Presentation on physics on the topic: “Galileo Galilei.” physics presentation on the topic
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Presentation by physics teacher of the State Educational Institution “Sanatorium Boarding School of Kalininsk, Saratov Region” Vasylyk Marina Viktorovna Galileo Galilei
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Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had a significant influence on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted Aristotle's speculative metaphysics and laid the foundation of classical mechanics. During his lifetime, he was known as an active supporter of the heliocentric system of the world, which led Galileo to a serious conflict with the Catholic Church.
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Galileo was born in 1564 in the Italian city of Pisa, in the family of a well-born but impoverished nobleman, Vincenzo Galilei, a composer and lutenist. Full name: Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de Galilei. There were six children in the family of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati, but four managed to survive: Galileo (the eldest of the children), daughters Virginia, Livia and the youngest son Michelangelo, who later also gained fame as a composer-lutenist. early years
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Galileo received his primary education at the nearby Vallombrosa monastery. The boy loved to study and became one of the best students in the class. He wanted to become a priest, but his father was against it. From Galileo's writings one can also conclude that he had remarkable literary talent. Little is known about Galileo's childhood. From an early age the boy was attracted to art; Throughout his life he carried with him a love of music and drawing, which he mastered to perfection. In his mature years, the best artists of Florence consulted him on issues of perspective and composition.
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In 1581, 17-year-old Galileo, at the insistence of his father, entered the University of Pisa to study medicine. He also attended lectures on geometry and became very interested in this science. Galileo remained a student for less than three years. Probably during these years he became acquainted with the theory of Copernicus, which in those years was not yet officially prohibited. Astronomical problems were then actively discussed, especially in connection with the calendar reform that had just been carried out. In 1592, Galileo received a position at the prestigious and wealthy University of Padua, where he taught astronomy, mechanics and mathematics. During these years he wrote a treatise called Mechanics, which aroused some interest and was republished in a French translation. In early works, as well as in correspondence, Galileo gave the first sketch of a new general theory of falling bodies and the motion of a pendulum.
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The reason for a new stage in Galileo's scientific research was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler's supernova. This awakens general interest in astronomy, and Galileo gives a series of private lectures. Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructed the first telescope with his own hands and aimed it at the sky.
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What Galileo saw was so amazing that even many years later there were people who refused to believe in his discoveries and claimed that it was an illusion or delusion. Galileo discovered mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way broke up into individual stars, but his contemporaries were especially amazed by the 4 satellites of Jupiter he discovered. They were called the "Galilean satellites."
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Io Europa Ganymede Callisto
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Galileo continued his scientific research in Florence and discovered the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, and then the rotation of the Sun around its axis. Venus
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Galileo's ill-wishers were especially outraged by his propaganda of the heliocentric system of the world, since the rotation of the Earth contradicted the texts of the Psalms and the episode from the Book of Joshua, which talks about the immobility of the Earth and the movement of the Sun. In 1611, Galileo decided to go to Rome, hoping to convince the Pope that Copernicanism was completely compatible with Catholicism. Joshua stops the Sun. Rome officially defines heliocentrism as a dangerous heresy. He was only able to obtain assurances that nothing threatened him personally, but from now on all support for the “Copernican heresy” must be stopped.
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Creation of new mechanics In 1624, Galileo published his Letters to Ingoli. In his consideration, Galileo equates the stars to the Sun, points out the colossal distance to them, and speaks of the infinity of the Universe. In modern terminology, Galileo proclaimed the homogeneity of space (the absence of a center of the world) and the equality of inertial reference systems. If any point in the world can be called its center, then it is the center of revolutions of celestial bodies; and in it, as anyone who understands these issues knows, is the Sun, not the Earth.
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Conflict with the Catholic Church Galileo before the Inquisition. At the end of the first interrogation, the accused was taken into custody. Galileo spent only 18 days in prison
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Soon after the death of his daughter, Galileo completely lost his sight, but continued his scientific research. Galileo's detention regime was no different from prison, and he was constantly threatened with transfer to prison for the slightest violation of the regime. Tito Lassie. Galileo and Viviani
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In 1737, Galileo's ashes, as he had requested, were transferred to the Basilica of Santa Croce, where on March 17 he was solemnly buried next to Michelangelo. Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642, at the age of 78, in his bed. Pope Urban forbade Galileo to be buried in the family crypt of the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence. He was buried in Arcetri without honors; the Pope also did not allow him to erect a monument.
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Galileo studied inertia and free fall of bodies. In particular, he noticed that the acceleration of gravity does not depend on the weight of the body, thus refuting Aristotle's first statement. He quite correctly assumed that the flight of such a body would be a superposition (superposition) of two “simple movements”: uniform horizontal motion by inertia and uniformly accelerated vertical fall. Galileo proved that the indicated body, as well as any body thrown at an angle to the horizon, flies in a parabola. Law of mechanics (law of inertia): in the absence of external forces, the body is either at rest or moving uniformly. Galileo published a study of pendulum oscillations and stated that the period of oscillations did not depend on their amplitude. The periods of oscillation of a pendulum are related as the square roots of its length. In statics, Galileo introduced the fundamental concept of moment of force. Discoveries
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In 1609, Galileo independently built his first telescope with a convex lens and a concave eyepiece. The tube provided approximately threefold magnification. Soon he managed to build a telescope that gave a magnification of 32 times. Note that it was Galileo who introduced the term telescope into science. The Moon, like the Earth, has a complex topography - covered with mountains and craters. Galileo explained the ashen light of the Moon, known since ancient times, as a result of sunlight reflected by the Earth hitting our natural satellite. Galileo also noted the strange “appendages” of Saturn, but the discovery of the ring was prevented by the weakness of the telescope and the rotation of the ring, which hid it from an earthly observer. The Milky Way, which to the naked eye looks like a continuous glow, broke up into individual stars (which confirmed Democritus’ guess), and a huge number of previously unknown stars became visible.
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His study of the outcomes of throwing dice belongs to the theory of probability. His Discourse on the Game of Dice provides a fairly complete analysis of this problem. In “Conversations on Two New Sciences,” he formulated the “Galileo's Paradox”: there are as many natural numbers as there are their squares, although most of the numbers are not squares. This prompted further research into the nature of infinite sets and their classification; The process ended with the creation of set theory. Mathematics
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Galileo invented: Hydrostatic balances for determining the specific gravity of solids. Galileo described their design in his treatise La bilancetta. The first thermometer, still without a scale (1592). Proportional compass used in drafting (1606). Microscope, poor quality (1612); With its help, Galileo studied insects. He also studied optics, acoustics, the theory of color and magnetism, hydrostatics, strength of materials, and problems of fortification. Conducted an experiment to measure the speed of light, which he considered finite (without success). He was the first to experimentally measure the density of air, which Aristotle considered equal to 1/10 the density of water; Galileo's experiment gave a value of 1/400, much closer to the true value (about 1/770). He clearly formulated the law of indestructibility of matter.
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Students of Borelli, who continued the study of the moons of Jupiter; he was one of the first to formulate the law of universal gravitation. Founder of biomechanics. Viviani, Galileo's first biographer, was a talented physicist and mathematician. Cavalieri, the forerunner of mathematical analysis, in whose fate Galileo's support played a huge role. Castelli, creator of hydrometry. Torricelli, who became an outstanding physicist and inventor.
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The “Galilean satellites” of Jupiter, discovered by him, are named in honor of Galileo. Crater on the Moon (-63º, +10º). Crater on Mars (6ºN, 27ºW) Asteroid 697 Galilee. The principle of relativity and transformation of coordinates in classical mechanics. NASA's Galileo space probe (1989–2003). European project "Galileo" satellite navigation system. The unit of acceleration “Gal” (Gal) in the CGS system, equal to 1 cm/sec². Scientific entertainment and educational television program Galileo, shown in several countries. In Russia it has been broadcast since 2007 on STS. Airport in Pisa. To commemorate the 400th anniversary of Galileo's first observations, the UN General Assembly declared 2009 the Year of Astronomy.
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“And yet it turns” There is a well-known legend according to which, after an ostentatious renunciation, Galileo said, “And yet it turns!” However, there is no evidence of this. As historians have discovered, this myth was put into circulation in 1757 by journalist Giuseppe Baretti and became widely known in 1761 after Baretti's book was translated into French.
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Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa There is a legend that Galileo dropped objects of different masses from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa and measured the speed of their fall. Galileo actually performed similar experiments, but they were unlikely to have anything to do with the famous leaning tower in Pisa. It is documented that Galileo measured the time of descent of balls down an inclined plane (1609). It should be taken into account that there were no accurate clocks at that time (Galileo used an imperfect water clock and his own pulse to measure time), so rolling balls was more convenient for measurements than falling. At the same time, Galileo verified that the rolling laws he obtained were not qualitatively dependent on the angle of inclination of the plane, and, therefore, they could be extended to the case of falling.
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In the original language Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. — Firenze: G. Barbero Editore, 1929-1939. This is a classic annotated edition of Galileo's works in the original language in 20 volumes (reprint of an earlier collection of 1890-1909), called the “National Edition” (Italian: Edizione Nazionale). Galileo's main works are contained in the first 8 volumes of the publication. Volume 1. On Motion (De Motu), circa 1590. Volume 2. Mechanics (Le Meccaniche), circa 1593. Volume 3. The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius), 1610. Volume 4. Discourse on Bodies Immersed in Water (Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l'aqua), 1612. Volume 5. Letters on sunspots (Historia e dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari), 1613. Volume 6. Assay Master (Il Saggiatore), 1623. Volume 7. Dialogue on the two systems of the world (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano), 1632. Volume 8. Conversations and mathematical proofs of two new sciences (Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze), 1638. Lettera al Padre Benedetto Castelli (correspondence with Castelli), 1613.
Presentation on the topic "Galileo Galilei"
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de Galilei
Presentation made by a physics teacher
V.S. Pronkina. MCOU "Secondary school s. Legostaevo"
Galileo was born in 1564 in the Italian city of Pisa. Galileo Galilei's full name is Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de Galilei. Representatives of the Galilean family have been mentioned in documents since the 14th century. Galileo's great-great-grandfather, a famous doctor who also bore the name Galileo, was elected head of the republic in 1445.
There were six children in the family of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati, but four managed to survive: Galileo (the eldest of the children), daughters Virginia, Livia and the youngest son Michelangelo, who later also gained fame as a composer-lutenist.
Galileo received his primary education at the Vallombrosa monastery. The boy became one of the best students in the class. He wanted to become a priest, but his father was against it.
From an early age the boy was attracted to art. From Galileo's writings one can also conclude that he had remarkable literary talent. In 1581, 17-year-old Galileo entered the University of Pisa to study medicine. Galileo remained a student for less than three years. Even then, he considered himself entitled to have his own opinion on all scientific issues, regardless of traditional authorities. During these years he became acquainted with the theory of Copernicus.
The father's financial situation worsened and he stopped paying for his son's education. The request to exempt Galileo from payment was rejected. Galileo returned to Florence without receiving his degree. But he managed to attract attention with several ingenious inventions, thanks to which he met an educated and wealthy lover of science, the Marquis Guidobaldo del Monte.
The Marquis was able to assess him correctly. Even then, del Monte said that since the time of Archimedes the world had not seen such a genius as Galileo. In 1589, Galileo returned to the University of Pisa as professor of mathematics. In 1590, Galileo wrote his treatise On Motion.
In 1591, the father died, and responsibility for the family passed to Galileo.
In 1592, Galileo received a position at the prestigious University of Padua, where he taught astronomy, mechanics and mathematics. Galileo's scientific authority was already extremely high in these years.
Padua, 1592—1610
The years of his stay in Padua were a fruitful period of Galileo’s scientific activity. He soon became the most famous professor in Padua. The young Kepler and other scientific authorities of that time actively corresponded with him.
During these years he wrote the treatise “Mechanics”. In his early works, Galileo gave the first sketch of a new general theory of the fall of bodies and the motion of a pendulum.
The reason for a new stage in Galileo's scientific research was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler's Supernova.
The design of the Galileo telescope
Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructed the first telescope with his own hands and aimed it at the sky.
What Galileo saw was so amazing that many years later there were people who claimed that it was an illusion. Galileo discovered mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way broke up into individual stars, but his contemporaries were especially amazed by the 4 satellites of Jupiter he discovered.
Galileo's discoveries in astronomy
- Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) - creator of the first telescope (1609) with a magnification of 30 times. Observed the surface of the Moon, the phases of Venus, the satellites of Jupiter, spots on the Sun, clusters of stars in the Milky Way.
Galileo observed four of Jupiter's largest moons through a telescope:
Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
Galileo proved that the Milky Way is a collection of a huge number of stars. Now we know that this is the center of our galaxy
In honor of the four sons of his late patron Ferdinand de' Medici, Galileo named these satellites the "Medicine Stars". Now they are called “Galilean satellites”.
Galileo described his first discoveries with a telescope in his essay “The Starry Messenger.”
The book was a success throughout Europe, and crowned heads rushed to order a telescope for themselves. Galileo donated several telescopes to the Venetian Senate, which, as a sign of gratitude, appointed him professor for life. In September 1610, Kepler acquired a telescope, and in December, Galileo's discoveries were confirmed by the influential Roman astronomer Clavius. Universal recognition is coming. Galileo becomes the most famous scientist in Europe; odes are written in his honor, comparing him to Columbus.
The French king Henry IV, shortly before his death, asked Galileo to discover a star for him too. There were also dissatisfied people. Astronomer Francesco Sizzi published a pamphlet in which he stated that seven is a perfect number, and even there are seven holes in the human head, so there can only be seven planets, and Galileo’s discoveries are an illusion. Astrologers and doctors also protested.
During these years, Galileo entered into a civil marriage with the Venetian Marina Gamba. He never married Marina, but became the father of a son and two daughters. He named his son Vincenzo, and his daughters Virginia and Livia. Galileo later legitimized his son. Pan-European fame and the need for money pushed Galileo to take what would later turn out to be a disastrous step: in 1610 he left calm Venice and moved to Florence.
Galileo's duties at the court of Duke Cosimo II were not burdensome - teaching the sons of the Tuscan Duke and participating in some matters as an adviser and representative of the Duke.
Galileo discovered the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, and then the rotation of the Sun around its axis. Galileo often presented his achievements in a cocky polemical style, which earned him many new enemies.
Defense of Copernicanism
The growth of Galileo's influence and the independence of his thinking contributed to the formation of an aggressive circle of his opponents. Galileo's ill-wishers were especially outraged by his propaganda of the world system. In their opinion, the rotation of the Earth contradicted the texts of the Psalms, a verse from Ecclesiastes, as well as an episode from the Book of Joshua, which talks about the immobility of the Earth and the movement of the Sun.
In 1611, Galileo decided to go to Rome. He was received well, elected the sixth member of the scientific “Academia dei Lincei”, met Pope Paul V. He showed them his telescope. Roman astronomers debated whether Venus moved around the Earth or around the Sun.
Galileo, in a letter to his student, stated that Holy Scripture refers only to the salvation of the soul. he published this letter, which caused denunciations to the Inquisition. In the same year, Galileo published the book “Letters on Sunspots.
On February 25, 1615, the Roman Inquisition began its first case against Galileo.
Alarmed by the successes of the Reformation, the Catholic Church decided to strengthen its spiritual monopoly by banning Copernicanism
The cardinal explains that the Church does not object to the interpretation of Copernicanism as a convenient mathematical device, but accepting it as a reality would mean admitting that the previous, traditional interpretation of the biblical text was erroneous. And this, in turn, will undermine the authority of the church.
- Galileo spent all this time in Rome, trying to turn things around in a different direction. He was able to obtain assurances that nothing threatened him, but from now on all support for the “Copernican heresy” must be stopped.
- The church ban on heliocentrism was unacceptable to the scientist. He returned to Florence.
Galileo spent the last nine years of his life under the supervision of the Inquisition, which limited his scientific contacts and movements. He settled in Arcetri next to the convent where his daughters were, and was forbidden to visit other cities. Nevertheless, Galileo was still engaged in scientific research. When he died on January 8, 1642, in the arms of his students Viviani and Torricelli, Pope Urban VIII prohibited a solemn funeral. Many years later, in 1737, Galileo was nevertheless buried in the tomb of Santa Croce next to Michelangelo, as was originally intended to be done.
Galileo Galilei: powerpoint presentation
Presentation on the topic "Galileo Galilei" on astronomy in powerpoint format. 33 slides outline the life story of the Italian philosopher, mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer Galileo Galilei, who had a significant influence on the science of his time.
Fragments from the presentation
Galileo Galilei
- Italian philosopher, mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer, who had a significant influence on the science of his time.
Biography.
- Galileo was born in 1564 in the Italian city of Pisa, in the family of a well-born but impoverished nobleman, composer and lutenist. In the family of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati.
- In 1575, when the family moved to Florence, he was sent to the school at the Vallombrosa monastery, where he studied the then “seven arts”, in particular grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, and became acquainted with the works of Latin and Greek writers.
- In 1581, Galileo entered, at the insistence of his father, the University of Pisa, where he was to study medicine. At this time, he first became acquainted with the physics of Aristotle, with the works of ancient mathematicians - Euclid and Archimedes. Probably during these years he became acquainted with the theory of Copernicus, which in those years was not yet officially prohibited. Astronomical problems were then actively discussed, especially in connection with the calendar reform that had just been carried out.
Guidobaldo del Monte
The first result of the four-year period of Galileo's life was a small essay, Small Hydrostatic Balances. The work pursued purely practical goals: having improved the already known method of hydrostatic weighing, Galileo used it to determine the density of metals and precious stones. He made several handwritten copies of his work and tried to distribute them. This way he met the famous mathematician of that time - Marquis Guido Ubaldo del Monte, author of the Textbook on Mechanics.
Monte immediately appreciated the outstanding abilities of the young scientist and, holding the high post of inspector general of all fortresses and fortifications in the Duchy of Tuscany, was able to provide Galileo with an important service: on his recommendation, in 1589 the latter received a position as professor of mathematics at the same University of Pisa, where he had previously been a student.
Works on the movement
His work On Motion dates back to the time Galileo was at the department in Pisa... In it, he first argued against the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies. The reason for a new stage in Galileo's scientific research was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler's supernova. This awakens general interest in astronomy, and Galileo gives a series of lectures, proving the truth of the heliocentric model of the world. Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructed the first telescope with his own hands (initially threefold magnification) and directed it into the sky.
Galileo also noted the strange “appendages” of Saturn, but the discovery of the ring was prevented by the weakness of the telescope and the rotation of the ring, which hid it from an earthly observer. Half a century later, Saturn's ring was discovered and described by Huygens, who had a 92x telescope at his disposal.
Galileo donates several telescopes to the Venetian Senate, which, as a token of gratitude, appoints him a professor for life with triple pay. Galileo described his first discoveries with a telescope in his work “The Starry Messenger,” published in Florence in 1610.
Tuscan courtyard
Pan-European fame and the need for money pushed Galileo to take a disastrous step, as it later turned out: in 1610 he left calm Venice, where he was inaccessible to the Inquisition, and moved to Florence. Duke Cosimo II de' Medici, son of Ferdinand, promised Galileo an honorable and profitable position as an adviser at the Tuscan court. He kept his promise, which freed Galileo from everyday worries and allowed him to marry off his two sisters with a good dowry.
Conflict with the Catholic Church
The growing influence of Galileo, the independence of his thinking and his sharp opposition to the teachings of Aristotle contributed to the formation of an aggressive circle of his opponents, consisting of Peripatetic professors and some church leaders. Galileo's ill-wishers were especially outraged by his propaganda of the heliocentric system of the world, since the rotation of the Earth contradicted the texts of Psalms 93 and 104, as well as the verse from Ecclesiastes, which speaks of the immobility of the Earth. In addition, a detailed substantiation of the concept of the immobility of the Earth and a refutation of hypotheses about its rotation was contained in Aristotle’s treatise “On Heaven” and in Ptolemy’s “Almagest”.
In 1611, Galileo, in the aura of his glory, decided to go to Rome, hoping to convince the Pope that Copernicanism was completely compatible with Catholicism. He was received well, elected the sixth member of the scientific “Academia dei Lincei”, and met Pope Paul V and influential cardinals. He showed them his telescope and gave explanations carefully and carefully. The cardinals created an entire commission to clarify the question of whether it was sinful to look at the sky through a pipe, but they came to the conclusion that this was permissible. Emboldened, Galileo, in a letter to his student Abbot Castelli, stated that Holy Scripture relates only to the salvation of the soul and is not authoritative in scientific matters: “not a single saying of Scripture has such a coercive force as any natural phenomenon.” Moreover, he published this letter and a number of similar ones, which caused denunciations to appear to the Inquisition. Galileo's last mistake was his call to Rome to express its final attitude towards Copernicanism.
Irritated by the successes of the Reformation, the Catholic Church decides to strengthen its spiritual monopoly by extending it to science and, in particular, by banning Copernicanism. The position of the Church is clarified by a letter from the influential Cardinal Bellarmino, sent on April 12, 1615, to the theologian Paolo Antonio Foscarini, a defender of Copernicanism. The Cardinal explains that the Church does not object to the interpretation of Copernicanism as a convenient mathematical device, but accepting it as a reality would mean recognizing that the former, traditional the interpretation of the biblical text was erroneous. And this, in turn, will undermine the authority of the church.
On March 5, 1616, Rome officially defines heliocentrism as a dangerous heresy.
Galileo before trial
The pope clearly had no interest in mistreating the 70-year-old scientist, his former friend; in addition, he did not want to irritate the influential Tuscan Duke Ferdinand II, who was constantly working to soften the fate of his old teacher. Therefore, Galileo spent only 18 days in prison (from April 12 to April 30, 1633).
Was Galileo tortured?
In the verdict of the Inquisition, the words were found: Having noticed that when you answer, you are not quite sincerely admitting your intentions, we considered it necessary to resort to a strict test. After the “test”, Galileo, in a letter from prison, carefully reports that he does not get out of bed, as he is tormented by “a terrible pain in his thigh.” There was probably torture, but on a moderate scale, since after 2 weeks the scientist was released back to the Tuscan embassy.
Renunciation
On June 22, Galileo had to pronounce the text of renunciation proposed to him. Then the verdict was announced: Galileo was guilty of spreading “false, heretical, contrary to Holy Scripture teaching” about the movement of the Earth [12]. He is condemned to imprisonment for a term to be determined by the Pope. Galileo was declared not a heretic, but “strongly suspected of heresy”; This formulation was also a grave accusation, but it saved him from the fire.
Galileo's last years
Galileo settled in the village of Arcetri after leaving Rome. Here he spent the rest of his life under house arrest, he was not allowed to visit cities, and all his printed works were subject to particularly careful censorship. In the first years he was forbidden to receive guests under pain of being transferred to prison. Subsequently, the regime was somewhat relaxed, and friends were able to visit Galileo. However, the Inquisition monitored the prisoner until the end of his life. Only once, shortly before his death, was Galileo allowed to leave Arcetri for a short time for treatment.
