Presentation on the topic: “Siege of Leningrad.”
Leningrad blockade
- THE BLOCKADE OF LENINGRAD
lasted
from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944
(broken January 18, 1943) - 871 days
The Nazis said that Moscow is the heart of Russia, and Leningrad is its soul. Just as a person cannot live without a soul, so the country will lose its fighting spirit when it loses Leningrad. Therefore, they directed one of the main attacks on this city with the goal of wiping it off the face of the earth.
But the residents courageously defended their city. Men and yesterday's tenth graders became soldiers, the first to create an army of people's militia.
Women dug trenches around the city.
The soldiers installed anti-tank fortifications.
The evacuation of civilians began.
But, despite the heroic resistance of our troops, the Nazis reached the Neva, cutting the railway connecting Leningrad with the country.
The Nazis came so close that they could examine the city through binoculars. They occupied the Pulkovo Heights.
The first fascist bombs were dropped on the city on September 6, 1941. During the blockade, the Nazis dropped more than 107 thousand bombs and 150 thousand shells.
On September 8, 1941, the 900-day siege of Leningrad began.
Bombing and shelling were not the only danger to residents. The most terrible test was hunger. As of September 12, the availability of basic food products was:
bread grain and flour for 35 days;
cereals and pasta for 30 days;
meat and meat products for 33 days;
fats for 45 days;
sugar and confectionery for 60 days.
Products began to be issued using cards. Everything was used as food: sawdust, cake, casein glue.
It was necessary to supply the city in a rather difficult way. They were transported by rail to the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga, then, before navigation ceased, the products were loaded onto barges and delivered by water to a specially built railway line, and then delivered to Leningrad. It was a thin stream that only to a small extent satisfied the needs of Leningraders. With the arrival of winter, the route, called the Road of Life, began to run on ice.
The first to go along it were horse-drawn carts with bread.
And when the ice became thicker, the food was transported by truck. On the way back, weak, exhausted Leningraders were taken out of the city.
Many difficulties awaited the drivers. Day and night, enemy bombers attacked the cargo convoys, and enemy artillery conducted targeted fire. Often the ice cracked and the cars sank.
This is the piece of bread people received during the worst days of hunger, only 125 g!
Many residents could not survive this winter. They died right on the streets, before reaching home, they died in frozen houses, they fell exhausted at their machines.
Tatyana Nikolaevna Savicheva (January 23, 1930 - July 1, 1944) was a schoolgirl who, from the beginning of the siege of Leningrad, began keeping a diary in a notebook. Almost the entire family of Tanya Savicheva died between December 1941 and May 1942. Her diary contains nine pages, six of which contain the dates of death of loved ones - mother, grandmother, sister, brother and two uncles. Tanya herself died during the evacuation in the hospital from exhaustion and hunger. The diary became one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War.
Day after day she wrote down: “Zhenya died on December 28 at 12:30 p.m. 1941. Grandmother died on January 25 at 3 pm 1942. Leka died on March 17 at 5 a.m. 1942. Uncle Lesha - May 10 at 4 pm 1942. Mom - May 13 at 7:30 am 1942. The Savichevs died. Everyone died. There is only Tanya left..."
They managed to evacuate Tanya, but she did not live long and died of exhaustion.
During the entire blockade, about 800 thousand people died of hunger
A man will come home. The windows are sealed with strips of paper crosswise so that the glass does not break from the blast wave. It’s cold because there’s no heating, and there’s no water either, neither hot nor cold.
There is a black plate on the wall - this is a radio, it is constantly on, the beats of the metronome can be heard. An “air raid alert” can be announced at any moment. Stove "potbelly stove". While you heat it, it’s warm, when you stop heating it, it’s cold.
There was also very little firewood.
Bombed houses and furniture were dismantled for fuel...
To get water you had to go to the Neva or to the pumps that were specially installed
on the streets of the city.
I'm pushing a sled up the hill. A little more and it will be over. The water, freezing on the road, became as heavy as lead. How good it is that you are frozen, Holy Neva water! When I slip under the slide on that icy path, You won’t spill out of the bucket, I’ll bring you home.
Even in the terrible conditions of life under siege, when there was not enough food, water, firewood, or warm clothing, the children continued to study. The path to school was dangerous and difficult. After all, shells often exploded on the streets, and we had to walk through snow drifts. It was so cold in the schools that ink froze. The students sat in coats, hats and mittens. My hands were freezing, and the chalk was jumping out of my fingers. The disciples were staggering from hunger.
The city not only survived, it provided the front with tanks and planes. In 900 heroic days, more than 2,000 tanks, 1,500 aircraft, 150 heavy guns, 12,000 mortars and machine guns, 10 million shells and mines.
Women, old people and disabled people worked in factories and factories, because all the men had gone to the front. But there were not enough workers. Then the boys came to the rescue.
Many of them stood on stands to reach the levers of their machines.
The girls did not lag behind the boys. They, together with their mothers and older sisters, collected parcels for the fighters. We knitted mittens and socks. Helped in hospitals. We sorted letters at post offices. Everyone lived with one thought: “Everything for the front - everything for Victory!”
In January 1944, the city was completely liberated from enemies. In honor of the won battle, 24 volleys of ceremonial fireworks were fired over the Neva.
Cool emergency show with a presentation of the BLOCKADE OF LENINGRAD. class hour (1st grade) on the topic
Class hour "Siege of Leningrad"
Target:
Fostering patriotism, a sense of pride for your country, for your people.
Tasks:
- Introduce the children to the concept of blockade;
- To introduce a terrible period in the life of our country on the basis of poetic creativity;
- To awaken in children a sense of compassion and pride for the resilience of their people during the siege of Leningrad and throughout the Great Patriotic War with the help of musical works and poetic literature.
On June 22, 1941, at dawn, the troops of Nazi Germany treacherously, without warning, attacked our Motherland. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the fascist invaders began.
The Nazis said that Moscow is the heart of Russia, and Leningrad is its soul. Just as a person cannot live without a soul, so the country will lose its fighting spirit when it loses Leningrad. Therefore, they directed one of the main attacks on Leningrad with the goal of wiping it off the face of the earth. But the fascists deeply miscalculated. All residents courageously defended their city.
Leningrad! For all people on the planet, this city has become a symbol of perseverance, courage, selfless love for the Motherland, and the amazing fortitude of the Russian people.
The beginning of the war was unsuccessful for us. The enemies were advancing. Their armies marched forward. In August 1941, the city of Leningrad found itself under siege, that is, surrounded by fascist hordes.
Look at the map! The earth is drawn in brown, which means it was captured by the Nazis. A fascist swastika is drawn on the brown ground. And where the Red Army stands, red stars are painted.
In 1941, throwing huge forces into battle, the Nazis reached the immediate approaches to the city and cut off Leningrad from the entire country.
Today we dedicate our class hour to this city and its brave inhabitants.
. The blockade began. The terrible days of Leningrad began.
The Nazis did not stop bombing and shelling Leningrad. They caused damage not only to Leningrad houses. Bombs and shells fell on bridges, broke electrical wires, disabled water supply systems, and destroyed pumping stations.
The water supply system has failed.
Severe frosts hit. The Leningrad water supply system froze, froze, and stopped. A terrible disaster loomed over the city. Factories need water. Hospitals need water. The city was saved by the Neva River. Here, in the Neva ice, holes were cut. Leningraders have been flocking here since the morning. They walked with buckets, with jugs, with cans, with pots, with kettles. They walked in chains, one after another. Old people are here, old women, women, children. The stream of people is endless.
There was no fuel. There was no electricity.
Bridge workers began to repair the bridges. Electrical workers quickly repaired damaged power lines. Plumber workers quickly replaced damaged pipes and quickly restored pumping stations. But the Nazis continued to mercilessly shell Leningrad. They sent shells of enormous power at the city, and everything went out of order again.
Hunger began.
Hunger is decimating Leningraders. There was a food shortage in the city.
Death was walking around Leningrad.
Death entered all houses. Over 650 thousand Leningraders died from hunger.
Bread from besieged Leningrad.
On November 20, 1941, the norm for the distribution of bread in Leningrad reached its minimum: workers were given 250 grams of bread per day, everyone else - 125 grams. 125 grams is a piece of bread the size of a matchbox...and this was the norm for the whole day. It was hard to call it bread.
It was a dark brown sticky mass that tasted bitter. It consisted of 40 percent of various impurities, which included cellulose obtained from wood.
Imagine a bread card - a piece of paper drawn into squares. For five such squares, a daily ration was given out - one hundred and twenty-five grams of bread. 250 grams were given to workers on cards. If lost, the card was not renewed.
The Museum of the History of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) houses a stale loaf of bread, darkened not by time, but dark from its very birth. And you can’t call it a cracker, even though the piece is dry. Regular bread does not dry out as much and does not stale as much.
Starvation decimated people. The whole world knows the story of the family of the Leningrad girl Tanya Savicheva. It was an ordinary large Leningrad family. During the siege, all members of this family died of hunger. This became known from the diary kept by Tanya Savicheva. On the last page of her diary, Tanya wrote: “The Savichevs all died. Tanya is the only one left."
But the city did not give up.
The government did everything to help Leningrad. On November 21, 1941, a road began operating on the thin ice of Lake Ladoga, which Leningraders called the “Road of Life.”
The “Road of Life” saved many Leningraders from starvation. Drivers drove their cars across the ice with their doors open. The Nazis bombed
“The Road of Life,” and the cars fell through the ice along with the drivers. Many drivers died, but no one refused dangerous flights.
The Nazis constantly attacked and shelled Leningrad. From land, from sea, from air. They even threw sea mines at the city. The Nazis thought that hungry, freezing people would quarrel among themselves over a piece of bread, over a log of firewood, would stop defending the city and, in the end, would surrender. But the Nazis miscalculated. People experiencing the blockade have not lost their humanity, trust and respect for each other.
Houses collapsed from shelling.
The besieged city continued to live. Factories and factories operated in Leningrad, theaters and museums operated. During the first winter of the siege, 39 schools operated in the city. Some bomb shelters also became places of study. In terrible conditions, when there was not enough food, water, firewood, heat and clothing, many Leningrad children studied. Many were staggering from hunger and were very sick. It happened that students died - not only at home, on the street on the way to school, but also right in the classroom.
The girl extended her hand
And his head - on the edge of the table.
At first they thought she fell asleep
But it turned out that she died.
People died at the machines. They died on the streets. At night they went to bed and did not wake up.
Leningrad schoolchildren not only studied, but helped adults in any way they could
— Leningrad boys and girls created Timur’s teams and helped adults in the fight against the Nazis.
“They were on duty on the roofs and extinguishing incendiary bombs. They worked in hospitals: they washed floors, fed the wounded, and gave them medicine.
“They went around apartments, helped Leningraders weakened from hunger to buy bread using bread cards, and brought them water from the Neva and firewood.
“At the age of twelve to fifteen they became machine operators, assemblers, and produced ammunition and weapons for the front.
“They dug trenches and worked in the first Leningrad vegetable gardens. But they themselves could barely stand on their feet from hunger.
Leningrad survived. The Nazis didn’t take him. Hundreds of young Leningraders were awarded orders, thousands were awarded medals “For the Defense of Leningrad,” and medals for residents of besieged Leningrad.
On January 27, 1944, the blockade of Leningrad was finally lifted. The city celebrated its liberation.
Monument-ensemble “Broken Ring”.
The “Road of Life” began here.
Leningrad paid a heavy price for its liberation. 650 thousand Leningraders died from hunger. More than 500 thousand soldiers died near Leningrad, defending the city and participating in breaking the blockade.
Piskarevskoe cemetery in Leningrad is a huge memorial monument. In eternal silence, the figure of a grieving woman rose high, high here. There are flowers all around. And like an oath, like pain, the words on granite: “No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten”
Our grief for those who died during the siege is limitless. But it gives birth to strength, not weakness. The power of admiration for the feat of Leningraders. Gratitude to the people who gave their lives in our name.
In the city of Leningrad there is also a place where you can come and honor the memory of those killed during the Great Patriotic War. This is the Eternal Flame - a symbol of memory and sorrow.
