Abstract on geography world population
Distribution and migration of the world population
The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly on the earth's surface. This is easy to see on the world population density map. More than 2/3 of its part lives on 8% of the land area, while 15% of the land is not inhabited at all and is unsuitable for habitation. These are territories occupied by deserts, mountains, humid equatorial forests, with unfavorable climatic conditions. That is, we can say that natural conditions are the determining factor in the distribution of the Earth's population.
World population density map
For a long time, people have sought to settle in conditions favorable to themselves, in areas where there were better conditions for farming and where the most important transport routes passed. These are, as a rule, lowlands and plains that occupy less than 30% of the land area. It is in these territories that more than 5 billion people currently live.
If we consider regions of the world by population density, then the most densely populated region of the world is Asia. Next in this indicator are Europe, Africa, America and Australia with Oceania. The world average population density is 48 people/km². However, Africa, America and Australia with Oceania. The world average population density is 48 people/km². However, this figure is quite arbitrary, since it does not reflect the existing differences in population density between different countries of the world. So, the most populous country
of the world is
Monaco
. 35,986 people live on 2.02% of the country's area. Thus, the population density of this country is 17815 people/km². Also densely populated countries in the world are: Singapore, Vatican City, Malta, Maldives.
Regions of the world by population density
Of the countries that are not microstates, Bangladesh has the highest population density - 1084 people/km². According to the forecasts of some scientists, if the same population growth continues in this country of the world, then by 2025 the population density here will be 2000 people/km². As you can see, the population density indicator varies within regions and countries of the world, but the development of each country in the world also depends on its value.
In many ways, migration processes influence the settlement and population density of countries around the world. In the broad sense of the word, migration processes
is a collection of movements of people. In a narrower sense, these are movements of people associated with a permanent or temporary change of residence.
There are several types of migrations. By direction
distinguish both external and internal migrations of the population.
Migrations by direction
External migrations
are the movements of people between countries of the world.
In another way, they are also called international migrations. Such migration, for example, is the voyages of travelers who discovered new lands during the Age of Discovery. However, these processes began to occur at the fastest pace since the 19th century, when with the development of capitalism there was a great demand for labor. To characterize external migration, two concepts are used: immigration
is entry for permanent residence into another country in the world.
Accordingly, those people who enter another country are called immigrants
.
Emigration
is leaving for permanent residence outside the country.
Accordingly, if you leave your country for permanent or temporary residence in another country in the world, then you are an emigrant
. External migrations significantly influence the distribution of the population in a particular country, as well as between individual regions of the world.
Internal migrations
are population movements within their country. So, such migrations are moving from one city to another, from one village to another, or from a village to a city. This type of migration does not affect the population of the country.
Temporary migration is now widespread
.
They come in several types. Seasonal migrations
are usually associated with seasonal work, such as agricultural activities (harvesting) or logging.
Shift migrations
are typical for people who work in the mining industry, developed in extreme natural conditions.
For example, oil production in the far north of Russia. A well-known type of temporary migration is pendulum migration
associated with the movement of people within a city or urban agglomeration from home to place of work and back.
What reasons influence the migration of the Earth's population?
First of all, these are socio-economic reasons that cause labor migration. Such migrations of the population are associated with their desire to find better-paid jobs and improve their standard of living. Currently, the main regions of the world supplying labor emigrants are Asian countries. These are India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, China, the Philippines, as well as countries in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Cuba), Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, and so on), and some countries in Southern and Eastern Europe. The population of these countries of the world leave in search of a better life in the countries of Western Europe (most often in Germany, Switzerland, France, Great Britain), in the United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, as well as in the Persian Gulf countries, Russia, Israel. However, often, migrant workers in these countries of the world occupy the most difficult and low-paid jobs.
Often, the indigenous population of countries where foreign workers work express their dissatisfaction with the fact that the flow of migrants is increasing every year, which means they are occupying more and more jobs that are now unavailable to residents of these countries of the world. In addition, as a rule, migrant workers are mostly illegal immigrants who work illegally in these countries of the world, and, therefore, do not pay any taxes, taking all the money they earn out of the country. Therefore, now many states, which are unique centers of attraction for foreign workers, are forced to pursue migration policies
, aimed at restricting the entry of labor migrants into the territory of their country.
Also, the result of the socio-economic situation developing in some countries of the world is the emergence of such a migration phenomenon as “brain drain”
associated with the movement of the most educated people and high-category specialists (scientists, engineers, doctors) from developing countries of the world to the economically developed countries of the world. As a rule, such movements are also associated with the desire of such people to improve the quality of their lives. Migration processes are also influenced by political, ethnic, religious, and environmental reasons.
As you can see, the migration processes existing in the modern world are varied and, to one degree or another, cover all countries of the world. The problem of migration, especially external, is one of the most serious problems of our time, which, unfortunately, is very difficult to solve, and, most likely, almost impossible, since the difference in the socio-economic development of countries around the world will always exist, and therefore will always There will also be migration processes.
Reproduction of the world's population
Population reproduction is a natural process of generational change, characterized by fertility, mortality and natural increase.
Taking into account the characteristics of fertility, mortality and natural increase indicators, three types of population reproduction . Material from the site https://worldofschool.ru
- Archaic type , characterized by very high birth and death rates, so there is practically no natural population growth. This type of reproduction is observed among the Indians of the Amazon and among the wild tribes of central New Guinea.
- The traditional type of reproduction is characterized by high birth rates, relatively low mortality rates and a high level of natural increase (more than 12 ‰). This type of reproduction is typical for most developing countries and especially for the countries of Tropical Africa. The traditional type of reproduction leads to a demographic “explosion” - a sharp increase in population due to high natural growth.
- The modern type of reproduction is typical for developed countries. It is characterized by low rates of fertility, mortality and natural increase (less than 12 ‰). If the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate, a natural population decline occurs, which gives rise to a demographic crisis.
Demographers often refuse to distinguish the archaic type of reproduction, calling the modern type the first type of population reproduction, and the traditional type the second type of reproduction.
The main factors influencing population reproduction are: the level of socio-economic development of the country, the economic and political situation in the country, wars, traditions of the population and the number of women capable of bearing children.
On this page there is material on the following topics:
Report on geography what is population reproduction
Population summary summary
Classification of types of population reproduction lecture
Report on population reproduction main
Population reproduction briefly about the main thing
Questions about this material:
Give a definition of the concept of “population reproduction”.
Describe the types of population reproduction and name their geographical features.
Name the factors influencing population reproduction.
What is a population explosion?
What is a demographic crisis?
Geography of the world population
Geography of the world population
1. Population size and reproduction
Population geography studies the size, structure and distribution of the population, considered in the process of social reproduction and interaction with the natural environment. Recently, two trends have been observed in population geography. The first is geodemographic, which studies the size and structure of the population, the main demographic indicators (mortality, birth rate, average life expectancy) and population reproduction, the demographic situation and demographic policy in the world, individual regions and countries. The second is the actual geographical one, which studies the general geographical picture of the distribution of population in the world, individual regions and countries, and in particular the geography of settlement and populated areas.
Throughout human history, the population has grown very slowly. The acceleration of population growth occurred during the period of modern history, especially in the 20th century. Currently, the annual population growth is about 90 million people. At the end of the 90s. The world population was 6 billion people. But population growth is uneven in different regions of the world. This is explained by the different nature of population reproduction.
Population reproduction is understood as the totality of the processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. Reproduction is influenced by the socio-economic conditions of people's lives, relationships between people and family relationships.
Currently, there are two types of reproduction. The first type is characterized by relatively low rates of fertility, mortality and natural increase. This type is typical for economically developed countries, where natural population growth is either very low, or natural population decline predominates. Demographers call this phenomenon depopulation. The second type of reproduction is characterized by high rates of fertility and natural population growth. This type is typical for developing countries, where the achievement of independence led to a sharp reduction in mortality, while the birth rate remained at the same level.
At the end of the 20th century. The highest birth rate and natural increase were observed in Kenya, where the birth rate was 54 people per thousand, and the natural increase was 44 people. This phenomenon of rapid population growth in countries of the second type of reproduction is called a demographic explosion. Currently, such countries account for more than 3/4 of the world's population. The absolute annual increase is 85 million people, i.e. developing countries are already and will continue to have a decisive impact on the size and reproduction of the world's population. Under these conditions, most countries seek to manage population reproduction by pursuing demographic policies. Demographic policy is a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population in the directions it desires.
In countries of the first type of reproduction, demographic policy is aimed at increasing the birth rate and natural increase (Western European countries, Russia, etc.); in countries of the second type of reproduction - to reduce the birth rate and natural increase (India, China, etc.).
2. Composition and structure of the population
The population is divided into several categories.
1. Based on the gender composition of the population, countries are divided into three groups. The first group of countries where the number of men and women is the same (countries of Africa and Latin America). The second group of countries where the number of women exceeds the male population (more than half of the countries in the world, especially the countries of North America). This is due to two reasons: the longer average life expectancy of women and the loss of the male population during the first and second world wars. The third group is where the number of men prevails over the number of women (Asian countries, India, China).
2. By age composition. Age is the main criterion in determining the main productive part of the population - the labor force. The degree of their involvement in production is evidenced by the indicator of the economically active population. Types of age composition correspond to types of reproduction. Countries of the first type of reproduction are characterized by a low proportion of people of childhood and a high proportion of elderly people. In Europe, children under 14 make up 24%, people aged 15-59 make up about 59%, and older people make up about 17%. This structure is called the aging of the nation. Countries of the second type of reproduction are characterized by a high proportion of children and a low proportion of older people. For example, in African countries, children under 14 years old make up 44%, elderly people - 5%. This population structure is called national rejuvenation.
3. Ethnolinguistic composition. In total, there are 3-4 thousand peoples, or ethnic groups, in the world. Ethnic groups are defined as established, stable communities of people. Ethnic groups are classified according to their numbers. The vast majority of peoples are small in number. There are about 310 peoples in the world with more than 1 million people, but they make up 96% of the world's population. More than 100 million people consist of 7 nations: Chinese, Indians, US Americans, Russians, Brazilians, Japanese and Bengalis.
4. According to religious composition, there are three world religions: Christianity (practised by about 1 billion people), Islam, or Islam (about 800 million people), and Buddhism (about 200 million people). Recently, Hinduism (India) and Shintoism (Japan) have been distinguished into separate religions.
5. Based on the level of education of the population, countries with a high level of education and countries with a low level of education are distinguished. At the beginning of the 90s. XX century. 27% of the world's population was illiterate. Of this amount, 4% comes from developed countries, and 96% from developing countries. The level of education has a huge impact on the quality of life of the population.
