Scenario for the extracurricular event “Day of Slavic Literature and Culture.”

Event for the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture in college. Scenario

Scenario of the event for the holiday of Slavic literature and culture “The Light and Goodness of Saints Cyril and Methodius”
Author:
Valentina Nikolaevna Matvienko, teacher of the interdisciplinary course “Russian language with teaching methods”, teacher-methodologist Place of work: State Pedagogical Educational Institution “Makeevka Pedagogical College” Scenario of a college-wide extracurricular event (literary-historical composition) Light and goodness of Saints Cyril and Methodius
Goal: formation of spiritual and moral values ​​of future specialists, introducing them to the history of their native language, to the spiritual sources of Russian culture. Objectives: •To introduce the educational activities of St. rvnp. Cyril and Methodius, determine the significance of their contribution to the education of the Slavic peoples. •Develop abilities and awaken interest aimed at revealing cognitive interest in the history of one’s Fatherland, in the history of one’s native language. •Develop a culture of spoken word, enrich and elevate students’ vocabulary. •To cultivate an attentive and careful attitude to the word, a sense of beauty, and reverence for the mystery of knowledge. •To form the student’s moral qualities based on the spiritual origins of the Slavic language (love of the native word, patriotic feelings). Equipment: 1. Information and communication technologies (ICT) 2. Video: “My Donbass”, “Holy Mother of God”, “Prayer to the Mother of God”. 3. Multimedia presentation 4. Images of Saints Cyril and Methodius 5. Church Slavic alphabet (Cyrillic) 6. Reproductions from hand-made books, posters with proverbs and sayings about the Slavic alphabet Progress of the event (Video “Our Donbass”)

Presenter 1. Motherland...What is Motherland? Presenter 2. This is my beloved Donbass! Donetsk region, you are no nicer! You are the cradle of steppe grass and the smells of wormwood. Purple sunset, sunny dawn, You are the gray sky and joy and despondency. Presenter 3. Your air, dusty, is purer than girlish tears, the bitter taste of rowan is familiar from childhood. You will wake up at dawn to the ringing song of birds - a wedge of cranes from the sky sends you greetings.

Presenter 4. Wheat fields are like golden rivers, Green forests and lush gardens. The captivating aroma of field grass will leave traces in the heart forever.

Presenter 1. Donetsk region, you are no nicer! You are the land of factories, mines and waste heaps. You are the land of unbroken and valiant people. You are a block of power, beauty and strength.

Presenter 2. What is the Motherland? The Motherland is also our native language, the great, mighty Russian language!

Presenter 3. Language, our magnificent language, River and steppe expanse in it, In it the screeching of an eagle and a wolf's roar, The chanting, and the ringing, and the incense of pilgrimage. Presenter 4. It contains the cooing of a dove in the spring, the flight of a lark towards the sun - higher, higher. Birch grove: through light, heavenly rain spilled on the roof. K. Balmont Presenter 1. You marvel at the jewels of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and really, another name is even more precious than the thing itself. N.V. Gogol

Presenter 2. Under the pen of our writers and poets, all the richness and splendor of the Russian language comes to life. Presenter 3. Scientific treatises are born under the pen of scientists. Presenter 4. How great it is that the great creations of the human mind have come to us, how great it is that we can read this. Presenter 1. It’s great that we have written speech. Many of us have never thought about how writing appeared, who invented letters - graphic signs that convey spoken speech; who created the Russian alphabet? (Video. Bells and flute)

Linguist 1. With the beginning of their national writing, each nation marks a special milestone in its history. Slavic writing has an amazing origin. Linguist 2. Not everyone knows that May 24 is a special day. May 24 is the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture, the Day of Veneration of the Holy Enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, who gave the Slavs the writing system, the alphabet that we still use today.

Presenter 1. For those who hear their names for the first time, we begin our story.

Historian 1. It was a long time ago - in the 9th century. On the border with Bulgaria, there was one of the largest provinces of Byzantium, the capital of which was the city of Thessaloniki (Soluni). The family of the military commander had seven children. His father was Bulgarian, his mother was Greek; therefore, the family had two native languages ​​- Greek and Bulgarian.

Historian 2. The eldest in the family was Mikhail, the youngest was Konstantin. It was they who would later become known as the enlighteners Methodius and Cyril, the creators of the Slavic alphabet.

Historian 1. Mikhail Solunsky, the eldest of the brothers, followed in his father’s footsteps and chose a military career. At the age of 20, he was already the manager of Slavinia, which was subordinate to Byzantium. But after 10 years he decided to change his life. Reader 1. But more and more often I hear a wonderful voice in silence, Like a divine lyre Calling me to leave the world, Live in a small monastery In labors and long thoughts, Pray to God at dawn, Spending days in solitude. Historian 2. Michael left military service and went to Athos. He became a monk and received the name Methodius. Historian 1. Konstantin was 12 years younger than his brother. As a capable young man, he was accepted into school at the court of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III. There he studied philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, all Hellenic arts, and also studied languages. He knew 22 languages. Constantine was the best student and was nicknamed the Philosopher. Historian 2. After completing a course in science, Konstantin became a patriarchal librarian, then taught philosophy at the university.

Historian 1. But a different fate was prepared for him - to bring the Christian faith to the Slavic lands, to the lands of the pagans. Historian 2. The Byzantine emperor sent the Sounsky brothers to the Khazar kingdom, and then to the Slavic country of Moravia, to Prince Rostislav, to bring this people the light of truth, the light of Christianity, the Christian faith.

Historian 1. Constantine preached to them the ideas of goodness, advised them to live righteously, not to offend each other and neighbors, to enlighten their minds. But he understood that the advice would be in vain. The Slavs could not enlighten their minds. Historian 2. How to teach Christian teaching to people who do not have writing? After all, they will not be able to read either the Holy Scriptures or other holy books! Historian 1. On behalf of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III, Cyril began to create the Slavic Alphabet. He went to the monastery to visit his older brother Methodius. Reader 2. The light of the lamp is quietly smoldering, Silence is slumbering in the monastery, You can only hear the cicadas ringing in the thorny thickets on the mountain. It’s good to retire forever Among the gray and majestic mountains, Think about God and pray, And look into the shining space. (Video. Prayer to the Mother of God - song by Malyshev)

Reader 1. Mother of God! Most Pure Virgin! You taught the baby Christ, Inspire us to good deeds - The sounds of letters came to our lips. Enlighten, Mother of God, the peoples who don’t even have books yet. Give them faith, love, and freedom, and the light of Christian teachings! (Quiet music sounds) Presenter 1. It was very quiet in the temple, candles were flickering, and large southern stars were looking out the window. Constantine suddenly felt joyful in his soul: he felt that his prayer had been heard by the Mother of God Herself! (Prayer to the Mother of God)

Presenter 2. After the prayer service, the brothers and their five faithful students began to create the Slavic alphabet. Everything worked out easily for them, because the Lord Himself guided them. The alphabet took shape like a mosaic picture. Linguist 1. The Russian alphabet is a unique phenomenon among all known methods of alphabetic writing. The alphabet and only it contains content. The Proto-Slavic alphabet is a message - a set of coded phrases. Let's look at the first three letters - AZ, BUKI, VEDI. AZ - I, BUKI - letters, writing, VEDI - to know, to know. Thus, the following phrase is obtained: AZ BUKI VEDI - I know the letters. THE VERB GOOD IS – the word is an asset. LIVE means living in work, not vegetating. ZELO - diligently. EARTH – planet Earth and its inhabitants – earthlings. And – conjunction and. IZHE – those who they are. KAKO - like, similar. PEOPLE are intelligent beings. This part of the alphabet meant: Live well, earth, and like people - live, working hard, earthlings, and as befits people. THINK OUR PEACE - comprehend our universe. Linguist 2. RTSY – imperative mood of the verb speak, utter, read aloud. THE WORD is transmitting knowledge. FIRMLY - confidently, confidently. So three words form a phrase: speak your word firmly - bring knowledge with conviction. QM is the basis of knowledge. Let's compare: science, teach, skill, custom. FERT - fertilizes. The alphabet recorded the differences between the sounds “p” and “f”. In the middle of the century, southern Europeans who pronounced “f” instead of “P” in Rus' were called fryags precisely because of the peculiarities of their speech. In German, the word “Herr” means lord, God, in Greek “hiero” is translated as divine, in English HERO Hero, and also the Russian name of God is Khoros. It turns out that the letter XER meant “divine, given from above.” UK FIRTH HER: knowledge is the gift of God. Linguist 1. “TSY CHERVE STA ERA YUS YATI” stands for “dare, sharpen, worm, in order to comprehend the Light of Being”! Presenter 2. Here it is, an elementary message! In modern translation it sounds like this: I know the letters: Writing is a property. Work hard, earthlings, As befits reasonable people, Comprehend the universe! Carry the word with conviction: Knowledge is a gift from God! Dare, delve deeply in order to comprehend the Light of Being!

Presenter 3. The Russian alphabet is our national treasure. It is he who reflects all the richness of our great Russian language, it is he who is the core of our culture, our self-awareness, our existence as a Russian nation. Presenter 4. After the creation of the ABC, the brothers began translating church books into the language of the Slavs and, finally, Constantine wrote the first line of the Gospel of John in new beautiful letters: “In the beginning was the Word...”.

Reader 2. Having prayed to God in the morning, bending over the holy sheet, the letters were brought to his pen by a radiant golden angel. And the letters of the Slavic ligature lay down, And line after line ran, Becoming a great book, Sent by the Almighty hand. And it seemed that the shine of the heavenly stars was carefully preserved by this book, And it seemed that Jesus Christ Himself was speaking to us in Slavic! Historian 1. The brothers’ activities quickly expanded beyond the limits specified to them by the Byzantine emperor. Cyril and Methodius diligently enlightened the Slavs, taught them to read and write and founded new churches. Historian 2. With their activities, Cyril and Methodius laid the foundation for Slavic writing and literature. This activity was continued in the South Slavic countries by the disciples of Cyril and Methodius. Presenter 1. In 863, the word of God began to sound in Moravian cities and villages in their native Slavic language, writings and secular books were created. Slavic chronicle writing has begun! Presenter 2. So here they are - our origins, Floating, glowing in the twilight, Solemnly - strict lines, Cast Slavic connection. So this is where, this is where I first found, at the foot of the mountains, Under the fiery sign of Sophia, the diamond hardness of the verb. Presenter 3. The great mystery of sound, despising decay and death, shook the motionless firmament on the blue Dnieper bends. And Rus' over the foaming water, Open to the free winds, “I am!” - declared to the Universe, “I am!” - declared to the centuries. Presenter 4. Before his repose, Konstantin took the schema with the name Kirill. Konstantin lived only 42 years. The Orthodox Church reveres the brothers Cyril and Methodius as saints equal to the apostles and considers them the first Slavic teachers.

Reader 1. Throughout broad Russia - our mother, the bells are ringing. Nowadays the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius are glorified for their labors. Reader 2. Thank you, our holy brothers, for your unceasing labors, for the alphabet taught to us, and most importantly, for the holy Bible. Reader 3. Years have passed, and enlightenment has lit up like a light among the Russians From generation to generation... From our ancestors, as to sons, It has been bequeathed to us. Reader 4. They remember Cyril and Methodius, the glorious Brothers, Equal to the Apostles, in Belarus, Macedonia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. They praise the wise brothers in Bulgaria, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia! Reader 5. All the peoples who write in Cyrillic, Which have been called Slavic since ancient times, Glorify the feat of their first teachers, their Christian enlighteners. Linguist 1. The Slavic alphabet existed in Russia unchanged for more than seven centuries. Its creators tried to make each letter of the first Russian alphabet simple and clear, easy to write. They also remembered that the letters should be beautiful, and so that a person, as soon as he saw them, would immediately want to master writing. There were 43 letters in the Slavic alphabet. linguistic _ _ _ to this day. Reader 1. He began his native word with the Cyrillic alphabet, And having studied it from A to Z, There is no better language than the native language, While the native land sounds. Reader 2. It sounds like Yesenin's poems, Here the Mayakovskys, with a word cuts the sound, Beloved Pushkin is with us every day, And Fet and Tyutchev are never parted from them! Reader 3. And how much Russian sound there is in prose, Tolstoy and Gogol, Sholokhov, friends, Lead us, in a word, to the joy of consciousness, That they are all Russian, like me! Reader 4. I thank Methodius, Cyril For the letters, sounds, euphony of words, That they instilled in us a huge, boundless love for the Russian language! O.Ya. Yakovenko

Presenter 1. Language is a heritage received from ancestors, which must be treated as something sacred, invaluable and inaccessible to insult. F. Nietzsche Presenter 2. Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why studying and preserving the Russian language is not an idle activity because there is nothing better to do, but an urgent necessity. A. Kuprin Presenter 3. Great poets and writers, linguists, philosophers call on us to preserve the Russian language, its beauty, wealth, greatness, harmony. Presenter 4. Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors! Handle this powerful tool with respect; in skillful hands it is capable of performing miracles. I. Turgenev Presenter 1. Our language is the great foundation of Russian culture, and we need to protect, develop and preserve it - It is very important to rid it of everything superficial, to protect Russian speech from “verbal garbage”. M. Kryukov Presenter 2. Pushkin’s sound is so wondrous, Our tongue writhes in anguish, When they send an ungodly message On it, in Russian. E. Yevtushenko Presenter 3. And we, future teachers and educators, how do we study the Russian language, how do we treat it, how do we take care of it? Presenter 4. Yes, our special youth language, which is clearly based on thieves' jargon. Remind me of some of our words? Let's start with the most harmless ones: stupha, dorm, teacher, spur, bursa.

Presenter 1. What words do we use to express our emotions? Cool, cool, cool, awesome, awesome, cool, wow, super, sucks, dumb, awesome, crazy. Presenter 2. Shall we continue? Damn, it's gone, I don't care, it's rubbish, it's rubbish, it's crap, it's crap. Presenter 3. You can give endless examples of slang words. Oh, and how “cool” our boys address girls: girl, girl, dude...

Presenter 4. And the girls - to the boys: cormorant, dude, man, soaring... Yes, our wonderful speech!

Presenter 1. Peace, love, kindness, admiration for nature, the miracle of life have endless linguistic means. The language is also rich in expressions of hostility, rudeness, condemnation, accusations, suppression, resentment, and insult. It is also rich in harsh expressions of extreme annoyance and anger - curses. Presenter 2. Our language is constantly being vulgarized. This is especially dangerous in connection with the total introduction into our speech of coarse language, “profanity,” as they now like to put it correctly, that is, ordinary swearing.

Presenter 3. How much wit, anger and spiritual uncleanliness was spent to come up with these nasty words and phrases aimed at insulting and desecrating a person in everything that is sacred, dear and dear to him. A. Chekhov Linguist 1. A poor language is certainly associated with primitive thinking, and this often corresponds to unworthy behavior. A poor language is also a primitive, poor soul. Linguist 2. And if our speech contains a lot of slang and profanity, do we have the right to teach children? Do we have the right to educate them? The historian 1. Saint Ignatius (Brianchaninov) warned us: “The divine purpose of the word is in writers, in all teachers... What a terrible answer will be given by those who turned the means of edification and salvation into a means of corruption and destruction!”

Historian 2. Alexey Tolstoy warned us: “To handle the language somehow means to think somehow: inaccurately, approximately, incorrectly.” Presenter 4. “Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in the days of anger and suffering, our immortal gift - speech...” Is it a coincidence - during the difficult time of the Leningrad blockade, Anna Akhmatova seemed to respond to the call of her older contemporary: We will preserve you, Russian speech , The Great Russian Word. We will carry you free and clean, and give you to your grandchildren, and save you from captivity. FOREVER! Reader 1. The deep meaning of these lines: let's save the WORD! Not a house, not a life, not even a homeland - but: a word. Reader 2. Because everything is in the word. AND HOME, AND LIFE, AND HOMELAND, AND FAITH!

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Class hour for 6th grade on the topic “Slavic writing”

Slavic writing

The purpose of the class hour

: to introduce students to the emergence of Slavic writing, to instill a love for their native language.
In Russia, as in other Slavic states, the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture is widely celebrated. For many peoples of the Slavic states, the unifying factor is the Orthodox religion and the spiritual sphere and culture associated with it. The origins of Slavic writing go back to the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius, who brought writing to the Slavic land, thereby introducing the multi-million Slavic peoples to world civilization and world culture. Slavic writing was created in the 9th century, around 862. Saints Cyril and Methodius Brothers Cyril and Methodius grew up in a noble family living in the Greek city of Thessaloniki. Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, Constantine the youngest. Methodius had a military rank and was the ruler of one of the Slavic principalities subordinate to the Byzantine Empire, Bulgarian, which gave him the opportunity to learn the Slavic language. The future Slavic educators received an excellent upbringing and education. From infancy, Konstantin discovered extraordinary mental gifts. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he had already read the books of the most profound of the Church Fathers of the 4th century, Gregory the Theologian. The rumor about Constantine's talent reached Constantinople, and then he was taken to the court, where he studied with the emperor's son from the best teachers in the capital of Byzantium. Constantine studied ancient literature with the famous scientist Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. Constantine studied with the best teachers of Constantinople and perfectly mastered all the sciences of his time and many languages, receiving the nickname Philosopher for his intelligence and outstanding knowledge. He also comprehended philosophy, rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy and music. A brilliant career at the imperial court, wealth and marriage to a noble, beautiful girl awaited Constantine. But he preferred to retire to a monastery on Mount Olympus to his brother Methodius, his biography tells us, in order to constantly pray and engage in pious reflections. However, Konstantin was unable to spend long periods of time in solitude. As the best preacher of the faith and defender of Orthodoxy, he was often sent to neighboring countries to participate in disputes. These trips were very successful for Konstantin. Konstantin's whole life was filled with frequent difficult, difficult trials and hard work. This undermined his strength, and at the age of 42 he became very ill. Shortly before his death, he became a monk with the name Cyril and died quietly in 869. This happened in Rome, when the brothers once again came to seek support from the Pope in their main task - the dissemination of Slavic writing. Before his death, Kirill told his brother: “You and I, like two oxen, drove the same furrow. I am exhausted, but don’t think about leaving the work of teaching and retiring to your mountain again.” Methodius outlived his brother by 16 years. Enduring hardships and reproaches, he continued his great work - translating the Holy Books into Slavic, preaching the Orthodox faith, and baptizing the Slavic people. He left as his successor the best of his students, Archbishop Gorazd, and about two hundred Slavic priests trained by him. We learn about the beginning of Slavic writing from the main Russian chronicle - “The Tale of Bygone Years”. It talks about how one day the Slavic princes Rostislav, Svyatopolk and Kotsel sent ambassadors to the Byzantine Tsar Michael with the words: “Our land is baptized, but we do not have a teacher who would instruct, teach us, and explain the holy books. After all, we do not know either Greek or Latin; Some teach us this way, and others teach us differently, so we don’t know either the shape of the letters or their meaning. And send us teachers who could tell us about book words and their meaning.” Then Tsar Michael summoned two learned brothers - Constantine and Methodius, and “the king persuaded them and sent them to the Slavic land... When these brothers arrived, they began to compile the Slavic alphabet and translated the Apostle and the Gospel.” This happened in 863. This is where Slavic writing originates. “And the Slavs were glad that they heard about the greatness of God in their language.” Then the brothers translated the Psalter, Octoechos and other church books. With the adoption of Christianity, the Slavic alphabet came to Rus'. And in Kyiv, and in Novgorod, and in other cities, they began to create schools for teaching Slavic literacy. Teachers from Bulgaria appeared in the Russian land - continuers of the work of Cyril and Methodius. The new alphabet was called “Cyrillic” after the monastic name of Constantine. The Slavic alphabet was compiled on the basis of the Greek, significantly changing it to convey the Slavic sound system. Two alphabets were created - Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Initially, there was a strong belief that only three languages ​​were worthy for worship and writing church books (Hebrew, Greek and Latin). The Pope, after the brothers presented the new alphabet, approved worship in the Slavic language, and ordered the books translated by the brothers to be placed in Roman churches and the liturgy to be performed in the Slavic language. A BRIEF HISTORY OF WRITING
When we try to imagine the beginning of Russian literature, our thought necessarily turns to the history of writing.
The importance of writing in the history of the development of civilization can hardly be overestimated. Language, like a mirror, reflects the whole world, our whole life. And reading written or printed texts, it’s as if we are getting into a time machine and can be transported to both recent times and the distant past. The possibilities of writing are not limited by time or distance. But people did not always master the art of writing. This art has been developing for a long time, over many millennia. First, picture writing (pictography) appeared: some event was depicted in the form of a picture, then they began to depict not the event, but individual objects, first maintaining the similarity with what was depicted, and then in the form of conventional signs (ideography, hieroglyphs), and, finally, learned to depict not objects, but to convey their names with signs (sound writing). Initially, only consonant sounds were used in sound writing, and vowels were either not perceived at all, or were indicated by additional symbols (syllabic writing). Syllabic writing was used by many Semitic peoples, including the Phoenicians. The Greeks created their alphabet based on the Phoenician letter, but significantly improved it by introducing special signs for vowel sounds. The Greek letter formed the basis of the Latin alphabet, and in the 9th century the Slavic letter was created by using letters of the Greek alphabet. Compiling the Slavic alphabet, Kirill was able to discern in the sound of the Slavic language he had known since childhood (and this was probably one of the dialects of the ancient Bulgarian language) the basic sounds of this language and find letter designations for each of them. When reading Old Church Slavonic, we pronounce the words as they are written. In the Old Church Slavonic language we will not find such a discrepancy between the sound of words and their pronunciation, as, for example, in English or French. The Slavic book language (Old Church Slavonic) became widespread as a common language for many Slavic peoples. It was used by the Southern Slavs (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats), Western Slavs (Czechs, Slovaks), Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians). In memory of the great feat of Cyril and Methodius, the Day of Slavic Literature is celebrated all over the world on May 24. It is celebrated especially solemnly in Bulgaria. There are festive processions with the Slavic alphabet and icons of the holy brothers. Since 1987, a holiday of Slavic writing and culture began to be held in our country on this day. The Russian people pay tribute to the memory and gratitude of “the teachers of the Slavic countries... “ SLAVIC ALPHABET AND GREEK ALPHABET
Do you know how Russian writing arose? If you don't know, we can tell you. But first answer this question: how does the alphabet differ from the alphabet? The word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Slavic alphabet: A (az) and B (buki): AZBUKA: AZ + BUKI and the word “alphabet” comes from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: ALPHABET: ALPHA + VITA The alphabet is much older ABC In the 9th century there was no alphabet, and the Slavs did not have their own letters. And therefore there was no writing. The Slavs could not write books or even letters to each other in their language. How and where did our alphabet come from, and why is it called Cyrillic? Cyril and Methodius took the Greek alphabet and adapted it to the sounds of the Slavic language. So our alphabet is a “daughter” of the Greek alphabet. Many of our letters are taken from Greek, which is why they look similar to them. Greek Aa Bb Gg Dd Ee Kk Ll Mm

Slavic Aa Vv Gy Dd Her Kk Ll Mm

WHAT ABC DID CONSTANTINE CREATE? And here lies another mystery. Manuscripts from the 10th and 11th centuries are written in two different alphabets. Some are written in Cyrillic, others in Glagolitic. But which of these two alphabets is older? That is, what script were written in the unsurvived manuscripts of Cyril and Methodius' times?

A number of facts indicate that the Glagolitic alphabet should be considered the more ancient alphabet. The most ancient monuments (including the “Kyiv Leaves”) are written precisely in the Glagolitic alphabet, and they are written in a more archaic language, similar in phonetic composition to the language of the South Slavs. Palimpsests (manuscripts on parchment in which the old text has been scraped off and a new one written on it) also indicate the great antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet. On all surviving palimpsests, the Glagolitic alphabet has been scraped off and the new text is written in Cyrillic. There is not a single palimpsest in which the Cyrillic alphabet has been scraped off and the Glagolitic alphabet written on it.

There are other facts that indicate the greater antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet, but it would take too long to list them. So, in modern Slavic studies no one doubts that the learned men Constantine the Philosopher (after accepting monasticism Cyril) and his brother Methodius “transferred” the sounds of the Slavic language onto parchment using the alphabet that today is commonly called Glagolitic. Later (apparently at the council in Preslav, the capital of the Bulgarian king Simeon in 893), the Cyrillic alphabet appeared, which eventually replaced the Glagolitic alphabet in all Slavic countries, with the exception of Northern Dalmatia (Adriatic coast), where Catholic Croats continued to write Glagolitic alphabet until the end of the last century. In Cyrillic, the letters have a simpler and clearer form for us. We don’t know what alphabet was invented by Konstantin, but it was the Cyrillic alphabet that was the basis of our Russian alphabet. The word “alphabet” itself comes from the name of the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet: Az and Buki.

The letterforms of the Glagolitic alphabet are so unique that there is no visual similarity between it and other alphabets. The Glagolitic alphabet was common among the Western Slavs, but gradually it was replaced almost everywhere by the Latin alphabet. The most ancient books written in Glagolitic alphabet came to us from the 11th century.

CYRILLIC LETTER

The characters of the Greek statutory alphabet served as a model for writing Cyrillic letters. The first books in Cyrillic were also written in the charter. Ustava is a letter where the letters are written straight at the same distance from each other, without tilting - they are, as it were, “arranged”. The letters are strictly geometric, vertical lines are usually thicker than horizontal ones, and there is no space between words. Old Russian manuscripts of the 9th - 14th centuries were written by charter. From the middle of the 14th century, semi-ustav became widespread, which was less beautiful than the charter but allowed you to write faster. A slant has appeared in the letters, their geometry is not so noticeable; the ratio of thick and thin lines is no longer maintained; the text has already been divided into words.

In the 15th century, semi-ustav gave way to cursive writing. Manuscripts written in “quick custom” are distinguished by the coherent writing of adjacent letters and the sweep of the letter. In cursive writing, each letter had many different spellings. As speed develops, signs of individual handwriting appear. Russian writing was adopted from neighboring Bulgaria, a country that was baptized more than a hundred years earlier than Rus'. The fact that writing penetrated into Rus' before the adoption of Christianity, that is, before 988, is evidenced by the agreements of princes Oleg and Igor with the Greeks. They mention written testaments of Russians, texts written in two languages, and the scribe Ivan, a copyist and translator.

After the adoption of Christianity, the Russians adopted from the Bulgarians all the wealth of Slavic writing. Bulgaria already had Slavic church books. At that time, the Old Bulgarian and Old Russian languages ​​were so close that there was no need to translate Bulgarian into Russian. Bulgarian books were simply copied and used in the churches of Kyiv and other cities of Ancient Rus'. The oldest book in Rus' written in Cyrillic is the Ostromir Gospel - 1057. This Gospel is kept in St. Petersburg, in the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The Cyrillic alphabet existed practically unchanged until the time of Peter the Great, during which changes were made to the styles of some letters, and 11 letters were excluded from the alphabet. The new alphabet became poorer in content, but simpler and more suitable for printing various civil business papers. This is how it got the name “civilian”. In 1918, a new alphabet reform was carried out, and the Cyrillic alphabet lost four more letters: yat, i(I), izhitsa, fita. And as a result of this, we have somewhat lost the richness of the colors of Slavic writing, given to us by the Thessalonica brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius - the enlighteners of the Slavs.

ORIGIN OF GLAGOLITIC

Everything is clear with the Cyrillic alphabet - it comes from the Greek uncial letter, but how to explain the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet? Many linguists have tried to give a more or less satisfactory answer to this question, but their attempts have not been crowned with success. The fact is that many ancient alphabets, including Greek and Latin, were created on the model of even more ancient ones, i.e. pre-existing alphabets. The Greek alphabet, for example, arose under the influence of the Semitic Phoenician script, the Latin alphabet under the influence of Greek, etc.

In general, science has long believed that any writing is basically cultural borrowing. Referring to this “immutable scientific truth,” scientists of the 19th and 20th centuries. they tried in the same way to derive the Glagolitic alphabet from some more ancient script: Coptic, Hebrew, Gothic, runic, Armenian, Georgian... But all these interpretations were unconvincing and almost always accompanied by the inevitable “maybe”, “probably”, “not excluded” . Finally, scientists were forced to admit that the Glagolitic alphabet is not similar to any other letter and, most likely, was entirely invented by the Thessalonian brothers Cyril and Methodius, as, however, evidenced by the ancient Slavic list of the Russian edition “Praise to Saints Cyril and Methodius”: It is not on the same basis that one’s business presupposing, but from anew, imaginative writing did their work, relying not on someone else’s basis, but reinventing letters.”

HOW WRITING APPEARED IN THE ANCIENT SLAVS

At the beginning of the 21st century, it is unthinkable to imagine modern life without books, newspapers, indexes, the flow of information, and the past without an ordered history, religion without sacred texts... The appearance of writing has become one of the most important, fundamental discoveries on the long path of human evolution. In terms of significance, this step can perhaps be compared with making fire or with the transition to growing plants instead of a long period of gathering. The formation of writing is a very difficult process that lasted thousands of years. Slavic writing, the heir of which is our modern writing, joined this series more than a thousand years ago, in the 9th century AD.

FROM WORD-PICTURE TO LETTER

The oldest and simplest way of writing is believed to have appeared in the Paleolithic - “story in pictures”, the so-called pictographic letter (from the Latin pictus - drawn and from the Greek grapho - writing). That is, “I draw and write” (some American Indians still use pictographic writing in our time). This letter is, of course, very imperfect, because you can read the story in pictures in different ways. Therefore, by the way, not all experts recognize pictography as a form of writing as the beginning of writing. Moreover, for the most ancient people, any such image was animated. So the “story in pictures,” on the one hand, inherited these traditions, on the other, it required a certain abstraction from the image.

In the IV-III millennia BC. e. in Ancient Sumer (Forward Asia), in Ancient Egypt, and then, in II, and in Ancient China, a different way of writing arose: each word was conveyed by a picture, sometimes concrete, sometimes conventional. For example, when talking about a hand, a hand was drawn, and water was depicted as a wavy line. The Greeks also called such Egyptian drawings hieroglyphs with a certain symbol: “hiero” - “sacred”, “glyphs” - “carved on stone”. The text, composed in hieroglyphs, looks like a series of drawings. This letter can be called: “I’m writing a concept” or “I’m writing an idea” (hence the scientific name for such writing is “ideographic”). However, how many hieroglyphs had to be remembered!

An extraordinary achievement of human civilization was the so-called syllabic writing, the invention of which took place during the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. e. Each stage in the development of writing recorded a certain result in the advancement of humanity along the path of logical abstract thinking. First is the division of the phrase into words, then the free use of pictures-words, the next step is the division of the word into syllables. We speak in syllables, and children are taught to read in syllables. It would seem that it could be more natural to organize the recording by syllables! And there are many fewer syllables than the words composed with their help. But it took many centuries to come to such a decision. Syllabic writing was used already in the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. e. in the Eastern Mediterranean. For example, the famous cuneiform script is predominantly syllabic. (They still write in syllabic form in India and Ethiopia.)

The next stage on the path to simplifying writing was the so-called sound writing, when each speech sound has its own sign. But coming up with such a simple and natural method turned out to be the most difficult thing. First of all, it was necessary to figure out how to divide the word and syllables into individual sounds. But when this finally happened, the new method demonstrated undoubted advantages. It was necessary to remember only two or three dozen letters, and the accuracy in reproducing speech in writing is incomparable with any other method. Over time, it was the alphabetic letter that began to be used almost everywhere.

FIRST ALPHABETIES

None of the writing systems has practically ever existed in its pure form and does not exist even now. For example, most of the letters of our alphabet, like a, b, c and others, correspond to one specific sound, but in the letter-signs i, yu, e there are already several sounds. We cannot do without elements of ideographic writing, say, in mathematics. Instead of writing with the words “two plus two equals four,” we use symbols to get a very short form: 2+2=4. The same applies to chemical and physical formulas.

And one more thing I would like to emphasize: the appearance of sound writing is by no means a consistent, regular stage in the development of writing among the same peoples. It arose among historically younger peoples, who, however, managed to absorb the previous experience of humanity.

Among the first to use alphabetic sound writing were those peoples in whose language vowel sounds turned out to be not as important as consonants. So, at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e. The alphabet originated among the Phoenicians, ancient Jews, and Arameans. For example, in the Hebrew language, when different vowels are added to the consonants K - T - L, a family of words with the same root is obtained: KeToL - kill, KoTeL - killer, KaTuL - killed, etc. It is always clear by ear that we are talking about murder. Therefore, only consonants were written in the letter - the semantic meaning of the word was clear from the context. By the way, the ancient Jews and Phoenicians wrote lines from right to left, as if left-handed people had invented such a letter. This ancient method of writing is preserved by the Jews to this day; all nations using the Arabic alphabet write in the same way today.

From the Phoenicians - residents of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, sea traders and travelers - alphabetic writing passed to the Greeks. From the Greeks, this principle of writing came to Europe. And, according to researchers, almost all letter-sound writing systems of the peoples of Asia originate from the Aramaic letter.

The Phoenician alphabet had 22 letters. They were arranged in a certain order from `alef, bet, gimel, dalet... to tav (see table). Each letter had a meaningful name: 'alef - ox, bet - house, gimel - camel, and so on. The names of the words seem to tell about the people who created the alphabet, telling the most important thing about it: the people lived in houses (bet) with doors (dalet), in the construction of which nails (vav) were used. He was engaged in agriculture using the power of oxen (`alef), cattle breeding, fishing (mem - water, nun - fish) or nomads (gimel - camel). He traded (tet - cargo) and fought (zain - weapon).

A researcher who paid attention to this notes: among the 22 letters of the Phoenician alphabet, there is not a single one whose name would be associated with the sea, ships or maritime trade. It was this circumstance that prompted him to think that the letters of the first alphabet were not created by the Phoenicians, recognized as seafarers, but, most likely, by the ancient Jews, from whom the Phoenicians borrowed this alphabet. But be that as it may, the order of the letters, starting with `alef, was given.

Greek writing, as already mentioned, comes from Phoenician. In the Greek alphabet, there are more letters that convey all the sound shades of speech. But their order and names, which often no longer had any meaning in the Greek language, were preserved, although in a slightly modified form: alpha, beta, gamma, delta... At first, in ancient Greek monuments, the letters in the inscriptions, as in Semitic languages, were located on the right - to the left, and then, without interruption, the line “winded” from left to right and again from right to left. Time passed until the left-to-right writing option was finally established, which has now spread over most of the globe. Latin letters originated from Greek letters, and their alphabetical order has not fundamentally changed. At the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. Greek and Latin became the main languages ​​of the vast Roman Empire. All the ancient classics, to which we still turn with trepidation and respect, were written in these languages. Greek is the language of Plato, Homer, Sophocles, Archimedes, John Chrysostom... Cicero, Ovid, Horace, Virgil, St. Augustine and others wrote in Latin.

Meanwhile, even before the Latin alphabet spread in Europe, some European barbarians already had their own written language in one form or another. A rather original script developed, for example, among the Germanic tribes. This is the so-called “runic” (“rune” means “secret” in Germanic) writing. It arose not without the influence of pre-existing writing. Here, too, each sound of speech corresponds to a certain sign, but these signs received a very simple, slender and strict outline - only from vertical and diagonal lines.

Cyril and Methodius, having created the Slavic alphabet, translated almost all the most important church books and prayers into Slavic. But not one Slavic alphabet has survived to this day, but two: Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Both existed in the 9th-10th centuries. In both, special characters were introduced to convey sounds reflecting the features of the Slavic language, rather than combinations of two or three main ones, as was practiced in the alphabets of Western European peoples. Glagolitic and Cyrillic almost have the same letters. The order of the letters is also almost the same (see table).

As in the very first such alphabet - the Phoenician, and then in Greek, Slavic letters were also given names. And they are the same in Glagolitic and Cyrillic. The first letter A was called az, which meant “I”, the second B was called beeches. The root of the word beech goes back to Indo-European, from which comes the name of the tree “beech”, and “book” - book (in English), and the Russian word “letter”. (Or maybe, in some distant times, beech wood was used to make “lines and cuts” or, perhaps, in pre-Slavic times there was some kind of writing with its own “letters”?) Based on the first two letters of the alphabet, as is known, , the name is “ABC”. Literally it is the same as the Greek “alphabeta”, that is, “alphabet”.

The third letter B is “lead” (from “to know”, “to know”). It seems that the author chose the names for the letters in the alphabet with meaning: if you read the first three letters of “az-buki-vedi” in a row, it turns out: “I know the letters.” You can continue to read the alphabet in this way. In both alphabets, letters also had numerical values ​​assigned to them.

However, the letters in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet had completely different shapes. Cyrillic letters are geometrically simple and easy to write. The 24 letters of this alphabet are borrowed from the Byzantine charter letter. Letters were added to them, conveying the sound features of Slavic speech. The added letters were constructed in such a way as to maintain the general style of the alphabet.

For the Russian language, it was the Cyrillic alphabet that was used, transformed many times and now established in accordance with the requirements of our time. The oldest record made in Cyrillic was found on Russian monuments dating back to the 10th century. During excavations of burial mounds near Smolensk, archaeologists found shards from a jug with two handles. On its “shoulders” there is a clearly readable inscription: “GOROUKHSHA” or “GOROUSHNA” (read: “gorukhsha” or “gorushna”), which means either “mustard seed” or “mustard”.

But the Glagolitic letters are incredibly intricate, with curls and loops. There are more ancient texts written in the Glagolitic alphabet among the Western and Southern Slavs. Oddly enough, sometimes both alphabets were used on the same monument. On the ruins of the Simeon Church in Preslav (Bulgaria) an inscription dating back to approximately 893 was found. In it, the top line is in Glagolitic alphabet, and the two lower lines are in Cyrillic alphabet.

The inevitable question is: which of the two alphabets did Constantine create? Unfortunately, it was not possible to definitively answer it. Researchers have reviewed, it seems, all possible options, using each time a seemingly convincing system of evidence. These are the options:

Constantine created the Glagolitic alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet is the result of its later improvement based on the Greek statutory letter. Perhaps, the only option that was not discussed was that Konstantin created both alphabets, which, by the way, is also quite probable. Indeed, it can be assumed that he first created the Glagolitic alphabet - when in the 50s, together with his brother and assistants, he sat in a monastery on Olympus, “occupied only with books.” Then he could carry out a special order from the authorities. Byzantium had long been plotting to bind the Slavic “barbarians,” who were becoming an increasingly real threat to it, with the Christian religion and thereby bring them under the control of the Byzantine patriarchy. But this had to be done subtly and delicately, without arousing suspicion from the enemy and respecting the self-esteem of a young people who were establishing themselves in the world. Consequently, it was necessary to unobtrusively offer him his own writing, as it were, “independent” of the imperial one. This would be a typical “Byzantine intrigue”.

The Glagolitic alphabet fully met the necessary requirements: in content it was worthy of a talented scientist, and in form it expressed a definitely original letter. This letter, apparently without any ceremonial events, was gradually “put into circulation” and began to be used in the Balkans, in particular in Bulgaria, which was baptized in 858.

When suddenly the Moravian Slavs themselves turned to Byzantium with a request for a Christian teacher, the primacy of the empire, which now acted as a teacher, could and even would have been desirable to be emphasized and demonstrated.
Moravia was soon offered the Cyrillic alphabet and a translation of the Gospel in Cyrillic. This work was also done by Konstantin. At the new political stage, the Slavic alphabet appeared (and for the empire this was very important) as the “flesh of the flesh” of the Byzantine charter letter. There is nothing to be surprised about at the quick deadlines indicated in the Life of Constantine. Now it really didn’t take much time - after all, the main thing had been done earlier. The Cyrillic alphabet has become a little more perfect, but in fact it is Glagolitic alphabet dressed up in the Greek charter. May 24 is the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. For the full text of the material, class hour for 6th grade on the topic “Slavic Literature,” see the downloadable file
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