Summary of an art lesson on the topic "Folk holidays"
Fine arts lesson in 4th grade according to the program of B.M. Nemensky.
Lesson topic: National holidays.
Lesson objectives: 1) give an idea of the pagan gods of the ancient Slavs,
2) introduce folk holidays, customs and traditions of our ancestors,
3) reveal the idea of A.G. Venetsianov’s work “On the arable land. Spring."
4) improve skills in depicting people in motion,
5) cultivate interest in the traditions of the Russian people.
During the classes.
- Organizing time.
- Conversation on the topic of the lesson.
(slide 2) The life of people in the distant past was very dependent on nature. The sun will dry the crops - goodbye to the harvest. If it rains, the hay will rot, the livestock will be starved of food, expect hunger in the winter. A mushroom picker will get lost in the forest, a traveler will be caught on the way by a blizzard or frost - all these are the works of someone’s evil will. And people endowed nature with great power, deified it, tried to appease it. People believed in the forces of nature. This is how Vedism (from the word veda - knowledge) or paganism appeared.
(slide 3) The ancient Slavs worshiped nature. They elevated some forces of nature to the rank of gods. The most revered and important was Rod. Rod was considered one of the most important deities who took part in the creation of the Universe. It was Rod who began to create the visible world. According to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, it is he who sends souls to born children from heaven to Earth.
Rod divided the world into three parts: upper, middle and lower. The top one is in the heavens. The gods live there and rule over people. They do what is right, and therefore the inhabited heavens are called Rule. Below is the human world, which we clearly see. He was revealed to us by the gods, and therefore his name is Reveal. Nizhny is the world of the past. The ancestors went there. This is Nav. This is where obsessions and bad dreams come from. In addition, this Rod was associated with the concepts of marriage, love and childbirth.
Everything born by Rod still bears his name: nature, homeland, parents, relatives.
Svarog was among the Slavs the God of Heaven, the father of all things.
From the sacred language of the Aryans, Sanskrit, the word “Svarog” is translated as “walking in the sky.” Created a 12 month calendar (Kolo Svarog). Legend says that Svarog gave people the very first plow and blacksmith's tongs, and taught them how to smelt copper and iron. In addition, Svarog established the very first laws for the human community. Svarog taught people to cook (create) cottage cheese and cheese from milk, which were once considered sacred food, a gift from the gods.
He is the first patron of crafts and all craftsmen.
Veles is one of the greatest gods of the ancient world, master of the wild
nature. His main act was that Veles set the world created by Rod and Svarog into motion. Day began to give way to night; winter was inevitably followed by spring, summer and autumn; after exhalation - inhale, after sadness - joy.
(slide4) Perun is the god of thunderclouds, thunder and lightning, war and weapons. Princes and warriors chose Perun as their heavenly leader. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich placed him at the head of the other gods and erected a monument next to the princely palace in Kyiv. After the baptism of Rus', he himself ordered to overthrow him and drown him in the waters of the Dnieper.
Since ancient times, the ax - Perun's weapon - has been credited with miraculous power. Thus, an ax with a symbolic image of the Sun and Thunder, planted in a door frame, was an insurmountable obstacle to evil spirits seeking to penetrate a human home. Another symbol of Perun is the “thunder sign”, which looks like a wheel with six spokes. His image was often reproduced on the shields of Slavic warriors.
(slide 5) Dazhbog was the god of the Sun among the pagan Slavs, the giver of heat and light. His name does not come from the word “rain,” as is sometimes mistakenly thought, it means “giving God,” “giver of all good things.” The Slavs considered the sun to be an all-seeing eye, which strictly monitors the morality of people and the observance of laws. And since time immemorial, the sacred sign of the Sun has been... the cross! Squint at the Sun and you will see it. That is why the Christian cross, so similar to the ancient pagan symbol, took root so quickly in Rus'. His name is heard in the shortest prayer that has survived to this day: “Grant, God!”
(slide 6) Yarilo (Yarila) - the god of spring, spring light and warmth; young, impetuous and uncontrollable force; deity of passion and fertility. Symbol of the holiday of the rebirth of life. Yarila was also the god of fertility, reproduction and physical love among the ancient Slavs. They asked Yarila for a good harvest when the first spring shoots appeared.
(slide 7) Mokosh is the goddess of all Fate. Makosh (Mokosh) patronized women's household crafts, but also influenced fertility. Her main occupation was spinning. Of the days of the week, Friday was dedicated to Mokosha. Out of respect for the goddess, women did not spin or wash on this day.
People inhabited all living things with spirits. The oak was considered the sacred tree of Perun. One of the revered trees was the birch. At the beginning of summer, it was decorated with ribbons and embroidered towels, and round dances were held around the birch tree.
According to the ancestors, mermaids and mermaids lived in water. The forest was ruled by a goblin, and the peace of the house was guarded by brownies and bereginii.
(slide
From beliefs arose holidays, rituals with games, which our ancestors called merrymaking.
(slide 9) In winter, at the end of December, they caroled: mummers walked from house to house with songs and jokes. The owners had to give gifts to those who came. If the owners were stingy and the gifts were meager, then the mummers threatened to bring disaster to the house.
(slide 10) The holiday of seeing off winter and welcoming spring was called Maslenitsa. On Maslenitsa they rolled a burning wheel - a symbol of the sun. The holiday was fun. They rode around on horses and burned an effigy of Maslenitsa.
(slide 11) In the middle of summer there was the holiday of Kupala. On this day, the girls swam in the river and floated wreaths on the water. And if you see a blooming fern this night, then happiness will come to your home. Another tradition was lighting a fire and jumping over the fire. It was believed that this way one could get rid of evil spirits.
(slide12) In the fall, the harvest festival was celebrated. Among the Slavs, this holiday meant the end of the harvest of wheat, barley, millet and other grain crops. By this time, it was necessary to complete the last harvest, and the last sheaf of rye or other grain crop was cut in complete silence, since it was believed that the spirit of the field moved into the last sheaf, so it could not be disturbed by speech or song.
Traditionally, some of the unharvested ears of corn were left in the field so that they could be tied into a small bunch that grows from the ground. It was believed that the last bunch of grain crops tied with a ribbon symbolizes Veles's beard. Veles was the one who taught the ancestors about agriculture, how to plow the land correctly, when to expect the harvest, etc. Before weaving the ears into ribbons, they walked through the field with a jug of grain crops, holding the pot high above their heads. In the evening they have a feast, putting honey, beer, apples, bread and porridge on the table. On this day people go to bless honey and apples in order to put blessed food on the table.
(slides 13-15) Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev beautifully painted folk holidays in his paintings.
(slide 16) Look at the reproduction from the painting “On the arable land. Spring” by Alexei Gavrilovich Venetsianov. The artist painted a field stretching to the very horizon, and a high, high sky stretching over the field. A peasant woman leads horses, we see another one in the distance.
Look at the picture carefully. Is there anything in it that cannot be imagined in reality?
Indeed, it is a woman, not a man, who is working; she walks easily, as if floating across a field. The peasant woman is wearing a beautiful, elegant sundress. A plump child sits on the ground, and she herself is much taller than a horse.
In the painting, the artist did not paint a real scene from life, but created an image of spring. Spring is the time of birth of new life. A black piece of dead wood sticks out in the background, and next to it is a new life - a flowering tree. A strong, fat baby is a new life. And the peasant woman herself is like spring, rosy, smiling, light.
At the time when the painting was created, it was believed that spring could only be represented by the ancient goddess Flora, surrounded by dancing nymphs. For the first time in Russian art, the artist showed spring in the image of a Russian woman in a scarlet kokoshnik and an elegant sundress. For the first time, Venetsianov noticed the beauty and smooth movements of a Russian woman, the beauty of her rounded face.
- Individual work.
Now you need to think about which holiday you will draw. How to arrange the heroes of the holiday, in what poses the heroes of the drawing will be. What background will your drawing be on?
(Then there is a discussion of several children's ideas)
- Lesson summary.
Analysis of the best works. What means of artistic expression did you use in your work to convey the festive mood?
References.
- Textbook for grade 4 “Fine arts. Every nation is an artist" L.A. Nemenskaya Moscow "Enlightenment" 2007
- Fine arts 4th grade lesson plans according to the program of B.M. Nemensky. Compiled by N.V. Lobodina
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
- https://clubdruzey.ru/meet
- https://supercook.ru/slav/slov-mif-08.html
- https://shteltn.ucoz.ru/
Presentation on art on the topic “Festive festivities” (grade 5)
Summary of an art lesson in 5th grade on the topic “Festive festivities”
Developed by art and drawing teacher E.V. Ruzavina. (Municipal educational autonomous institution “Secondary school No. 11 of Orsk”)
Goals and objectives:
1. Introduce students to the main Russian folk holidays, their symbolic meaning and place in the life of our ancestors.
2. To cultivate a moral and aesthetic attitude towards the world, love for the Motherland and respect for the cultural heritage of one’s country, responsibility, independence, activity, attentiveness, discipline.
3. Continue to develop creative imagination, activity, and the ability to work in a small team (group).
Forms of student work:
frontal work, individual work, collective work.
Form of lesson organization:
workshop lesson
Lesson type:
combined
Equipment and materials:
1. Visual range: reproductions of paintings by B. M. Kustodiev, S. Smirnov.
2. Musical series: Russian folk songs.
3.Presentation “Festive festivities”
During the classes :
- Organizing time
- Repetition of learned material. Preparation for perception.
-Before we start studying a new topic, let's remember what we talked about this quarter. This knowledge will help you when completing the task (crossword puzzle).
-Having solved the crossword puzzle, we can name the topic of our lesson.
-A girl’s headdress in the form of a strip of fabric (slide 1). Look, maybe the photo will help you (slide 2). See if you named the answer correctly (slide 3). The answer is a headband.
-A rod-shaped tool used for drawing and drawing. (slide 4-6).This is a pencil.
— An item of outerwear common among Russian women (slide 7-9). This is a sundress.
— Russian log house (slide 10-12). This is a hut.
-What is shown here? (slide 13-14). This is a designation for water, or more precisely, water.
-Symbolic images of earth, sun, water (signs). Slide 15-17. These are solar signs.
— Ancient women’s headdress in Russia (slide 18-20). This is a kokoshnik.
-A tool for working with paints (slide 21-23). This is a brush.
-Well done! You completed the task. Now let’s see what we will talk about today in our lesson (slide 24).
- So, the topic of our lesson is “Folk holiday festivities” (slide 25)
-What do you think we will do in class today (children’s answers).
III Introduction to new material
—
Today we will get acquainted with folk holidays and rituals. Some of them have survived to this day. Then you will do group work on the theme “Fair”.
Teacher:
Russian people knew how to work, and they knew how to relax. Following the principle “time for business, time for fun,” peasants rested and had fun mainly on holidays.
Ancient people personified, spiritualized nature, and endowed literally everything they encountered with supernatural properties. We find echoes of these naive beliefs in folk tales about the merman, the goblin, the brownie and other mythical characters who existed in people’s minds as real for many centuries.
View the presentation.
1. Kolyada. Winter Christmastide (student's story and presentation viewing)
Slides 26-30
Winter Christmastide began with caroling on December 24, Christmas Eve (Christmas Eve2). This was the name given to the festive rounds of houses with the singing of carols - songs that glorified the owners of the house and contained good wishes - wealth, harvest, large families, etc. (usually through an idealized image of a wonderful chamber). Carols were sung by children or young people (in some places, after the children, adults also went around the house), who carried a star on a pole. The owners presented the carolers with ritual cookies (kozyulki), sweets, and money. If the owners were stingy, the carolers sang mischievous carols with comic threats.
Gifts received from the owners were usually collected by special fur bearers into a bag, and then collectively eaten.
2. Farewell to the Russian winter (Maslenitsa).
Look how famous artists depicted Maslenitsa.
B. Kustodiev especially loved to depict this holiday. Slides 31-37.
A cheerful farewell to winter, illuminated by the joyful expectation of imminent warmth, spring renewal of nature in Russia is celebrated with the celebration of Maslenitsa. This is the most cheerful, popular and satisfying holiday, lasting a whole week.
Maslenitsa is an ancient Slavic holiday that we inherited from pagan culture and survived even after the adoption of Christianity. Maslenitsa was actually perceived by the Christian Church as a religious holiday and was called Cheese or Cheese Week, but this did not change its inner essence. Maslenitsa falls on the week preceding Lent. Therefore, at this time a person vents his soul on the eve of the difficult and long Lent. Maslenitsa is, first of all, a rich and satisfying meal. Therefore, there is nothing wrong with enjoying yourself at this time, tasting a wide variety of dishes and not denying yourself anything. In traditional life, it was always believed that a person who spent the Maslenitsa week poorly and boringly would be unlucky throughout the year. Unbridled Maslenitsa gluttony and fun are considered as a magical harbinger of future well-being, prosperity and success in all business, household and economic endeavors. The beginning of Maslenitsa ranges from February 3 (i.e. January 21, old style) to March 14 (March 1, old style).
Even pancakes, an indispensable attribute of Maslenitsa, had a ritual meaning: round, rosy, hot, they were a symbol of the sun, which was burning brighter, lengthening the days. Centuries passed, life changed, with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' new church holidays appeared, but the wide Maslenitsa continued to live. She was greeted and seen off with the same uncontrollable daring as in pagan times.
People have always loved Maslenitsa and affectionately called it “killer whale”, “sugar lips”, “kisser”, “honest Maslenitsa”, “cheerful”, “quail”, “perebukha”, “overeating”, “yasochka”.
Maslenitsa is a week-long holiday, a holiday-rite with round dances, songs, dances, games, and most importantly - with the ritual of glorifying, feeding and burning a homemade effigy of Winter. Children are told about the ritual significance of Maslenitsa chants and games, explained why they need to burn Maslenitsa, lure the Sun with pancakes, glorify Spring, and ask for a good harvest.
Farewell to Maslenitsa ended on the first day of Lent - Clean Monday, which was considered a day of cleansing from sin and fasting food. Men usually “rinsed their teeth,” that is, they drank copious amounts of vodka, supposedly in order to rinse the remnants of the food from their mouths; in some places, fist fights, etc. were held to “shaken out pancakes.” On Clean Monday, they always washed in the bathhouse, and women washed dishes and “steamed” dairy utensils, clearing them of fat and remnants of milk
3. Ivan Kupala holiday
(Student’s story about the holiday of Ivan Kupala and viewing slides 38-41)
Ivan Kupala, also Midsummer's Day, is a summer folk holiday of pagan origin, so called among the Eastern and Western Slavs. Midsummer's Day has an ancient tradition of celebration throughout almost all of Europe.
Initially, before the spread of Christianity, the holiday was associated with the summer solstice (June 20-22). In the new style, the date of birth of John the Baptist is later, on July 7.
Midsummer's day is filled with rituals associated with water, fire and herbs. The main part of Kupala rituals takes place at night.
Mass bathing was a mandatory custom on Ivan's Day: from this day on, all evil spirits came out of the rivers, so until Ilyin's Day one could swim without fear. In addition, Midsummer water was endowed with life-giving and magical properties.
On Midsummer's Day, fortune telling was often done using wreaths lowered into the river: if the wreath floated, it promised happiness and a long life.
The main feature of the Kupala night is the cleansing bonfires. People danced around them and jumped over them: whoever jumps more successfully and higher will be happier. Young people and children, jumping over the fires, staged noisy fun games and races. We definitely played burners. According to peasant beliefs, on Kupala, the shortest night, one cannot sleep, as all evil spirits come to life and become especially active - witches, werewolves, mermaids, sorcerers, brownies, water creatures, goblins. It was believed that the Kupala fire had magical powers capable of driving away all evil spirits, especially witches.
IV . Explanation of the task
-We got acquainted with holidays. All people love holidays. The holiday is a bright spectacle, elegant clothes, songs, dances, theatrical performances. Often the holidays were accompanied by a fair (Slide 42-45). People brought their goods here for sale. Songs were heard, people were entertained by buffoons and trained bears. So you and I got up early, early, to go to the city for the fair first, to take a good, advantageous place. We drive, we drive, we arrive, but there is no city. We need to make a background (two students make a background on whatman paper, A1 format).
-Let's build a city together. In the old days, builders were called architects. We choose architects. (The first group of children draws and glues houses)
-Every city has a market square. This is where you and I must come. (The second group of children draws pictures of people and pastes them onto a sheet of paper).
V. Practical work
Completing the assignment (independent work with the help of a teacher as necessary.
VI. Summing up.
Viewing and exhibition of finished works, discussion and evaluation.
Reflection
.Children are given sad and happy emoticons.
-If you liked the lesson, we show you funny emoticons. If it was not interesting, they were sad.
