Research paper on the topic “The Mysterious Number 13”

We used to call this number the devil's dozen . However, few people know why this happened. Here we present several well-known facts about the number 13, life observations and random events that occurred under the sign of this number.

13 is a simple, natural, odd number. If you turn it over, the resulting number, 31, is also a prime number.

A loaf of bread should weigh 1 pound.
In England there has always been a heightened prejudice towards the number 13. You won't find the thirteenth floor in this country. Also, the number 13 is called here the “baker’s dozen” because of the once-existing fines for bakers (up to cutting off a hand) for not having enough pound loaves of bread. It is known that bread shrinks and, in order to avoid liability, peddlers who took bread from bakers added an extra one to every dozen loaves. it even had its own name “unbread” (“non-bread”) and was cut for makeweights.

Not only in England, but also in other countries, such as the USA and a number of European countries, try to avoid this number. In many hospitals there is no 13th ward, and in many buildings there is no 13th floor. Instead, the numbers are written 12a, or after 12 immediately comes 14, but sometimes they write the letter M, since it is the thirteenth in the English alphabet. Many hotels do not have apartments with number 13. On Swiss SWISS planes, you will not find row 13. There are no seats with this number in the Italian opera house. There is no 13th cabin on ships in Italy.

Scientists have even come up with a name for the human fear of the number 13. It comes from the Greek word “treiskaideka” and is called “triskaidekaphobia”. The fear of Friday the 13th is called paraskavedekatriaphobia or friggatriskaidekaphobia.

There was also a superstition in Europe, according to which, if 13 people sit at a table, then one of them will definitely die within a year. There was even a special profession for the “fourteenth guest,” who was invited only so that the company would not end up with thirteen. In France, in a restaurant there was always a person who could sit at the table in a group of 13 people.

Map with 13 US states
Originally, the US consisted of 13 states. In this regard, on the US coat of arms you can find: above the eagle’s head there is a star made up of 13 stars. In the left paw the eagle holds 13 arrows, in the right - an olive branch with 13 leaves and thirteen berries. There are also 13 red and white stripes on the flag.

The reverse side of the US dollar bill
The continuation of this “symbolism” can be found on the reverse side of the dollar bill: a 13-level pyramid, 13 stars above the eagle’s head, 13 arrows in the eagle’s paw, 13 leaves on an olive branch.

Historical figures and the number 13

During the reign of Alexander the Great, there was a pantheon of 12 gods, each of which personified a month of the year. Alexander wanted to exalt himself so much that in his hometown he ordered the erection of a new statue in honor of himself as the 13th god. However, death interfered with his plans.

Alexander the Great
In Ancient Macedonia, King Philip also wanted to add his statue to the statues of the 12 gods. He was killed right in the theater.

The King of France, Louis XIII, on the contrary, considered the number 13 lucky for himself. He married Anna of Austria when she was 13 years old.

Alexander III, the 13th Emperor of the Russian Empire, was on the throne for 13 years, which is half the length of his father, Alexander II.

Napoleon Bonaparte and US President Herbert Hoover were both afraid of the number 13.

In 1959, Harvey Haddix became the first pitcher to successfully play 12 games, but he was hit in the 13th game.

Once Mark Twain was the 13th invited guest. A friend advised him not to go, but the famous American writer went anyway. He later said of the party: “I was very unlucky. The food was only for 12 people.”

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, never traveled on the 13th or gave dinners for 13 people.

Another US president, Woodrow Wilson, considered 13 to be his lucky number, although the facts were not on his side. He arrived in Normandy (present-day France) for peace negotiations on December 13, 1918, but upon returning to the United States, Congress refused to sign the document. During a tour of the United States organized in support of the peace treaty, he almost died of a heart attack.

On the Origin of Some Numerical Superstitions

Natural numbers and mystical superstitions.

Natural numbers arose with the emergence of a human need for practical activity. Numerical concepts (like our speech) are inextricably linked with the existence of man himself, since at all stages of his history he was associated with the process of counting surrounding objects and taking some measurements. This process among certain nationalities at an early stage of their development did not go beyond a certain number: People associated some numbers with specific ideas about surrounding objects: one - a head, the Sun, the Moon, etc., two - a pair of eyes, a pair of hands , a pair of ears, etc. Also, the number two was at the basis of oppositions. For example, Heaven and Earth, Day and Night, Life and Death. To this day there are tribes in which this process is limited to the numbers two or three and a number that is equivalent to the concept of “many” or “darkness”, cannot be counted and is beyond human capabilities.

The largest numbers of the natural series, which were comprehended as a result of counting, gave rise to many numerical superstitions and mystical ideas in man, were mysterious for him, endowed with supernatural properties and were considered sacred. Even the Greek mathematician Nicomachus, who lived at the end of the 1st century AD, did not avoid attributing such properties to numbers. e., author of the famous book “Introduction to Arithmetic”. He believed that “... the unit is reason, goodness, harmony, happiness and at the same time matter, darkness, chaos; it combines even with odd and feminine with masculine. Two is the beginning of inequality, contradiction; it is an opinion, for in opinion truth and falsehood meet. Three is the first real number, since it has a beginning, middle and end and therefore is a perfect number.”

For many peoples, the most superstitions arose with the numbers three, seven and thirteen. Superstitions associated with the number three date back to the time when ancient people counted no further than three. On this basis, in the Christian religion, the idea of ​​the Holy Trinity is elevated to dogma - of one God, appearing in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit. This also includes the so-called three-fingered sign of the cross, which supposedly protects believers from evil spirits. There are many versions, as well as proverbs and sayings, the content of which is the number three, which brings misfortune: “the third one does not light a cigarette”, “you are unlucky up to three times”, etc. At the same time, there are a number of other proverbs and sayings that say that this number brings happiness. The number three is very often found in Russian folk tales: three princesses, three sons, for the third time, etc. It is curious that the number three was considered not only as a happy number (God loves a trinity), but also as an unfortunate number (damned).

The origin of signs, proverbs and sayings associated with the number seven is similar. In ancient Babylon, people observed seven moving planets: the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. They deified them and revered them as gods. Every seventh day was considered sacred and declared a day of rest from work, and astrologers attributed (and still attribute) to the planets a special property that influences the destinies of people. Therefore, the number seven had a magical effect in ancient Babylon. For Arabs, Assyrians, and Jews, this number was an oath. The Bible speaks of “seven spirits of God”, “seven lamps”, etc.; The Greeks: “seven wonders of the world”, “seven wise men”, etc.; “Strong as seven” is a French oath. For Russians: “seven nannies have a child without an eye”, “measure seven times, cut once”, “seven troubles - one answer”, “seven do not expect one”, etc. The number seven is considered lucky. Why is that? The answer was received by the American psychologist Miller. He explained the features of the number seven by the throughput of the human nervous system. Based on the experimental data it turned out; that a variety of subjects can compare, on average, only 7 stimuli without errors, and a person, with short-term perception, can instantly grasp no more than seven similar objects.

Everyone knows the panic fear of the number thirteen (“the devil’s dozen”). The origins of this belief date back to ancient times, when some peoples based their number system on the number twelve (hence the division of the year into 12 months, counting by dozens, etc.). It closed the natural series for them, so the number 12 was followed by an unknown, incomprehensible number, and therefore dangerous for mere mortals. According to them, this number could only bring misfortune. In this regard, in many hotels in some countries (England, USA, etc.) there are no rooms with the number thirteen, the elevator does not stop on the thirteenth floor, there are no public transport routes with the number thirteen, etc. Sailors try not to go to sea on the thirteenth . But these superstitions related to the number 13 did not exist among the Slavs. The following fact can be cited as an example. In ancient Rus', temples with thirteen domes were erected - Sophia in Novgorod, Polotsk and Kiev Sophia, but they were not considered unlucky.

Number 37

has many interesting properties. Thus, multiplied by 3 and by numbers that are multiples of 3 (up to 27 inclusive), it gives products represented by one digit: 37 × 3 = 111; 37 × 6 = 222; 37 × 9 = 333; 37 × 12 = 444; 37 × 15 = 555; 37 × 18 = 666; 37 × 21 = 777; 37 × 24 = 888; 37 × 27 = 999. The product of multiplying 37 by the sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the cubes of the same digits, i.e.: 37 × (3 + 7) = 3^3 + 7^3 = 370. If we take the sum in the number 37 squares of its digits and subtract the product of the same digits from this sum, then we again get 37: (3^2 + 7^2) – 3×7 = 37. But perhaps the most interesting property of the number 37 is that some multiples of it numbers, when circularly rearranging their digits, again give numbers that are multiples of 37. For example: 259 = 7 × 37 592 = 16 × 37 925 = 25 × 37 The same is true for the numbers 185, 518, 851 and the numbers 296, 629 , 962. All these numbers consist of the same numbers, only rearranged in a circular order, and they are all multiples of 37. Some numbers that are multiples of 41 also have a similar property. So, the numbers: 17589; 75891; 58917; 89175 and 91758, as is easy to check, are all multiples of 41, and each is obtained from the previous one by only one circular rearrangement of the digits included in the number.

Number 13 in religion and myths

God Loki, according to Viking mythology, was the thirteenth in the Old Norse pantheon. After this, disagreements among the gods began among them and the good god was killed.

Every Jewish boy is required to undergo the religious rite of Bar Mitzvah at the age of thirteen years and one day.

With the spread of monotheism, the number 13 began to frighten people more. After all, it comes immediately after the number 12, which was considered a perfect number - a symbol of divine harmony. The number 13 begins a new cycle and disrupts the balance achieved in the previous one.

According to some interpretations of the Holy Scriptures, Eve and Adam, at the instigation of the Serpent, ate the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil on Friday. Later on the same day of the week, Cain killed his brother Abel. It is noteworthy that Jesus Christ was crucified on Friday.

The Bible also talks about 13 important qualities of God.

The number 13 is a symbol of the Jewish people, consisting of the 12 tribes of Israel and the 13th tribe of the Khazars.

The Kabbalah mentions 13 heavenly fountains, 13 gates of mercy, and 13 rivers of balm, which the pious will find in paradise.

Reproduction of the Last Supper.
Leonardo da Vinci Many Christians believe that the number “13” became unlucky due to the fact that exactly thirteen people, including Jesus Christ, were present at the famous Last Supper. The 13th was Judas Iscariot, who later betrayed him.

One popular explanation for people's fear of Friday the 13th, which is common in alternative history books, is the story of the dissolution of the Knights Templar. In accordance with the bull (a medieval document with a seal) of Pope Clement V, it was on Friday, October 13, 1307, at the behest of the French King Philip IV, that all members of the Templar Order, including its supremacy, were arrested. As a result of the trial, during which members of the order were accused of heresy and blasphemy, it was dissolved, and a large number of Templars arrested in France were tortured and later executed.

Having ascended the fire of the Inquisition, on March 18, 1314, Jacques de Molay (who was the last Grand Master of the Templar Order), cursed the French king Philip IV and Pope Clement V. He promised that they would survive him by no more than one year. “Papa Clement! King Philip! Not even a year will pass before I call you to the Judgment of God! I curse you! I curse your family to the thirteenth generation!..”

Just kidding, Pope Clement V died on April 20, 1314, and Philip IV died on November 29, 1314. Therefore, to this day, Friday the 13th is a significant date for Masons, which many superstitious people fear to this day.

Project on the theme “All about the number 13”

INTRODUCTION 3

1. HISTORY OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE NUMBER 13 4

2. PROS AND CONS OF THE MYSTERIOUS NUMBER 6

3. FAMOUS PEOPLE BORN ON THE 13TH OF 9

4. PUBLIC OPINIONS 12

5. INTERESTING FACTS AND DISASTERES THAT HAPPENED ON THE 13TH OF THE 14th

Conclusion 20

References: 21

Relevance:

I spend every summer visiting my grandmother, and if Friday the 13th falls, she says that on this day you need to be especially prepared for troubles and beware of failures, since there is such a sign. I also often hear that the number 13 is called the devil’s dozen, the devil’s and magic number. I was born on the 13th and on this day no troubles happen to me. I was very interested in this, and I decided to study everything about this number.

Object

Our research is the number superstitions associated with the number 13.

Subject of study

: Numerical superstitions associated with the number 13.

Hypothesis:

If we study the sources of the number, we can conclude whether this number is magical or not, and how it affects a person’s fate.

Goal of the work

: Determining the degree of influence of the number 13 on a person’s life.

objectives :

1. Study the history of the appearance of the number 13;

2. Make a table of the pros and cons of the mystery number;

3. Find famous people born on the 13th;

4. Study public opinions;

5. Find interesting facts;

6. Familiarize yourself with the number 13 in literary works, sayings, proverbs, the result of which will be compiled into a little book.

Basic research methods

: observation, questioning, analysis, information collection.

The result of work on the project:

creating a baby book.

Number is one of the basic concepts of mathematics; it appeared in ancient times and was gradually expanded and generalized. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras argued that “numbers rule the world.” You meet people who are trying to guess their “happiness” by bus ticket numbers, by car numbers. All these are superstitions - belief in a special mysterious meaning of the number. Since ancient times, people have attributed magical properties to numbers - some numbers were considered lucky (for example, 3.7), others, on the contrary, unlucky (for example, 6, 9 and 13). These stupid superstitions still exist [].

It is simple and is divisible only by itself and one. People have given the 13th a bad name and live under the slogan: “We invented it ourselves, we are afraid of it ourselves.” The number 13 (XIII) is a numerological sign with which most peoples of the world associate a large number of signs and superstitions, most often negative. This number is also called the “devil’s dozen”. Thirteen is believed to be a diabolical, magical number primarily associated with the magic square. Number 13 - 4 levels. 13=10+2+1 devil is a person (10) with horns (2) and a tail (1). In numerology, the number 13 is written 13/4 by adding 1+ 3= 4

Numbers - since we are talking about signs, we cannot ignore numbers. For example, in Russia 13 is considered an unlucky number: it is bad to live in house number 13. And in an apartment it’s even worse; A ticket with this number in the exam promises trouble - an unsatisfactory grade. But there are people who consider 13 to be the luckiest number. In general, the attitude towards the devil's dozen is very individual.

But in some European countries, especially in England, superstitions associated with numbers are very tenacious. Here you will not find houses and apartments with number 13; there are also no 13th floors. But Northern Europeans are especially afraid of the so-called devil’s number - 666, and in order not to encounter this terrible number on their way, they simply avoid assigning such a number to anything. The original reason for this sign is that 13 was often used by occultists and was considered a fatal number by them. The number 13 was believed to hold the key to power and dominance over others.

The Church, which usually considered superstitions to be relics of pagan times and did not recognize them, in this case recognized the number 13 as unlucky. The legend about the so-called unlucky number is also connected with this. That some peoples did not have a decimal counting system, but a duodecimal one. And in Russia it was customary to count dozens. Therefore, the number 12 is the last one in the series of familiar numbers, and it was followed by an unknown number, which, like all unknown things, was scary. And, despite the fact that the number 13 appeared much later, it initially carried bad energy.

Having collected information about the number 13, we determined the positive and negative meaning of the number (in the form of pluses and minuses).

Pros of the number 13

1. The ancient South American calendar had thirteen-day “weeks.”
2. Jesus Christ was the 13th participant in the Last Supper along with the 12 apostles. The name of Jesus Christ itself is written in Greek with 13 letters.
3. The symbolism of the number "13" is present in many designs on the one dollar bill. Officially, this refers to the number of states that originally merged. The number 13 is represented in all elements of the US coat of arms. We see above the eagle's head a star made up of thirteen stars. In the left paw the eagle holds 13 arrows, in the right - an olive branch with thirteen leaves and thirteen berries. Even the motto “Epluribusunum” (“Out of many, one”) contains 13 letters.

There are also thirteen red and white stripes on the US flag.

1. King Louis 13 of France considered the number 13 lucky. He even married Anne of Austria when she was 13 years old.

1. The Bible lists 13 important attributes of God.
2. Among the Mayans and Aztecs, 13 was considered a sacred number and was not associated with the concept of death. In their mythology, the sky was divided into 13 levels, each of which had its own god.
3. Kabbalah speaks of thirteen heavenly fountains, thirteen gates of mercy, and thirteen rivers of balm, which the pious will find in paradise.
4. Thirteen is a symbol of the Jewish people, consisting of the twelve tribes of Israel and the thirteenth tribe of the Khazars (today they make up the majority of Jews).

Cons of the number 13

1. In the ancient world, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod warned peasants not to start sowing on the thirteenth.
2. With the spread of monotheism, death began to frighten people, and with it the number 13. It comes immediately after the number 12, which was considered the perfect number, a symbol of divine harmony. The number 13 begins a new cycle and thus disrupts the balance achieved in the previous one.
3. In China, when using the lunar calendar, in which the year lasted 354 days, after a certain number of years it was necessary to add a thirteenth “leap” month, which was considered unlucky.
4. 13 is especially unlucky if it falls on Friday - the day of Christ's crucifixion. In addition, in Christianity, 13 is a symbol of betrayal.
5. There is a belief that the first person to rise from a table of 13 people will die within a year.
6. The XIII Arcana of the Tarot is Death, and the interpretation of this card largely coincides with the meaning of the number 13 itself.

• Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich 11/13/1730 Generalissimo

• Tarasova Tatyana Anatolyevna 02/13/1947 figure skating coach

• Novikov Boris Kuzmich 07/13/1925 People's Artist of Russia

• Alexey Sergeevich Glyzin January 13, 1954 singer, composer

• Ivan Andreevich Krylov February 13, 1769 poet, fabulist.

• Alexander Yakovlevich Rosenbaum - September 13, 1951 Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, poet, actor.

We found famous people who were born on the 13th, and as it turned out, Suvorov A.V., Tarasova T.A., Novikov B.K. have achieved great success and are not considered unlucky.

1. I compiled a questionnaire and studied the public opinion of 82 elementary school students.

From the answers it is clear that the majority of respondents are not superstitious people.
2.

We determined the number of students of MKOU Secondary School No. 12 who were born on the 13th: there were not many of them - 17 people. We found out how they study and whether their date of birth affects their academic performance.

17 students of secondary school No. 12 were born on the 13th

Good people 7 people.

C students 10 people

From this analysis we can conclude that the number 13 is a common number, the difference between drummers and C students is small.

3. Next, we found out the number of people who visited doctors within 3 months and compared visits to patients on the 13th and on other days.

Hospital statistics:

According to the results of the study, the number of patients is almost the same and, in principle, does not differ from the other days of the month, i.e. the number of patients does not depend on the date; the increase in calls is explained by a number of reasons: seasonal diseases, weather dependence.

4. To the guys who were born 13

date, the question was asked: do you think that your date of birth influences your destiny: yes 4 no 13.

We got acquainted with the new word “triskaidekaphobia” - fear of numbers. In 2020, Friday the 13th falls in the month of May.

Interesting Facts:

• During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet submarine called S-13 turned out to be the most successful of all the submarines of the Baltic Fleet.
• The first line of the Moscow Metro connected 13 stations.
• A. Pugacheva loves the number 13. The number 13 brings good luck to her. Exam tickets turned out to be lucky for her; more than once she lived in apartment 13.
• In France, for example, there are no houses with number 13, in the USA there are no buses No. 13, many hotels do not have thirteen rooms, buildings do not have 13 floors, trains have 13 cars, ships have 13 cabins, airplanes “disappear” 13 - rows, but airports do not have a 13th gate, hospitals do not carry out planned operations on the 13th, there are no rooms with this number.

Tragic events that occurred on Friday the 13th:

• 10/13/1972 - the crash of the IL-62 plane near Moscow is a major aviation accident that occurred on the night of Friday the 13th in the Moscow region on the shore of Lake Nerskoye. The Aeroflot Il-62 passenger plane was performing an international passenger flight from Paris to Moscow with an intermediate landing in Leningrad, when, completing this flight while landing at Sheremetyevo airport, it crashed into the ground north of it and was completely destroyed. 174 people died in this tragedy, which at that time made this the largest aviation disaster in the world.

• 11/13/2009 fire at an ammunition depot in Ulyanovsk

• 01/13/2012 The disaster of the cruise ship Costa Concordia (Italian: Costa Concordia) occurred near the island of Giglio in the Mediterranean Sea and required the evacuation of more than 4,200 people on board the liner.

• The Washington 737 crash was a major aviation accident that occurred on Wednesday, January 13, 1982, on the Potomac River near Washington. The Boeing 737-222 airliner of Air Florida operated scheduled flight AF90 (call sign - Palm 90

  ) on the route Washington - Tampa - Fort Lauderdale, but due to heavy snowfall the flight was delayed by 1 hour 45 minutes. Shortly after takeoff from the National Airport. Ronald Reagan's airliner went into a stall, and then, losing altitude, crashed into the busy span of the Rochambeau Bridge (14th Street Bridge), which crosses the Potomac River and connects Washington with Arlington, after which it fell under the ice of the river. Of those on board the plane, 4 passengers and 1 flight attendant survived. A total of 78 people died in the disaster: 74 on board the plane and 4 on the bridge. The crash occurred just a couple of miles (3 km) from the White House, near the Pentagon and the Jefferson Memorial.

• The McGuire C-118 crash was an aviation accident involving a US Air Force Douglas C-118A Liftmaster transport aircraft that occurred on Friday, July 13, 1956, at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. 46 people became victims of the incident. The first disaster in the history of Douglas Liftmaster.

• The Convair 440 near Bishop crash was an aviation accident that occurred on the night of Wednesday, March 13, 1974, near Bishop and became one of the largest in the history of the state of California. The Convair CV-440-38 airliner of Sierra Pacific Airlines was performing a passenger flight from Bishop to Burbank (California), but a few minutes after takeoff, for unknown reasons, it crashed into a mountain and collapsed. The victims of the disaster were 36 people, including a film crew of 31 people who were working on a television film about primitive people.

• The Tu-104 crash near Moscow in October 1973 is an aviation accident of a Tu-104B passenger plane of the Tbilisi air squad of the Georgian department (Aeroflot), which occurred on Saturday, October 13, 1973. The airliner was carrying out a passenger flight from Kutaisi to Moscow and was landing at Domodedovo airport when it crashed to the ground in the Podolsk district of the Moscow region and was completely destroyed, killing 122 people. In terms of the number of victims, this is the largest disaster in the history of the Tu-104 aircraft.

• The Tu-104 crash in Almaty is an aviation accident that occurred on January 13, 1977 near Almaty with an Aeroflot Tu-104A aircraft, which resulted in the death of 90 people.

• On Saturday, July 13, 1963, near Irkutsk, an Aeroflot Tu-104B crashed during landing, killing 33 people.

According to static data, various disasters occur on any other day.

In my work I tried to talk about the most famous numerical superstition. Superstitions associated with the number 13 arose at a time when culture began to develop. The reason for the emergence of superstition was the need of people to understand the nature around them, for a scientific explanation of which there was not enough knowledge. Modern science explains the nature of mysterious phenomena, so you should not believe all these prejudices. In short, we can say this: it all depends on ourselves! I suggest moving away from negative superstitions. I present to you the Talisman of good luck and prosperity. We give it to you, give it to your friends!

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13. Encyclopedic dictionary of a young mathematician. - M.: Education, 1993.

Technique and number 13

A ship called Friday the 13th was built by order of the British Navy. It is noteworthy that the ship set off on its maiden voyage on Friday the 13th. No one saw him again.

The American manned spacecraft Apollo 13 was launched into space at 13:13 (Florida local time UTC-6) Central Standard Time on April 11, 1970, from Launch Pad 39 (triple 13). Adding all the date digits also gives the number 13 (4+1+1+7+0 = 13). The explosion on the ship occurred on April 13th. Moreover, this is the only one of all the Apollos that was involved in an accident. Despite all this, the crew returned safely to Earth.

Most of the already outdated mobile phones (Nokia 3310) lack the 13th menu item. After 12 comes 14.

BM-13 (Combat Machine 13) - better known in history as “Katyusha”.

Who was born on Friday the 13th?

Fidel Castro was born on Friday August 13th, 1926.

Notorious bank and train robber, Butch Cassady, was born on Friday, April 13th, 1866.

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Yes, the mysterious number 13 has been fooling humanity for a long time, and Friday the 13th is for some reason “black”. Where did these superstitions come from, who, pray tell, “attached” unimaginable devils to an ordinary number of people? Indeed, in some Western countries (Great Britain, USA, Canada) there are triskaidekaphobes (fearing the number 13) and paraskevidekat-riaphobes (fearing Friday the 13th). As a result of their activity, the 13th carriages on trains and the 13th floors of houses disappear. On Friday the 13th, hospitals operate only for urgent reasons. Ships do not go to sea, and airports do not have a 13th gate. On Friday, the 13th, according to the laws of the state of Indiana (USA), owners of all black cats are required to wear bells when letting their pets outside. This confidence in the unlucky influence of the number 13 - the “devil's dozen” - appeared not so long ago. Interestingly, in the 19th century the number 13 was called the “baker’s dozen.” Why? It turns out there was a custom of adding a free 13th bun if someone ordered a dozen. The number 13 in the East, North and South. As for the Japanese, Koreans and Chinese, they generally regard 13 as a lucky number, often holding weddings on this day. In the North, in the harsh world of the German-Scandinavian gods, the goddess from the Vanir clan, Freya, is incredibly popular. She knew how to penetrate other worlds and owned runes long before Odin received them. So, everyone knew about this sorceress: thirteen was her number, and Friday was her day. Astrologers believe that Friday is ruled by the planet Venus. That is why this day is favorable for everything that corresponds to the qualities of this goddess of love and beauty, spring and gardens, harmony, luxury, comfort, desire and pleasure. To please Venus, Friday should be devoted to shopping for beautiful things. Go to visit or receive guests at home. And in no case should you be sad on Friday, much less engage in introspection and soul-searching. The origin of the number 13 But at the very beginning of our era, the number 13, on the contrary, was considered sacred, as it was a symbol of Christ and the 12 apostles - his disciples. It was only later that the reason for the superstitious fear of the “devil’s dozen” began to be associated with the Last Supper - the last supper of the Teacher with his disciples. This is supposedly where the belief comes from that out of 13 people who find themselves at the same table during a meal, one will certainly die within a year. In general, the belief in “Friday the 13th” owes its origin to the stock exchange player Thomas Lawson, who wrote his only and now deservedly forgotten novel called “Friday the Thirteenth.” Well, Sean Cunningham’s famous film “Friday the 13th” spread the word all over the world. The director admitted that the title, which successfully replaced the previous working title after filming was completed, became one of the decisive factors for success. Yes, and so widespread that the belief in unlucky Friday took root even in Spain, where historically Tuesday was considered an unlucky day, especially Tuesday the 13th. What does science say about the number 13? By the way, Edgar Wunder, a sociologist from the Center for Parapsychology in Sandhausen, having heard enough tales about the cursed 13th, went ahead and conducted a statistical analysis of more than 100 thousand accidents over 14 years that took place on Fridays, 13th. It turned out: there are no special differences between “Friday the 13th” and other days! The ancient sages said: “You are what you believe in”... S. Korshunov