Presentation on the topic “Natural areas of the Earth”
Tropical rainforests
- Tropical rainforest
, distributed in areas with a humid, warm climate (2000-7000 mm of precipitation per year, air temperature +25º C). In addition to excessive rainfall, tropical rainforests are characterized by a large number of animal species and a huge diversity of flora.
Distribution of tropical rainforests in the world
- The largest tropical rainforests exist in the Amazon, much of Central America (where they are called "selva"), equatorial Africa, many areas of Southeast Asia from Myanmar to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and the Australian state of Queensland.
Fauna of the natural area
- Humid tropicals are characterized by: a variety of flora, the presence of 4-5 tree layers, the absence of shrubs, a large number of vines. The upper tier consists of a small number of very tall trees reaching a height of 45-55 meters (rare species reach 60-70 meters). Most often the trees are evergreen, but some shed their leaves during the dry season.
- Such trees must withstand harsh temperatures and strong winds. This level is home to eagles, bats, some species of monkeys and butterflies.
- The second tier is formed by most tall trees, usually 30 - 45 meters high. This is the densest level, the layer of foliage formed by neighboring trees. Flowers and then fruits are formed directly on the trunks and thick branches. Unusually thin (1-2 mm) tree bark, sometimes covered with sharp thorns or thorns;
- Despite the lush vegetation, the quality of the soil in such forests leaves much to be desired. Rapid rotting caused by bacteria prevents the accumulation of a humus layer
Animal world
- In tropical rainforests, many animals live in trees: prehensile-tailed monkeys, pygmy and four-toed anteaters, opossums, prehensile-tailed porcupines, and sloths. There are a lot of insects, especially butterflies (one of the richest faunas in the world
) and beetles (more than 100 species);
many fish (as many as 2000 species - this is approximately one third of the world's freshwater fauna
).
Golden lion tamarin
Yacamara
Savannah
- Savannas are
vast areas covered with grassy vegetation with sparsely scattered trees and shrubs. Typical of a subequatorial climate with a sharp division of the year into dry and rainy seasons. During the dry season, savannah vegetation freezes; savannas turn yellow, and dried out plants are often exposed to fires, due to which the tree bark is usually scorched.
- Savannas are characteristic of South America, Africa, North America and Southeast Asia
Plants
- Plants that have adapted to savannah conditions are very tough. Thousands of different herbs grow there. But trees, in order to survive, need some specific qualities to protect them from drought and fire. For example, the baobab tree is distinguished by a thick, fire-protected trunk that, like a sponge, can store water reserves. Its long roots absorb moisture deep underground.
- Acacia has a wide, flat crown that creates shade for the leaves growing below, thereby protecting them from drying out. With the onset of rain, the savannas come to life, covered with fresh greenery and speckled with numerous different flowers.
Animals
- Savannah animals were forced to adapt to survive in drought conditions. Large herbivores, such as giraffes, zebras, wildebeest, elephants and rhinoceroses, are able to travel great distances and, if a place becomes too dry, they go to where it rains and where there is plenty of vegetation
- Predators such as lions, cheetahs and hyenas prey on wandering herds of animals. It is difficult for small animals to go in search of water, so they prefer to hibernate throughout the dry season.
Deserts
- Deserts are common in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, subtropical and tropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Characterized by humidifying conditions (annual precipitation is less than 200 mm, and in some deserts there has been no precipitation for decades. Average temperature in the summer months reaches + 30 °C, maximum + 50 °C. Groundwater is often mineralized. Soils are poorly developed
- deserts occupy more than 16.5 million km²
- One of the characteristic features of all deserts is constantly blowing winds, sometimes reaching very strong strength and speeds of 80 - 100 km/h. Desert winds capture and transport loose material on the surface. This is how sand and dust storms are formed.
Plants
- Living conditions in deserts are very harsh: lack of water, dry air, strong insolation, winter frosts with very little or no snow cover. Therefore, mainly specialized forms live here (with adaptations both morpho-physiological and in lifestyle and behavior).
Animals
- Deserts are characterized by fast-moving animals, which is associated with the search for water (watering holes have been removed). Due to the need for shelter from enemies and harsh climatic conditions, a number of animals have highly developed adaptations for digging in the sand. Desert fauna has a protective “desert” coloring - yellow, light brown and gray tones, which makes many animals inconspicuous. Most of the desert fauna is nocturnal in summer. Some hibernate
Young goitered gazelle
Arrow snake
Scarab beetle
Phalanx
Varan
Steppes
- Steppe
is a plain covered with grassy vegetation in the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern and southern hemispheres. A characteristic feature of the steppes is the almost complete absence of trees. - Steppes are common on all continents except Antarctica. In Eurasia, the largest areas of steppes are located on the territory of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.
- The steppe is characterized by high aridity, only slightly less than in the desert. Atmospheric precipitation from 250 to 450 mm per year
- Plants also adapt to unfavorable conditions. Many of them are drought-resistant or active in the spring, when there is still moisture left after winter. Herbs that form a closed or almost closed carpet: feather grass, fescue, thin-legged grass, bluegrass, sheep grass
- Animals are active in the summer mainly at night. Of the ungulates, typical species are distinguished by their keen eyesight and the ability to run quickly and for a long time (for example, antelopes); of rodents - those that build complex burrows (gophers, marmots, mole rats) and jumping species (jerboas, kangaroo rats). Most birds fly away for the winter. Common: steppe eagle, bustard, steppe harrier, steppe kestrel, larks. Numerous reptiles and insects
Forest zone
- Different natural conditions in forest areas affect the nature of vegetation. In the north, coniferous, taiga-type forests predominate, the main species being pine, spruce, larch, fir and cedar
- in the south the taiga gives way to subzones of mixed and deciduous forests. The main tree species: birch, pine, spruce, oak, linden, maple, elm, beech, chestnut and linden. Rich soil encourages the growth of many plants.
- The climate of this part of the temperate zone is characterized by sufficient precipitation (at least 450-500 mm per year). Winters are cold, without strong winds, with frequent thaws, lasting 4 - 5 months. The height of the snow cover rarely exceeds 50 cm. Summer is moderately warm and humid, the average temperature in July is +16...+19°C. Contributes to the formation of coniferous-deciduous forests.
- The forests are inhabited by large herbivores (elk, deer, roe deer, wild boar), climbing animals (wolverine, squirrel, chipmunk, sable, marten, etc.),
- Brown bear, wolf, lynx, and fox are also widespread.
Tundra
- Tundra is
a type of natural zone that lies beyond the northern limits of forest vegetation, a space with permafrost soil that is not flooded by sea or river waters. The tundra is located north of the taiga zone.
Tundra
- The nature of the surface of the tundra is swampy, peaty, rocky.
The name comes from the Sami language and means “dead land”.
- The main feature of the tundra is swampy lowlands in a harsh climate, high relative humidity, strong winds and permafrost.
- The tundra has a very harsh climate; only those plants and animals live here that can tolerate cold, strong winds, low snow cover, permafrost in the soil and its infertility.
- The hosts in the tundra are mosses and lichens. Shrubs and shrubs are abundant.
- Wild deer, foxes, bighorn sheep, wolves, lemmings and brown hares are typical inhabitants of the tundra
Bibliography
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0 – Savannah
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0 %BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0 — Natural area of tropical rainforests
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8 – Natural steppe area
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8 – Desert Natural Area
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0 -Natural zone Tundra
- Teacher Panina Valentina Ivanovna
Branch of the Municipal Educational Institution Sosnovskaya Secondary School No. 2 in the village. Podlesnoe, Tambov region.
Natural areas
Today in class we:
· learn what natural areas are,
· consider the patterns of their placement on Earth,
· Let's get acquainted with the concepts of latitudinal zonation and altitudinal zonation.
The larger the land mass or ocean, the greater the differences between the components of nature.
The fact is that on each continent, within a certain climatic zone,
the territory is divided into smaller natural-territorial systems
-
natural zones
.
In other words, a natural area
is a large natural complex that has common temperature conditions, moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and fauna.
Formation of natural areas
due to the climate of the area.
So, for example, under conditions of high humidity and high temperatures, a zone of humid equatorial forests
.
In case of lack of moisture and high temperatures, tropical desert zones
.
The name of natural areas is given according to the dominant types of vegetation
.
Natural areas in the World Ocean
differ in water masses, organic matter and other indicators.
The fact is that they do not have a clear external difference from each other
, which is why they are called by their geographical location, like climate zones.
Natural areas of the World Ocean
It is worth noting that natural zones both on land and in the ocean gradually transform into one another. If you carefully study the map of natural zones of the world, it becomes obvious: natural zones naturally replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in the amount of heat received by the earth’s surface from the Sun and uneven moisture
.
Another interesting trend is observed: the longer the landmass within a certain geographical zone and the more diverse its relief, the more natural zones it includes
.
Natural zones of the equatorial belt
"Gilea"
A small set of natural areas have an equatorial belt
.
It is represented by a natural zone of humid equatorial forests
, otherwise known as
hylea
.
This natural area has a very hot and humid climate.
: the average annual temperature here is
+28 ° C
, and the annual precipitation exceeds
3000 mm
.
Hylaea has a very rich fauna:
many birds, predators, lizards, snakes and so on.
Natural zones of the subequatorial belt
Within subequatorial belts
There are
two natural zones: variable-humid deciduous forests, as well as savannas
.
Variably moist deciduous forests
during the wet period they resemble evergreen equatorial forests, and during drought, most of the trees remain without leaves.
The fauna is rich and diverse
.
Savannah climate
characterized
by low precipitation
, about
500 mm per year
, and
high temperatures
during the dry season. Only certain types of trees adapt to the dry period: baobabs, eucalyptus and palm trees. The fauna of the savannas is represented by numerous birds, ungulates, and the presence of large predators.
Natural areas of the tropical zone
Within tropical zones
The following natural zones are distinguished:
· Monsoon wet forests
, which are not much different from variable-humid deciduous forests.
· Natural area of savannas and woodlands
.
· Most of this belt is represented by deserts
.
The largest set of natural zones are in the subtropical and temperate zones.
Natural areas of the subtropical zone
Subtropical zones
occupy the territory between 30 and 40 latitudes of both hemispheres.
Summers here are dry and hot, winters are mild and wet
.
Within the subtropical zones, the following natural zones are distinguished: Mediterranean evergreen and hard-leaved forests, variable-humid monsoon forests, deserts and semi-deserts, as well as steppes and forest-steppes
.
Natural zones of the temperate zone
For temperate zones
Characterized by
significant temperature differences between summer and winter, as well as land and sea
.
In the northern hemisphere, where huge land masses are located within the belt, the climates of the territories are exceptionally diverse. In the southern hemisphere, where the land area is insignificant, marine temperate climates
.
Thus, within the temperate zones the following natural zones have formed: zones of mixed and deciduous forests, taiga zone, forest-steppe and steppe zone, as well as desert and semi-desert zones
.
Almost all forest zones of the temperate zone are characterized by widespread swamps
.
Natural zones of the subarctic and subantarctic belt
Subarctic and subantarctic belt
It is represented by two natural zones, alternating from south to north:
forest-tundra and tundra
.
The smallest set of natural zones has the Arctic and Antarctic belts
, which includes
the natural zone of Arctic and Antarctic deserts
.
Thus, the location of natural zones on the earth’s surface is closely related to climatic zones
.
The change in natural complexes when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zoning
.
Due to the fact that our planet Earth has a spherical shape, there is a gradual decrease in the amount of heat coming to it from the equator to the poles
, which in turn determines the latitudinal zonality.
However, the earth's surface is also heterogeneous due to its unevenness. Thus, in the mountainous areas of the Earth, a completely different system of distribution of natural zones is established. The regular change of natural complexes in the mountains as the absolute height increases is called altitudinal zonation.
It is worth noting that the change of natural zones in the mountains occurs much faster than the change of natural zones along geographical latitudes
.
As a rule, the mountains of the Earth are very diverse in height and location. Therefore, it is impossible to draw up a strict altitudinal zonation scheme applicable to any mountainous area of the Earth. However, it is possible to establish general patterns of change in natural zones in the mountains when moving along a slope from bottom to top. Thus, under any conditions, less heat-loving types of vegetation replace each other from bottom to top.
.
For example, at the foot of a mountain system there is a tropical forest
, above
is mixed forest
, even higher
is taiga
, then
alpine meadows
and the tops of the mountains are occupied by
snow and glaciers
.
The number of belts on the mountain slopes depends on the height of the mountain system and on the latitudes in which it is located:
The higher it is and the closer it is to the equator, the more belts there will be.
Let's summarize the lesson.
Natural area
is a large natural complex that has common temperature conditions, moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and fauna.
The location of natural zones on the earth's surface is closely related to climatic zones.
The change in natural complexes when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zoning
.
The regular change of natural complexes in the mountains as the absolute height increases is called altitudinal zonation
.
