GENRES OF FINE ART Prepared by Fine Arts Teacher Timchenko Tatyana Gennadievna MBOU Secondary School No. 25 Novoshakhtinsk Portrait
The art of portraiture was born several thousand years ago. The first images of humans were not painted. These were huge stone sculptures of Egyptian pharaohs. They were created not only to glorify the formidable ruler for centuries. The statues of the pharaohs were not only portraits, they were also doubles of those they depicted.
The depiction of a person’s face in sculpture and painting has always fascinated artists, but in some eras the portrait genre flourished especially. This was the case in Ancient Rome and during the Renaissance. But the greatest flowering of portraiture occurred in the 17th century, which gave the world such great masters as Rembrandt Harmes van Rijn, Anthony Van Dyck and Diego Velazquez. Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn “Self-Portrait” Rembrandt “Portrait of an Old Man in Red”
In Russia, the flourishing of portrait art began in the 18th century. F. Rokotov, D. Levitsky, V. Borovikovsky created exquisite and sophisticated portraits of brilliant aristocrats. The lyrical and unspeakably mysterious charm of Alexandra Struyskaya was captured by the portrait master F. Rokotov. F. S. Rokotov “Portrait of A. P. Struyskaya”. V. L. Borovikovsky “Portrait of M. I. Lopukhina.” 1797. Tretyakov Gallery. O.A. Kiprensky “Portrait of A.S. Pushkin."
Russian artists of the 19th century turned to portraits of people who became famous not for their nobility, but for their talent and love for the people. Their portraits do not amaze with their external brilliance. They convey the true appearance of a person, the complex world of human character. Many magnificent portraits were created by I. Repin and V. Serov. They preserved for us the images of their contemporaries. I.E. Repin V.A. Serov
V.A. Serov “Girl with Peaches” V.A. Serov "Portrait of the actress Ermolova."
I. N. Kramskoy “Self-portrait” I. N. Kramskoy “Portrait of L. N. Tolstoy.” 1873 Tretyakov Gallery. I. N. Kramskoy. "Unknown." 1883. Tretyakov Gallery.
Purpose of the lesson: To get acquainted with the history of the development of the portrait genre; Get acquainted with the history of the development of the portrait genre; See different images in the works of famous artists, made in different styles. See different images in the works of famous artists, made in different styles. Learn to analyze works of art and develop your own aesthetic assessment. Learn to analyze works of art and develop your own aesthetic assessment. Develop the ability to conduct a dialogue with works of art. Develop the ability to conduct a dialogue with works of art. Fostering a patriotic attitude towards the Motherland. Fostering a patriotic attitude towards the Motherland.
History of the portrait The first examples of portraits are sculptural and date back to Ancient Egypt. This was followed by the flourishing of portraiture in the period of antiquity, the decline of the genre in the Middle Ages, new discoveries, the rise and transition to the technique of easel painting in the Renaissance, and then further development in subsequent centuries...
The oldest portrait The oldest known attempt to depict a human face dates back 27 thousand years. It was discovered in the Vilioner cave near the city of Angoulême (France). The “portrait” was made with chalk on natural protuberances of the wall, shaped like a face. Horizontal lines for the eyes and mouth and a vertical stripe indicating the nose are drawn.
For a long time, portraits in the strict sense of the word did not exist among the ancient Greeks. They had the custom of rewarding the winners of sports games by erecting their statues in public places, but these were ideal figures of athletes, which depicted them only in general terms, idealized, and were made according to the ideal canon of beauty. The Hellenic republics even prohibited public figures and private individuals from commissioning their realistic portraits, believing that they could develop vanity in citizens and contradict the principle of equality between them.
Only in the 5th century BC. For the first time, real portrait herms and statues appeared among the Greeks. The realistic direction was finally established in portrait sculpture in Hellenistic art under Alexander the Great, thanks to Lysippos and his brother Lysistratus, who was the first to mold masks from life. Hellenistic portraits, preserving the principle of typification characteristic of Greek artists, convey incomparably more not only the features of the external appearance, but also various shades of the model’s mental experience. From the end of the 5th century. BC e. the ancient Greek portrait becomes more and more individualized, eventually gravitating towards the dramatization of the image.
The development of the ancient Roman portrait was associated with increased interest in the individual person, with the expansion of the circle of those portrayed. The artistic structure of many ancient Roman portraits is based on a clear and scrupulous rendering of the unique features of the model while maintaining the unity of the individual and the typical.
The medieval artist, limited by strict church canons, rarely turned to portraits. The personal principle in his understanding was dissolved in religious conciliarity. During the Middle Ages, realistic, naturalistic portraits are very rare. The simplified and standardized features of the depicted character allow him to be identified only with a specific social role.
Portrait of the Middle Ages More or less, the portrait begins to return to art starting from the 22nd century, remaining, however, in a subordinate role. It is part of the church architectural and artistic ensemble, preserved in tombstones, on coins and in book miniatures (especially in portraits of customers to whom books were presented.
The turning point in portrait art, which again came to a prominent position, came during the Renaissance. It was associated with a change in the ideology of the era. Renaissance man was full of humanistic realism, that is, he loosened the shackles of religion and believed in the power of the individual, began to consider himself the measure of all things, and therefore he came to the fore in art
Portrait of Mannerism Mannerism - (Italian manierismo, from maniera manner, style), a movement in European art of the 16th century, reflecting the crisis of the humanistic culture of the High Renaissance. A style in art based on the assimilation of the manner of some great master or a certain art school.
El Greco In the art of mannerism, the portrait loses the clarity of Renaissance images. It displays features that reflect a dramatically alarming perception of the contradictions of the era. The compositional structure of the portrait changes. Now he is characterized by an emphasized sharpness and richness of spiritual expression.
Among the famous portrait masterpieces of that time is Michelangelo da Caravaggio's The Lute Player (), in which the artist develops a motif taken from real everyday life.
PORTRAIT 17th century In the 17th century, the highest achievements in the portrait genre were created by the heirs of Dutch painting. By this time it was divided into two independent branches, the Flemish and Dutch schools. For the artists of these schools, the portrait became more and more important, and the technique was significantly improved.
Having barely crossed the threshold separating the 17th century. from XVIII, we will see in the portraits a different breed of people, different from their predecessors. The drawings of portraits by artists Antoine Watteau (), Francois Boucher () and others are light, agile, their color is full of graceful tints, and is characterized by a combination of exquisite halftones.
One of the ingenious sculptural portraits of world art is the monument to Peter I by the French sculptor Etienne Maurice Falconet (), erected in St. Petersburg in the years.
PORTRAIT 19th century 19th century introduced the variability of artistic tastes and the relativity of the concept of beauty into the art of portraiture. Innovative quests in painting are now directed towards a rapprochement with reality, towards the search for the diversity of images. During the period of romanticism, a portrait is perceived as an image of the inner “I” of a person endowed with free will.
Real romantic pathos appears in the portrait of F. Chopin by the French romantic artist Eugene Delacroix ().
Portrait of the 20th and 21st centuries. In portrait art of the XXXXI centuries. Conditionally, two directions can be distinguished. One of them continues the classical traditions of realistic art, glorifying beauty and grandeur. A person, another is looking for new abstract forms and ways of expressing his inner world.
Generalization and consolidation of knowledge What is a portrait? How did the portrait genre develop? What influences the development of the portrait genre? What periods can the history of portraiture be divided into? What time does the oldest portrait date from? What is “mannerism” and what are its features? Name the artists and their works that were discussed in class today. What are the features of the modern portrait genre? What is the relationship between painting and music?
Homework Artistic and creative task Prepare an album, newspaper, almanac, computer presentation (optional) on the topic “Portrait genre in the culture of different times.” Include information about artists, sculptors, graphic artists, as well as poems, prose passages, and fragments of musical works that are consistent with the images of your portrait gallery.
Let's summarize. Did you like the lesson? Did you like the lesson? What interested you most? What interested you most? What new have you learned? What new have you learned? Mark in your notebook what sensations and emotions the lesson evoked in you. Mark in your notebook what sensations and emotions the lesson evoked in you.
OBJECTIVES: to see a person in a new way, to create an artistic image, to discover it for oneself and for him, thereby, people are also not similar to each other, peering into faces, one is amazed by the human individuality of a person’s life path - a trace in his appearance THE MEANING OF A PORTRAIT - the joy of recognition - the similarity of the inside
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PORTRAIT What can a portrait tell us? Why is it so interesting to look at portraits of people unfamiliar to us, and even from a time distant from us? How does the era of its creation appear in the portrait? Explain what signs can be used to guess the time of creation of the work.
In ancient times, in order to preserve facial features, a wax or plaster mask was made from it; faces were given calmness and grandeur. Portraits performed a religious and magical function (majestic statues). During excavations in Fayum, near Cairo, tablets with portraits made with wax crayons were found. Artists focused on the features of the face - every wrinkle and fold revealed a person’s life path, his nature. Here they did not care about external beauty, but in each portrait they emphasized strength of spirit, stern confidence and the will to action. The assertion that spiritual essence can be conveyed through appearance became especially important in the Middle Ages. There comes a new interest in a real person, in the originality of his personality. The portrait appeared in Russian art in the 17th century. They wrote on the board with tempera paints - parsuns. By the end of the 18th century. Russian painters have achieved perfect mastery.
In what types of fine art are portraits created? What is unique about revealing the image of a person through different types of fine art? What does “similar” or “dissimilar” mean? The details of the face are reproduced according to the shape and proportions - is this enough? What is equally important in the features of a portrait?
The artist uses color not only to convey the real coloring of objects, but also to create a certain mood, for the poetic embodiment of the idea. In creating the color image of a portrait, the color of the background and its relationship with the color of the face, hair, and clothing are of great importance. Truthfulness does not lie in “exactly” repeating the color of a suit, but in being able to see it as a means of revealing character. You need to understand that there is no such thing as “bodily beauty”, and the face can be lighter or darker than its surroundings. The way the strokes are laid and their texture will also build the image in the portrait.
"La Gioconda", whose perfection is in creating the ideal image? The magnificent decoration of palaces, the ideal of abundance and health? “Portrait of an Old Lady” – warmth and spiritual depth, great sorrows and joys. “Portrait of L. N. Tolstoy” is the work of the fate of the people, a true picture of the life of the country. “The Laughing Girl”, “Stoker”, “Unknown” - revealing character, all attention is focused on the face, on conveying the dignity of a person, the significance of the image. Experiments with shape, color “Girl with pigtails”, “Madame Matisse”. Scraps of reality, intricately combined, form a new absurd and disturbing meaning, similar to the vision of a dream. "The Face of Mae West."
What types of portraits do you know? Give examples. Explain how color in a portrait reveals a person’s image. Give examples. Which great portrait painters do you know? Tell us about the works that you remember. Name the great Russian portrait painters, tell us about them. Write a story about the history of the development of the portrait genre.
“Portraits of Kiprensky” - Self-portrait 1808. Characteristic features of portrait painting of the 19th century. The portrait has simplicity and integrity of concept, noble richness of colors. "Portrait of a boy Chelishchev." "Portrait of V.A. Zhukovsky." "Portrait of E.I. Chaplits." Creative biography of the artist. “Portrait of K.N. Batyushkova." “Portrait of D. Davydov” 1809
“Portrait of a Teacher” - Psychological portrait of a teacher. Good, evil and no Captains on the bridge of the ship. Thus, in the development of psychological competence, the main role is given to self-improvement, professional and personal self-awareness, and the identification of one’s professional positions. Good luck to you, debutants and aces.
“Portrait in Music” - M.I. Dunaevsky. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Who's howling there? Opera. Who's driving the clouds away with a broom? The Princess's theme is the Swan. "Portraits in Music." They dance. Who's moaning there? M.I. Dunaevsky. Who's there? Accent is the emphasis in music. They sing. Squirrel theme. P.I. Chaikovsky. In the dark depths of the night? draw a picture for the play "Baba Yaga".
“Russian portrait of the 18th century” - Portrait of Grigory Grigorievich Orlov. 1762-1763 Portrait of State Lady A.M. Izmailova. Rokotov showed the sublimity of the image of a young woman. An energetic turn of the head gives the portrait noble pathos. The portrait depicts a high-society beauty who knows the power of her irresistible charm. Portrait of G.R. Derzhavina. 1811.
“The Art of Portrait” - Or groups of people, Renaissance Portrait. Basic principles of development of the portrait genre. Portrait of the 20th and 21st centuries. Portrait of Peter Paul Rubens 1590 A. Durer “Self-Portrait”. What influences the development of the portrait genre? PORTRAIT 19th century. What is a portrait? G. Holbein Jr. "Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam." Man in the mirror of art: the portrait genre.
“Russian portrait of the 18th century 1” - The appearance of E. Naryshkina fully corresponds to the ideal of her time. F. Rokotov. Portrait of V. Novosiltseva. The artist depicts girls in theatrical and festive elation. Portraits of Smolnyanka. A. Matveev “Self-portrait with his wife.” Portrait of Nelidova. Portrait of Alexandra Struyskaya. I. Nikitin “Portrait of Chancellor G. Golovkin.”
Dedicated to conveying the image of one person, as well as a group of two or three people, on canvas or paper. The style chosen by the artist is of particular importance. Drawing a person's face in a portrait is one of the most difficult areas in painting. The master of the brush must convey the characteristic features of the appearance, emotional state, and inner world of the poser. The dimensions of the portrait determine its appearance. The image can be chest-length, knee-length, waist-length or full-length. The pose involves three angles: with the face (full face), a three-quarter turn in one direction or another, and in profile. A portrait contains limitless possibilities for realizing artistic ideas. First a sketch is made, then the drawing itself.
History of the portrait genre
The oldest attempt to depict a human face dates back 27 thousand years. The “painting” was discovered in a cave near the French city of Angoulême. The portrait is a contour outlined in chalk, vaguely reminiscent of the features of a human face. The ancient artist outlined the main lines of the eyes, nose, and mouth. Later (also in caves) in the Balkans and Italy, clearer and more defined images began to appear, among which faces drawn in profile predominated. It is human nature to create; talented people cannot live without leaving some kind of mark behind them. It could be a pattern made of pebbles in the middle of a field, a carved design on the bark of a tree, or someone’s face drawn with charcoal on a rock. There are as many opportunities for creativity as you like.
Stucco images
Once upon a time, the portrait genre tended to be embodied in sculpture, since in ancient times there were no artists who thoroughly mastered the brush and were able to convey the play of light and shadow. The depiction of a face in clay was better, and therefore in those distant times it was stucco portraits that dominated. The art of painting appeared much later, when humanity realized the need for cultural communication.
Classicism and the Silver Age
Gradually there is a retreat towards intimacy. At the end of the eighteenth century, it was already difficult to distinguish between Western European and Russian portraits. The genre in fine art is entering the world stage. Only now there are no bright and lush baroque forms.
There is a transition through Rococo to Neoclassicism and Pre-Romanticism. Sentimental and light notes appear. The main feature of this period was historicism. That is, the tone was set by ceremonial portraits of the imperial family.
This era is reflected in the works of Shchukin, Rokotov, Borovikovsky and Levitsky.
Next comes the period of romanticism. The most famous artists here are Bryullov, Varnek, Tropinin and Kiprensky.
Later comes realism, which is inherent in the paintings of Repin, Surikov and Serov.
The Silver Age of Russian painting gave the world such masters as Malevich, Vrubel, Malyutin, Somov, Konchalovsky and others.
Burials
The appearance of images close to the drawing also dates back to a later period, and the first portraits were found in ancient eastern territories. In the Egyptian state, the deification of the dead took place. During burial, a kind of portrait was created, which was conventionally considered a double of the deceased. The principle of mummification and then portraiture appeared. The history of the portrait genre contains many examples of iconic images in both drawing and sculpture. The drawings of the faces of the deceased became more and more similar to the original. And then the copying of the face of the deceased was replaced with a mask. The Egyptian dead began to be buried in sarcophagi, on the lid of which the deceased was depicted in full height with a beautiful stylized face. Such funerals were held exclusively for the nobility. Egyptian pharaohs, for example, were placed not only in a sarcophagus, but also in a tomb, which was a huge structure.
Variety of solutions
When painting a portrait, the artist has a choice: to depict the person's face and clothing in accordance with the original, or to be creative, creating an exquisite creative painting. The main condition for this remains similarity, which plays a dominant role. Independent - portrait art, open to experiments of the widest range. The artist has the opportunity to improve his skills using the latest technical advances.
Indeed, execution technique is crucial to achieving optimal results. The most common method of portrait painting among professional artists is this style. This style goes back centuries. It was used by ancient artists. Their works have survived to this day. Portraiture as a genre of fine art has existed since time immemorial, and today it is a popular means of artistic expression.
Still life
Still life (French Nature morte, Italian nature morta, lit. - dead nature; Dutch stilleven, German Stilleben, English Still life, lit. - quiet or motionless life) - a genre of fine art (mainly easel painting), which is dedicated to the depiction of things placed in a single environment and organized into a group. The special organization of the motif (the so-called setting) is one of the main components of the figurative system of the still life genre. In addition to inanimate objects (for example, household items), still life depicts objects of living nature, isolated from their natural connections and thereby turned into a thing - fish on the table, flowers in a bouquet, etc. Images of living, moving creatures - insects , birds, animals, even people - can sometimes be included in a still life, but only complementing its main motive. The goals of still life as a genre are not limited to the expression of symbolism, to the solution of decorative problems or to the precise recording of the objective world, although these tasks largely contributed to the formation of still life, and its images are often distinguished by the richness of associations, bright decorativeness and illusory accuracy of conveying nature. The depiction of things in a still life has independent artistic significance; an artist can create a capacious, multi-layered image in a still life that has complex semantic implications.
The earliest still lifes in our modern understanding of the genre were created in the 15th century BC. In the graves of ancient Egyptians, images of food, fish and meat are found quite often. Elements of still life can also be seen in ancient frescoes and mosaics. The interiors of the houses were also not without still lifes: images of flower garlands decorated arches, doors, and furniture.
Still life art as a genre appeared in Holland at the beginning of the 17th century. Artists depicted the most ordinary things, but showed their beauty and poetry. Some loved modest still lifes, with a small number of objects, while others painted a lot of game, fish, flowers on huge canvases (in Holland P. Claes, V. Heda, in Flanders F. Snyders, etc.). The rigor and freedom of composition, subtlety of coloristic solutions, and amazing humanity distinguish the works of one of the most remarkable masters of still life - the French artist J. Chardin.
In the 19th century many leading masters of painting, working in different genres, also painted still lifes, especially post-impressionist artists, for whom the world of things was one of the main themes (P. Cezanne, Van Gogh).
Since the beginning of the 20th century. Artists of various stylistic trends turn to the genre of still life. They experiment with color, shape and space, and are keen on searching for a variety of textures. Still lifes continue to be painted in a strict realistic, decorative, and cubist manner.
The depiction of the beautiful world of things fascinated many artists. Each artist found his own means of expression to solve this complex problem. Sometimes a person is invisibly present in the picture, and it seems that he has just left and can return at any moment. [2:50]
Types
The portrait genre is divided into several types: formal, chamber, intimate and subject. There is also a special type called self-portrait, where the artist depicts himself. As a rule, this is a purely individual drawing. In general, the portrait genre is completely independent and obeys certain rules. These rules are never violated, although their scope may be expanded under certain circumstances.
In addition to those already listed, there is another genre of portraiture, which includes special artistic features, a specialized variety that requires a systematic approach. This is a costume portrait, when the canvas depicts a modern person in clothes of the past. The range of subjects is unlimited: from the skins that primitive man wore to the wedding dress of the Renaissance. This type of portrait contains elements of theatricality. In the Russian Federation, especially in Moscow, costume portraiture has become widespread, but this did not happen for the sake of fashion, but rather as a tribute to art.
Portrait genre in art
Paintings painted at different times are united by one mandatory condition - the paintings must be authentic. An important role is played by the portrait component, or in other words, the image of the characters’ faces. The success of the painting depends on how carefully the facial features are drawn. The expression of the eyes, a smile or, conversely, frowning eyebrows, all the nuances should be reflected on the canvas. The task is not easy, but the authenticity factor testifies to the skill of the artist. That is why the portrait genre in art is so unambiguous and requires complete dedication from the master. Experienced artists are best at paintings that feature people in the subject, close-ups of their faces and accentuated movement.
Open lesson in fine arts “Portrait in painting”
Portraits in painting have played a very important role in art since ancient times, and Sonya Kruglova will introduce you to the history of the appearance of the portrait and its role in the history of art.And you listen carefully and remember so that you can answer my questions later.
Message: “The role and place of portraiture in the history of art”
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As a genre, portraiture appeared several thousand years ago in ancient art. Among the frescoes of the famous Knossos Palace, found by archaeologists during excavations on the island of Crete, there are a number of picturesque images of women dating back to the 16th century BC. The most famous is the portrait of a young woman, called “Parisian Woman” by scientists. We see in front of us a profile (according to the traditions of the art of that time) image of a young woman, very flirtatious and not neglecting cosmetics, as evidenced by her eyes, outlined in a dark outline, and brightly painted lips.
Of great interest are the picturesque portraits created in Egypt in the 16th century BC.
Based on the place of discovery (the tombs of Hawara north of Cairo and the necropolises of the Fayum oasis, called Arsinoe under the Ptolemies) they are called Fayum.
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These images performed ritual and magical functions. They appeared in the Hellenistic era, when Ancient Egypt was captured by the Romans. These portrait images, executed on wooden boards or on canvas, were placed along with the mummy in the tomb of the deceased.
People have always sought to portray themselves, and in each historical period there were different reasons for this. At first, the image of a person was of a purely religious nature, then it became necessary to pass the image on to descendants, and then it simply became a matter of prestige. Ordering a ceremonial portrait was considered an indispensable task for every noble person. Artists have turned to this genre throughout time - styles have changed, artistic goals have changed, techniques and techniques have changed. But the portrait genre has always remained in demand and has always served one task - to depict a person, but not just to convey his physical features, but to look much deeper, into the very depths of his eyes.
Teacher Questions:
1. Where were the first portraits in painting found? Dr.Egypt o.Crete called “Parisian”
2.Why has man always sought to portray himself?
3. Do you think portrait painting is as in demand today as before?
That's right, well done.
—I suggest
go on a short journey through the eras where the portrait blossomed
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The heyday of the portrait genre began during the Renaissance, when an active and purposeful personality became the main value of the world.
Famous artists of the Renaissance period, Botticelli, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, became famous masters of this era. The greatest work of world art was Leonardo's famous masterpiece - the portrait "Mona Lisa" (La Gioconda, ca. 1503), in which many portrait painters of subsequent generations saw a role model. Artists of the Italian Renaissance strove to depict the sublime and beautiful. Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci achieved perfection. 7 slide
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Raphael "Portrait of a Cardinal" 8 slide
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In Russian art, artists first turned to creating portraits in the 17th century, and at the beginning they painted them using exactly the same method as icons. Such portraits were called “parsuns” from the word “person” .
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Russian artists achieved outstanding success in the art of portraiture in the 18th century. V. Borovikovsky “portrait of M.I. Lopukhina”, F. Rokotov “portrait of Alexandra Struyskaya”, D. Levitsky “portrait of Ekaterina Nelidova”.
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. Portrait artists of the 19th century sought to create an image of Russia, putting the fate of the people at the forefront of their creativity. Attention to people of all walks of life, affirmation of the self-worth of everyone became the main task of the works. A. Venetsianov “Zakharka”, V. Tropinin “Woman in the Window”. .
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The work of contemporary artist A. Shilov. will not leave any viewer indifferent; he creates exquisite and sophisticated modern portraits.
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Do you know how a portrait is born?
I suggest you look at the moment of birth of the portrait of the modern artist Kirill Dukhanov.
Did you like it? What technique did the artist use to create the portrait? What materials did he use?
Who did he write to?
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Now let’s take our sketches from the last lesson on mother’s portrait and begin the practical task.
Our task is to make a portrait of our mother using the painting technique; we will use gouache or watercolor for the work.
And today we will finish the work in color.
Literary portraits
Writers, as well as artists, quite often depict a person’s face. There are much more literary techniques for this; the rich Russian language allows the use of numerous artistic forms, phrases and phrases. The goal that the writer strives for is identical in meaning to the artist’s intention; the writer describes facial expression as a consequence of a person’s mood, a reflection of his thoughts, emotions and experiences. portrait is quite complex. It is necessary to describe, avoiding superficial formulations. This requires the skill of a true creator. Among Russian writers who are able to express the essence of the human form in a few words, the great Maxim Gorky ranks first. His American follower was also masterful in the art of verbal portraiture. The genre of literary portrait is diverse, the description follows a certain style, it can be funny or sad, short or lengthy, it all depends on each individual work.
Photo
With the advent of daguerreotype, the possibilities of fine art expanded, and portraits were no exception. A photographic portrait was much cheaper than an oil painting, and it was 100% recognizable. And although artists quipped that photography was for the poor, the general public turned toward more accurate images on silver-plated plates. The genre of portrait photography quickly became fashionable; there was no end to people wanting to photograph themselves and their loved ones.
However, the new method, the daguerreotype, had its drawbacks. Photography, unlike a painting portrait, did not allow anything to be changed. The image froze once and for all; it was impossible to fix anything. And if we take into account that the person was photographed sitting or standing (in a tense position), then he did not look the best in the picture. Therefore, there was a lot of disappointment, complaints and dissatisfaction. Nevertheless, portrait photographs caught on, people learned to pose artistically, and everything fell into place.
Battle genre
The French word "bataille" means "battle". From him the genre of fine art dedicated to the themes of war and military life got its name. The main place in the battle genre is occupied by scenes of battles and military campaigns. Battle artists strive to convey the pathos and heroism of war. Often they manage to reveal the historical meaning of military events. In this case, works of the battle genre come closer to the historical genre, rising to a high level of generalization of the depicted event, up to the exposure of the anti-human essence of war (Leonardo da Vinci's cardboard) and the forces that unleashed it. The battle genre also includes works depicting scenes of military life (life in campaigns, camps, barracks). [3:43]
The desire to capture an important moment of a battle or to reveal the historical meaning of military events brings the battle genre closer to the historical. And the desire to show the everyday life of soldiers at the front or in the barracks echoes the genre of battle with everyday life. An artist working in the genre of battle can be both a contemporary of military events and a participant in them. He can transfer onto canvas not only events, but also his personal experiences, impressions and sensations associated with these events.
People were interested in the image of a warrior in ancient times. Then they depicted military heroes, sieges of fortresses, various battles and formidable military leaders. Ancient images have been found in Greece, Rome and the East. They found ancient vases, reliefs, carpets, arches, tapestries, and mosaics depicting military themes.
In the Middle Ages, military images were common on book miniatures, icons and even on fabrics. In the 15th-16th centuries, during the Renaissance, combat painting began to actively develop in Italy. Paolo Uccello and Piero Della Francesca were among the first artists to work on military themes. In the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, military actions received a heroic generalization and ideological content (the painting “The Battle of Anghiari”). And Michelangelo in the painting “Battle of Kashin” emphasized the heroic readiness for battle. A scene of a real battle appeared on Titian’s canvases, and countless warriors appeared on Tintoretto’s works (the painting “The Battle of the Dawn”) [5].
