:
- Students must understand the complexity of the historical approach to studying events and assessing the causes and events of the Civil War.
- Students should gain knowledge of the causes of the Civil War and the main stages; as a result of working with the map, present a general picture of military operations.
- Based on sources, students must evaluate the Red and White Terror.
- Correcting the attention and cognitive interest of students, developing the ability to highlight the main thing, evaluate historical events;
- Cultivating a respectful attitude towards the history of one’s country, tolerance towards other peoples and ethnic groups.
Equipment:
- Map “Civil War in Russia: 1918-1920”;
- A selection of books on the topic of the lesson;
- Documents from the Civil War from the textbook by A.A. Levandovsky “Russia. 20th century";
- Posters with texts.
Technologies used: health-saving technologies, problem-based learning, interactive method (work in groups), inclusion with students with disabilities.
Lesson type: learning new material.
During the classes
Teacher. Guys, in today's lesson we must try to develop our own point of view on one of the most tragic events in Russian history - the civil war. War in itself is terrible, and even more so if it is a civil war. One country, but each side saw its own Russia.
Historians still argue about the start of the Civil War. For example, Polyakov believes that the civil war began in February–March 1917, after the fall of the monarchy in Russia; Danilov and Kosulina believe that the civil war began in Russia in October 1917 with the Bolsheviks coming to power; Dmitrienko believes that the civil war in Russia began in May 1918. By this time, the main centers of the anti-Bolshevik movement had formed.
Students: A terrible tragedy, called the civil war, painted the citizens of Russia in two colors: red and white. A terrible abyss lay between son and father, brother went against brother. Here's how Marina Tsvetaeva wrote about it:
Like the right and left hand, Your soul is close to my soul, We are adjacent blissfully and warmly, Like the right and left wing. But the whirlwind passed, and an abyss stretched from the right to the left wing.
Look with what pain and accuracy M. Tsvetaeva describes Russia in the civil war.
Teacher: so, let's turn to the facts. Stages of the Civil War: 1. October 1917–May 1918; 2. May–November 1918; 3. November 1918–February 1919; 4. March 1919 – spring 1920; 5. May 1920 - November 1920; 6. 1921-1922 - expulsion from the territory of the Russian Far East of the remnants of white formations and foreign (Japanese) military units.
Students: write down the stages of the Civil War in a notebook.
The teacher offers students in 5 minutes. read the text of the paragraph and highlight the causes of the Civil War. A civil war is a clash of various forces (military, political, social) within one state. The intervention of a foreign state in the internal affairs of another is called intervention. The Brest-Litovsk Treaty (for some it became an opportunity to defend revolutionary gains, for others it was a disgrace), tough internal policies (“expropriation of expropriators”, persecution and suppression of the propertied sections of society), the Red Terror, manifested in extremely harsh forms, became the causes of the Civil War. Modern researcher V.P. Buldakov about
Students: answers: 1. Forcible removal of the Provisional Government; 2. The Bolsheviks’ rejection of the idea of a homogeneous government and the principles of parliamentarism. 3. Economic policy of the Bolsheviks. 4. Conclusion of a separate Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty.
Teacher: Let's compare the slogans of the Reds (“Long live the world revolution!” “Death to world capital!”, “Peace to huts, war to palaces!”) and Whites
(“We will die for the Motherland!”, “Fatherland or death!”, “Better death than the death of Russia!”, “United and indivisible Russia!”
– Based on these slogans, formulate the goals of the warring parties.
– Explain which categories of the population supported the slogans of the Reds and which supported the Whites and why.
Students: Participants in the White movement (former soldiers of the tsarist army) considered it necessary to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks, convene a Constituent Assembly, protect private property, and restore “a single and indivisible structure of the state within the territories of the Russian Empire.” The leaders of the movement (A.I. Denikin, A.V. Kolchak, N.N. Yudenich) understood that there was clearly not enough strength to overthrow the Bolshevik regime, so they hoped for the help of interventionists. A special force in the Civil War were peasants who opposed the policies of war communism. In 1918-1919 There was a wave of peasant uprisings. The Greens (for example, N. Makhno) opposed both the Reds and the Whites.
Students are asked to fill out a table based on the text and map of the textbook (it is completed over the course of two lessons). Period Events October 1917 - spring 1918 Spring - summer 1918 Summer - autumn 1918 December 1918 - June 1919 Second half of 1919 - autumn 1920 End of 1920-1922
Chronicle of the main events in 1918. March - English landing in Murmansk. April - Japanese landing in Vladivostok and American landing in Murmansk. April 10-13 - storming of Yekaterinodar by the Volunteer Army, death of L. G. Kornilov. May - the beginning of the mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps, consisting of former prisoners of war, along the entire Trans-Siberian Railway. June 8 – creation of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) in Samara. June 13 - creation of the Eastern Front, appointment of S. S. Kamenev as commander. June 23 – creation of the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik Provisional Siberian Government in Omsk. July - the offensive of the troops of Ataman P. N. Krasnov on Tsaritsyn. August – landing of Entente troops in Arkhangelsk. September 10 - offensive of the Red Army on the Eastern Front, capture of Kazan, September 12 - Simbirsk. September 18 – the establishment of the Kolchak dictatorship in Omsk.
The students' attention is drawn to the map prepared in advance by the teacher. The teacher explains the term “democratic revolution” to the students, and the students write it down in their notebooks. Students are asked to determine the goals of one of the “democratic governments” - the Ufa Directory based on the text of the textbook. The teacher talks about red and white terror as methods of action of the reds and whites, which influenced the psychological state of society and its perception of power. Students' attention is drawn to the documents.
Work in groups of students.
Parsing documents.
Group 1: From the order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs on hostages (September 4, 1918)
...The murder of Volodarsky, the murder of Uritsky, the attempted murder and wounding of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, massacres by tens of thousands of our comrades in Finland, Ukraine and, finally, on the Don and in Czechoslavia, constantly discovered conspiracies in the rear of our armies, open recognition right-wing Social Revolutionaries and other counter-revolutionary bastards in these conspiracies and at the same time the extremely insignificant number of serious repressions and mass executions of White Guards and the bourgeoisie by the Soviets shows that, despite the constant words about mass terror against the Social Revolutionaries, White Guards and the bourgeoisie, this terror in reality no. This situation must be decisively ended. Laxity and philandering must be put to an immediate end. All right-wing Social Revolutionaries known to the local Soviets must be immediately arrested. Significant numbers of hostages must be taken from the bourgeoisie and officers. At the slightest attempt at resistance or the slightest movement among the White Guards, mass execution must be unconditionally applied. Local provincial executive committees must show special initiative in this direction... Not the slightest hesitation, not the slightest indecision in the use of mass terror...
Group 2: From the appeal of the Cheka and representatives of regional Chekas to the workers of the Republic to respond to the wounding of V.I. Lenin by intensifying the fight against counter-revolutionaries (September 3, 1918)
Comrade workers and citizens! The counter-revolution is raising its head. The insolent bourgeoisie, together with the accomplices of capital, is trying to wrest the leaders of the workers' and peasants' cause from your ranks. The criminal hand of a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, directed by the Anglo-French, dared to shoot at the leader of the working class. This shot was directed not only against Comrade Lenin, but also against the working class as a whole. The blow directed against you, the workers and citizens, must defeat your enemies. At this difficult moment, you must rally your ranks and crush the hydra of counter-revolution with united pressure. Let the enemies of the working class remember that anyone arrested with a weapon in their hands, without the appropriate permits and identity cards, is subject to immediate execution, anyone who dares to agitate against Soviet power will be immediately arrested and sent to concentration camps. Representatives of the bourgeoisie must feel the heavy hand of the working class.
Questions for documents: 1. What do you think was the purpose of the Red Terror? 2. Do you think the policy of terror was a necessary measure in the activities of the Bolsheviks? When determining the essence of terror as a phenomenon and its place in the politics of the Reds, the teacher can cite the opinion of the scientist V.P. Buldakov and invite students to comment on it, confirming or disproving it with facts: “Researchers, as a rule, do not notice that since the time of the food detachment epic, the Red Terror began acquire the character of socially provocative actions of the Bolshevik state. For the Bolsheviks, terror was first a means of inciting the so-called class struggle, and then turned into a form of establishing a special kind of statehood... It is believed that the unleashing of the Red Terror is associated with the assassination attempt on Lenin. In fact, the Bolsheviks had been waiting for a long time to find a suitable opportunity to renounce their (formally and not unconditionally) declared rejection of the death penalty... Assessing the terror from the standpoint of establishing a new statehood, it becomes clear that the reprisals against the Tambov peasants and Kronstadt sailors looked more “convincing” against the backdrop of mass executions of Wrangel’s officers in Crimea (who were initially pardoned), not to mention the previous epic of “decossackization.” The government, in order to overcome the turmoil, should not spare anyone, otherwise it will not be able to establish itself.”
1. Speaking about white terror, the teacher cites excerpts from letters from people during the Civil War era as illustrations. Here is one letter written on July 14, 1919: “Now I’ve seen enough of what the whites are doing in the Vyatka province, they left one horse in 30 houses, otherwise they took everything. The workers were shot and the corpses were burned at the stake. The peasants there pay high taxes, and the poor are charged 1,000 rubles. The whites stabbed to death more than 300 people, not counting women and children; those whose son served, their entire family were slaughtered. Where the Reds were buried, they dug them out, doused them with gasoline and burned them.” One of the pages in the history of terror during the Civil War was the extermination of members of the imperial house. On July 13, 1918, Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II, was killed; on July 17, 1918, in Yekaterinburg, in the house of engineer Ipatiev, Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, heir to the throne Alexey, daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia and four servants.
Questions for students: 1. What motivated the Bolsheviks when they gave the order to destroy the royal family? 2. Did they achieve their goal?
Next, using a map, the teacher introduces students to the development of events on the fronts of the Civil War in 1919 - March 1920.
Chronicle of major events
January 1919 - agreement between generals A.I. Denikin and P.N. Krasnov on the creation of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia.
March 1919 - offensive of the troops of A.V. Kolchak.
April 1919 – counter-offensive of the Red Army on the Eastern Front.
May-June 1919 – N.N. Yudenich’s attack on Petrograd.
May-August 1919 – A.I. Denikin’s attack on Moscow (capture of Kursk, Orel). October 1919 - counter-offensive of the Red Army against the troops of A.I. Denikin (capture of Kursk, Kharkov, Kyiv).
October-November 1919 – N.N. Yudenich’s second attack on Petrograd.
September 14, 1919 - capture of Omsk by Soviet troops.
January 1920 - evacuation of American troops in the Far East.
January-April 1920 - offensive of the Red Army on the Southern Front (capture of Tsaritsyn, Rostov-on-Don).
March 1920 - A. I. Denikin transferred command to P. N. Wrangel.
Students write down the definition of “intervention” in their notebooks. The teacher invites students to determine the reasons for the intervention: 1) the desire to repay the tsar’s debts (which the Soviet government refused to pay); 2) nationalization of banks and enterprises (foreign entrepreneurs invested large amounts of capital in the Russian economy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries); 3) the desire of capitalist states to restore the tsarist regime; 4) an attempt to seize territories with rich natural resources.
When determining the reasons and goals of the intervention, students' attention is drawn to the document.
From the materials of the High Command of the Entente armies (February 17, 1919) ...III. Action Plan The restoration of the regime of order in Russia is a purely national matter, which must be carried out by the Russian people themselves. However, we must give him the means for this and help his healthy elements: support them by encircling the Bolshevik armies; provide them with our material and moral support. The encirclement of Bolshevism, begun from the north, east and south, should be complemented by: In the southeast, actions taken from the Caspian Sea region to ensure the effective closure of the two main groupings of national forces (the armies of Denikin - Krasnov and the Ural Army). In the west, through the restoration of Poland, capable of militarily defending its existence. Eventually, through the occupation of Petrograd and, in any case, through the blockade of the Baltic Sea. The immediate support to be given to the Russian national forces consists, among other things, in the supply of the necessary material resources, in the creation of a base where these forces could continue their organization and from where they could then begin their offensive operations. In this regard, the need to occupy Ukraine arises. The actions of the Entente should, therefore, be aimed mainly at the implementation of: the complete encirclement of Bolshevism, the occupation of Ukraine, the organization of Russian forces. V. Conclusion ...For the Entente powers there is a vital need to overthrow it [the Soviet government] as quickly as possible, and a duty of solidarity arises to carry out joint efforts for this purpose. In carrying out the plan of action which they must approve, the participation of each of them may be determined as follows: England - action in northern Russia and the Baltic Sea region; – participation in the intervention in Poland; - actions in southeastern Russia in order to unite Siberian forces with the armies of Denikin and Krasnov... United States - actions in Poland... France - actions in Siberia and Ukraine; - organization of the Polish army. Italy - participation in actions in Ukraine...
Next, using a map, the teacher introduces students to the course of military operations in 1920.
Chronicle of main events:
April 25 – October 12, 1920 – war with Poland.
October 12, 1920 – Riga Peace Treaty with Poland.
October 28 - September 17 - offensive of the Red Army against Wrangel's troops, evacuation of White Guard troops from Crimea.
Physical education minute
Oh, how long it took us to write, The guys’ eyes were tired. - Blink your eyes Look out the window, - Look out the window and in the other direction Oh, how high the sun is. - Look up We'll close our eyes now, - Close our eyes with our palms In the classroom we'll build a rainbow, We'll go up the rainbow, - Look with our eyes in an arc to the right, turn to the left, - Roll our eyes right and left And then we'll slide down, - Look down Squint hard, but hold on. – Close your eyes, open them and blink
By telling students about the end of the Civil War, students draw conclusions and note its significance for the history of Russia.
In the history of the country, the Civil War was one of the greatest tragedies. It claimed millions of human lives and destroyed the lives of millions of people. In difficult times for the country, the Bolsheviks managed to strengthen the army, adopt a number of important political documents aimed at reducing social tension in the countryside; prevented the collapse of the country and contributed to the establishment of Soviet power on the national outskirts. Bolshevik propaganda, strict discipline in the RCP(b), and V.I. Lenin’s quick response to the changing political situation in the country contributed to the retention and strengthening of the Bolsheviks’ power. The lack of unity in the White movement, the slogan of a united and indivisible Russia, and the support of the White Guard armies by the Entente led to a decline in the authority of the White generals.
Modern scientist A. A. Iskenderov determines the reasons for the Bolshevik victory as follows: “The population increasingly identified the leaders of the White movement not with the future of Russia, but with its past, from which it was moving away. The commanders of the Red Army... had a much better understanding of the internal political situation, the balance of power, the mood that reigned in society... A serious miscalculation of the White movement can be considered the fact that it was never able to rally around a single leader. Disunity, mutual suspicion and distrust of each other were as characteristic of the White movement as the hidden hostility within the movement itself.” The victory of the Bolsheviks stabilized the internal situation in the state and determined further development towards the formation of a totalitarian state.
The teacher notes that the Civil War was reflected in the fates of millions of people. The students' attention is drawn to the document. From the memoirs of G.N. Rakovsky I had to spend the night from the 12th to the 13th (from the 25th to the 26th according to the new style) of March on the English pier, near the cement plant in Novorossiysk... It was getting dark. A dull roar came from the city, like the sound of a sea surf. The bell on the English steamship was ringing. Cool, calm Englishmen hurried past, loading warehouses with various property onto ships. What do they care about us? From the early morning of March 13 (March 26, 1920), the roads to the piers were covered with a continuous stream of people and horses. Everyone had anxiety and fear on their faces... Will it be possible to get on the ship? No one was sure of this, since the eagerly awaited ships still had not arrived. Novorossiysk was in agony. The general picture that I observed at about the first hour of the day on the pier at the cement plant will probably never be erased from my memory. Directly in front of the pier there was a huge Hanover, on which the British were loading. A chain of English soldiers guarded the Hanover. With cold-blooded calm, the British watched what was happening on the pier and, despite all sorts of reasons, did not allow anyone but the British to enter the ship... There was an endless crowd near our chains. Everyone is rushing forward. Wives lose husbands. Children who have lost their parents are crying, women are hysterical. Here everyone thinks about one thing: their salvation. On this basis, difficult scenes are played out... With tears in their eyes, the Cossacks unsaddled their horses and drove them between the carriages into the city, where herds of thousands had already been wandering in the morning. Rare shots from English guns from time to time covered the noise and roar of the crowd gathered on the piers. The end of the Novorossiysk tragedy was approaching. The teacher notes that many officers and soldiers of Wrangel’s army emigrated abroad; those who remained, believing the promises of the Red Army command to save the lives of all who surrendered, were soon shot. Those who left their homeland did not lose hope of returning for a long time, but this was not destined to come true. In 2005, the ashes of General A.I. Denikin were transported to Russia. In connection with this event, Russian society started talking about the reconciliation of opponents in the terrible Civil War. The teacher organizes the second option for studying the issue as follows: the class is divided into groups, each of which receives the task, during the discussion, to formulate the reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks and the defeat of the Whites in the Civil War.
Group members discuss the task for 10-15 minutes, then the discussion becomes open. The floor is given to representatives of each group. Students can ask each other questions and correct wording. At the end of the work, you need to write down the conclusions in your notebook - the reasons for the victory of the Reds and the defeat of the Whites. In conclusion, summing up the results of studying the history of the Civil War, the teacher draws attention to the fact that the war became a real tragedy for Russia and had a wide range of consequences. It led to the strengthening of the authoritarian regime of the Bolsheviks, accompanied by massive repressions and cultural transformation. The participants of the White movement who emigrated, all who did not accept the new government, were deprived of their homeland.
Consolidation of material 1. What were the main reasons for the Civil War and intervention? 2. What were the results of the Civil War?
Reflective-evaluative stage
It is advisable to have a conversation with students and find out which questions on the topic caused difficulties and interest, and assess the level of mastery of educational material in the lesson. Students can suggest possible questions for further study and determine ways to complete homework.
Technological map for history (for each student)
| We know | We want to know | Learned |
Homework: § 14, questions and tasks at the end of the paragraph, compiling a syncwine.
Outline of the history of Russia "Civil War" (grade 11)
Lesson topic: “Civil War and Intervention”
Lesson type:
lesson in the formation of new knowledge
Lesson type
: lesson study
Equipment:
Textbook. A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina History of Russia. XX-beginning of XXI century; information cards, multimedia projector, handouts, “Civil War” map.
Lesson objectives:
1) understand the definition of the concepts “civil war”, “intervention”;
2) understand the causes of the civil war, its nature and features, the main stages;
3) understand the organization of the country’s defense, the construction of the armed forces, the content of the policy of “war communism”, the results of the civil war, the sources of the Bolshevik victory in the civil war.
Working with terms
Civil War -
organized armed struggle for power in the state between different social groups.
The peculiarity of the civil war in Russia was its intertwining with foreign intervention.
Intervention –
violent intervention of foreign states in the internal affairs of another with the aim of seizing territory, establishing their dominance, etc.
"War communism" -
the internal policy of the Soviet government during the civil war, an attempt to transition to communist production and distribution.
Nationalization –
transfer of private property to state ownership of large enterprises or entire industries.
Surplus appropriation –
the obligation of peasants to hand over to the state at a fixed price all surplus grain and products.
Teacher. (Introductory word)
The topic of our lesson is devoted to one of the most complex and controversial issues in Russian history, “Civil War”
Our task is to find out the causes of the civil war, by reasoning and analyzing, to find out why the white movement could not become a national movement against Bolshevism.
For ease of use, I suggest you use an information card. I think it will help you logically build a chain of events being studied and systematize our knowledge. The Civil War became one of the most tragic pages of our history. I am not afraid to say that its severe consequences are still having a destructive impact on Russian statehood and society.
During the classes:
Teacher's word:
we are studying the October Revolution. In the last lesson we talked about the formation of Soviet power. Today we will talk to you about what steps the new government has taken to consolidate its position. Analyzing the situation in the country, we will consider what the situation was in our Oskol region and the village of Znamenka during this period. By studying new material, you will learn what difficulties the Soviet government faced. So:
- Checking homework:
1. Date
Second Congress of Soviets: October 26, 1917.
2. What
Lenin proposed to resolve the issues at the 2nd Congress of Soviets?/about peace, about land, about power/.
3. What
meant the Decree of Peace?
/Russia’s exit from the war, a call to the warring countries for peace without annexations and indemnities. Annexation
is the forcible seizure of the territory of another state.
Contributions are
payments imposed by the victorious countries on the countries defeated in the war./
4. What
was there a decree on land? /The land was confiscated free of charge from the landowners and distributed among the peasants free of charge/
5. Why
Did Lenin agree to this?
6. What
proclaimed the Decree on Power? /Power everywhere passes to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies./
7. What
Is this the document “Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia”? /It identified the provisions that determined the national policy of the Soviet government: equality, sovereignty, the right to self-determination, the abolition of national and religious restrictions, the free development of national minorities/
8. Who
and when did you accept this document? /November 2, 1917, Soviet government/
9. What
were other important decisions made by the Soviet government? /the class division of society was eliminated, the rights of women and men were equalized, the church was separated from the state, the RKSM was formed/.
10. What
Should the Constituent Assembly decide the issues? /to approve the documents adopted by the Soviet government/
11. It
did it? /No/
12. What is
the fate of the Constituent Assembly? /On the night of January 6-7, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to dissolve the Constituent Assembly/
13. Which
did the body continue to remain the highest body of people's power?
/Councils of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies/
14. When
Was the first Constitution of Russia adopted? /in 1918/
15. Supreme
authority according to the Constitution: All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
16. A in
between congresses
: All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
/ The highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of Soviet power from 1918 to 1937 /
17. Executive
power:
SNK.
/name of the highest body of executive and administrative power from 1918 to 1946/
Plan:
- Causes of the civil war.
- Stages of the civil war in Russia:
- May–November 1918;
- November 1918 – spring 1919;
- spring 1919 – spring 1920;
- April – November 1920.
- The policy of "war communism".
- The end of the civil war, the reasons for the Bolshevik victory.
1.
Reasons for the outbreak of the civil war in Russia
in March 1918:
- confiscation of landowners' lands;
- nationalization of industry;
- creation of a one-party political system;
- the desire of classes that have lost power and property for revenge.
What was the reason for the intervention?
- The desire to prevent the liquidation of the Eastern Front;
- avoid billions of dollars in losses from property confiscation;
- Bolshevik refusal to pay state debts.
What event started the civil war?
Some historians
They consider it to have begun with the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly.
The Social Revolutionaries, very popular among the people, could not come to terms with this. Others believe
: the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
The Soviet government transferred 45 thousand captured Austo-Hungarian Slavs to Vladivostok for further shipment to France. /by agreement with the Entente. Entente 1904-1907
formed - Great Britain, France and Russia;
Triple Alliance 1882
– Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy/. Someone started a rumor that prisoners were being taken to concentration camps. They were armed, and their trains stretched across almost the whole of Russia. The Socialist Revolutionaries took advantage of this. Objective: overthrow the Bolsheviks, convene the Constituent Assembly.
2. Stages of the civil war in Russia:
On February 23, 1918, the Red Army was formed. The first commander-in-chief of the Red Army from September 1, 1918 to July 9, 1919 was I.I. Vatsetis, then became Sergei Sergeevich Kamenev, a former colonel of the Russian Army, who held the position of chief of the operational department of the army headquarters before the October Revolution.
- May–November 1918;
In the summer of 1918, the Eastern Front was created. It was commanded by I.I. Vatsetis, then S.S. Kamenev
/In May 1918, the mobilization of workers and poor peasants was announced. /based on the relevant government decree/
These are the events of the first stage
the beginning of the civil war.
** November 1918 – spring 1919
- English troops landed in Batumi, Novorossiysk.
French landing in Odessa and Sevastopol. Americans and Japanese in the Far East. But they all relied on the White Guard generals, who received money and weapons from them.
Kolchak seized power in Siberia
, in the north General
Miller
, in the northwest
Yudenich
, in the south
Denikin
.
*** spring 1919 – spring 1920.
Kolchak
approached the Volga, but was stopped by the troops of the Eastern Front /Kamenev/, driven back and finally defeated.
Now Denikin’s most dangerous enemy is in the south.
By early 1920, he had captured Ukraine and was moving towards Moscow. To fight it, the Southern Front was formed under the command of Egorov. After heavy fighting, by the spring of 1920, Denikin’s army was defeated.
Yudenich's attempt
the capture of Petrograd also ended in failure.
**** April – November 1920.
In April 1920, Poland entered the war with Soviet Russia. She was supported by France and England.
The troops of the Western /Tukhachevsky/ and Southwestern Egorov/ fronts were thrown against the Poles.
By November 1920, the civil war was effectively over. Soviet Russia dealt with all its enemies.
The main opposing forces: “red” and “white”;
Supporters of the “reds”
Supporters of the “whites”
Workers Low-income peasantry
Bolsheviks
Landowners, capitalists, merchants Officers Wealthy peasantry Cossacks Representatives of various parties - from right-wing socialists to monarchists.
What are the main ideas of the opposing forces?
Key ideas:
“red"
“
whites”
Defense of the gains of the October Revolution, revival of “great, indivisible Russia”, restoration of a combat-ready army to repel Bolshevism.
There were also “greens”
“What kind of power is this? mainly representatives of the peasantry (deserters of all stripes, Makhnovists, “greens”, Antonov rebels, Kronstadt sailors).
3.The policy of “war communism”.
In January 1918
A decree
introducing a food dictatorship
is adopted Food detachments are sent to the village, whose duty is to confiscate “excess” products from the peasants. To help them, committees of poor people are created in the villages.
Therefore, some researchers consider the beginning of the period of “war communism” to be May 1918, others the beginning of 1919. Because it was at this time that the following actions began, which constituted the essence of “war communism”:
- nationalization of all industry; Nationalization –
transfer of private property to state ownership of large enterprises or entire industries.
- centralization of the economy;
- a system of institutions arises whose duty is to subordinate the entire economy to the needs of the front;
- ban on private trade, curtailment of commodity-money relations, payment in kind for workers and employees; free utilities, travel, waived fees for postal and telegraph operations, telephone, medicines, etc.
- equalization of wages for workers and employees;
- universal labor conscription;
- surplus appropriation The surplus appropriation system was introduced in February 1919 -
the obligation of the peasants to hand over everything to the state at a fixed price - surplus grain and food. The plan was communicated from above - county, volost, village, peasant yard.
This system of measures was called “War Communism” -
internal economic policy of the Soviet government during the civil war, an attempt to transition to communist production and distribution.
4. The end of the civil war, the reasons for the Bolshevik victory.
The end of the civil war is considered to be the defeat of General Wrangel in November 1920.
Reasons for the Reds' victory:
- The creation of a powerful state apparatus by the Bolsheviks, mobilization of the population, terror.
- Agitation and propaganda work among the masses.
- Populist slogans and policies supported by the poor part of the population.
- The industrial base of the country is in the hands of the Bolsheviks.
Why did the white movement fail?
Reasons for the defeat of the “whites”:
- Lack of unity in the ranks of the white movement.
- Lack of social connection between the white movement and the majority of the population.
- Lack of unified command between the white armies and the interventionist troops.
Let us now consider the results of the civil war.
Results of the civil war:
- Power of the Reds (Bolsheviks).
- The Bolsheviks retained Russian sovereignty.
- The damage caused to the national economy exceeded 50 billion gold rubles.
- Production decreased by 7 times, reduction in sown areas
- Human losses amounted to about 13 million people.
- Public consciousness was deformed under the influence of unprecedented cruelty.
- About 2 million people emigrated.
D/z Paragraph 12-13, notes in notebook +
"War communism" and its consequences.
