A project for organizing search activities in a preparatory group on the topic: “Who are you, Baba Yaga?”

Project “The Image of Baba Yaga in Russian Folk Tales”

Project “The Image of Baba Yaga in Russian Folk Tales”

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..…2

Chapter 1. Baba Yaga is the heroine of fairy tales.……………………………………………………………….3

Poll of classmates about the image of Baba Yaga in Russian fairy tales…………4

Chapter 2. The image of Baba Yaga, the bone leg

2.1. Pedigree of Baba Yaga……………………………………………………….5

2.2. Where did Baba Yaga live?………………………………………………………………………………7

Chapter 3. The main types of Baba Yaga in fairy tales………………….10

Chapter 4. Analysis of the image of Baba Yaga

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………18

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………20

Bibliography………………………………….………………………………….21 APPENDICES…………………………………………………… ……………..22

Introduction

Where does the fairy tale live? Yes, everywhere: in a dense forest, in a field, at a crossroads, in the rustling of leaves... A fairy tale was born with a person, and as long as a person lives, a fairy tale lives. Everyone loves fairy tales: both adults and children. They contain many different miracles. Has anyone ever wondered how Baba Yaga got into the fairy tale? Why does she eat small children? Why does she live alone in a dark forest? Who invented it? Is this a fictional fairy tale character?

Or maybe Baba Yaga is a mythological creature

Research problem: Has anyone ever thought about how Baba Yaga got into the fairy tale? Why does she eat small children? Why does she live alone in a dark forest? Who invented it? Is this a fictional character? Or maybe Baba Yaga is a mythological creature? I decided to find out more about this hero and find answers to all these questions.

Research hypothesis: Let's assume that Baba Yaga is a fictional character in Russian folk tales.

Goal: to study the image of Baba Yaga using the example of Russian folk tales.

Tasks:

study the image of Baba Yaga; learn about the origin of Baba Yaga; find out Baba Yaga is reality or fiction?

Research methods: reading fiction, observation, classification, generalization, comparison, analysis

Object of study: Russian folk tales

Subject of research: fairy-tale character Baba Yaga

Chapter 1. Baba Yaga is the heroine of fairy tales.

On the edge of two worlds, light and dark, in the middle of a dense forest, from ancient times old Yaga lives in a hut on chicken legs, surrounded by a fence made of human bones. At times, she - an evil witch - swoops down on Rus', bringing with her a plague of people and death of livestock, and kidnaps children. Sometimes she is a “hospitable” hostess, and guests from Rus' drop in on her: Yaga tries to eat some, welcomes others, helps with advice and deeds, and predicts fate. So who is she, this mysterious old woman, where did she come from in Russian folklore, why is this image so ambiguous

Everyone knows who she is and remembers almost everything about her antics. As a rule, they are quite unpleasant. And the heroine herself is given the place of evil spirits. However, in any fairy tale Baba Yaga plays an important role. Throw her out of the text, and the hero will certainly not be able to do anything: he either will not get the treasure sword he needs, or will not receive precise instructions on where to look and where to go, and in the end, he will certainly end up hungry and dirty, since this harmful old woman was originally he certainly feeds him, gives him water and soars in the bathhouse, and only then does everything else. Thus, there is nowhere without her.

Why did Baba Yaga become the heroine of my work? Everything is very simple. When I was very little, Baba Yaga was my favorite fairy tale heroine.

We all know from childhood that Baba Yaga lives in a hut on chicken legs, around the hut there is a fence made of human bones, and on the fence instead of pots there are skulls, instead of bolts there is a leg, instead of bolts there are hands. “He puts the stove in the stove with his hands instead of a shovel, he shovels out the coal with his feet, and he sweeps the stove with his tongue.” Reptiles (snakes, frogs, black cats, crows) are considered servants of Baba Yaga. The devils and all evil spirits are under her control. But is this always the case? And how bloodthirsty is this Baba Yaga? We will try to answer these and other questions in our work.

Poll of classmates about the image of Baba Yaga in Russian fairy tales

I started my work by interviewing my classmates. I was wondering: what do they think about Baba Yaga? They were asked to answer the following questions:

Baba Yaga is a positive or negative hero. Who is Baba Yaga? What does Baba Yaga do: Where does Baba Yaga live: Baba Yaga reality or fiction

19 students from our class took part in the survey. Based on the survey results, monitoring was made (See Appendix 1)

Conclusion: Having analyzed the students' answers, we can conclude that. Most children imagine Baba Yaga as an evil forest witch. There is something about this hero of folk tales that frightens, but at the same time attracts and attracts. We wanted to know more about this mysterious old woman, get to know her better, find out where Baba Yaga lived and why she was called that. What about her is true and what is fiction.

Chapter 2. The image of Baba Yaga, the bone leg.

2.1. Pedigree of Baba Yaga

In the Mythological Dictionary: “Baba Yaga, Yaga Yagishna, Yaga Vievna, Yaga Zmievna - a fairy-tale character;” a kind of witch or an evil spirit under the guise of an ugly old woman.

“Baba” – the first part of the name shows that she is of advanced age. After all, our words “baba”, “grandmother” are intended to designate people of the older generation.

Most often she has an unusual one - a bone leg.

Since those ancient times, when the Slavs were pagans and believed in pagan gods, Baba Yaga and Koshchei the Immortal were considered evil spirits. Ancient people believed that goblins lived in the forest, robber nightingales sat in the trees, and mermaids and mermaids hid in the water.

According to some sources, Baba Yaga in pagan times was a powerful goddess, mistress of the forest and animals. Her hut is the gateway to the underground kingdom, which the Slavs called Nav. The souls of the dead, underground demons and gods lived there. Baba Yaga is a goddess on the border of the world of people of Reveal and the kingdom of the dead Navi. When a hero moving from Yavi to Nav in search of wisdom and happiness came to Yaga, she decided whether he was worthy of receiving secret knowledge or should die. In other myths and fairy tales, Baba Yaga is a skinny, big-nosed old sorceress with disheveled hair and eyes glowing with anger.

Baba Yaga is a monster sitting in an iron mortar with an iron pestle. They offered her a bloody sacrifice, thinking that she was nourishing her two granddaughters, whom they attributed to her, and at the same time enjoying the shedding of blood. Like witches, he attends the witches' Sabbath and flies to Bald Mountain in a mortar. Under the influence of Christianity, the people forgot their main gods, remembering only minor ones and especially those myths that personify phenomena and symbols of nature and everyday needs. Thus, Baba Yaga from an evil hellish goddess turned into an evil old witch, a cannibal who lives in the taiga forests, where moss berries grow on white moss, and the pine forest itself is called Yag. Based on the name of the boron and berries, the old hermit and healer was called Baba Yaga.

Her character is secretive and unsociable, her voice is rough. When at home, he spends most of his time sitting on the stove. The knowledge is witchcraft and incomprehensible. He dries herbs, brews various potions, knows ancient spells against the evil eye, damage, and toothache. People are afraid of her, but when they really need it, they come for help. She has a physical disability - a “bone” leg and it is more convenient for her not to walk, but to fly. He flies in a mortar, or even on a broom, adjusts the mortar with a pestle, and steers with a broom and covers the trail. The evil old woman is a thrifty person; in addition to a mortar with a pestle, which replaced a mill in the old days, she also has a cat, a talking cat named Bayun, who may be able to tell fairy tales. The hunting houses were low, which is why Baba Yaga sleeps with her nose to the ceiling. If she is in a good mood, then the good fellow who came to her will ask riddles, reveal secrets, feed and drink, but if she is in a bad mood, then things can end very badly when dealing with the mistress of the forest.

2.2. Where did Baba Yaga live?

Here is one of the versions. On the verge of two worlds, light and dark, in the middle of a dense forest, from ancient times old Yaga lives in a strange hut, surrounded by a fence made of human bones. Sometimes guests from Rus' drop by to see her. Yaga tries to eat some, welcomes others, helps with advice and action, and predicts fate. She has extensive acquaintances in the living and dead kingdoms and visits them freely. Let’s try to figure out who she is, where she came from in Russian folklore, why her name is more often found in fairy tales of northern Rus'. Yaga's permanent habitat is a dense forest.

She lives in a small hut on chicken legs. There is a fence made of human bones around the hut. There are skulls hanging on the fence. Instead of a castle there is a mouth with sharp teeth. This hut knows how to turn, if asked, to the forest with its back, and to the approaching person in front. There is only little joy in going inside. There lies Baba Yaga herself on the bench.

Maryushka came out into the clearing, and in the clearing there was a hut on chicken legs, around there were tines, and on stakes there were horse skulls. "Finist - clear falcon"

She ran - there was a hut on chicken legs, it stood - it turned. "Swan geese"

Archaeologists are well aware of small wooden frames standing on “chicken legs”, that is, on stumps, which can be found during excavations of mounds of the 10th century. Around them, as a rule, there is a ring fence of poles, and on the poles are human skulls. These log houses or houses were intended for funeral rites. After performing the required rituals, they left the deceased in them. After some time, the decayed remains were thrown out, the skull was placed on a pole, and another dead person was placed in the frame. Horror overwhelms the hero at the sight of Bab Yaga’s home: “There is a hut on chicken legs, there are twelve poles around the hut, on eleven poles there is a human head and only one is not occupied. Ivan Tsarevich thought: “Isn’t he waiting for my head?”

Approaching the hut, the hero usually says: “Hut, hut, stand with your back to the forest, and stand in front of me!” The hut turns around, and Baba Yaga is in it: “Fu-fu! It smells like the Russian spirit... Are you, good fellow, doing business or are you torturing things?” He answers her: “First, give her something to drink and feed, and then ask for information.” There is no doubt that this tale was invented by people who are well acquainted with the life of the northern peoples. The phrase about the Russian spirit did not come into it by chance. The tar, widely used by the Russians to impregnate leather shoes, harnesses and ship gear, irritated the sensitive sense of smell of the taiga inhabitants, who used goose and fish fats to impregnate their shoes. A guest who entered the yurt in boots greased with tar left behind a persistent smell of the “Russian spirit.” It is possible that the mysterious hut on chicken legs is a “storage store”, or “chamya”, widely known in the North - a type of outbuilding on high smooth pillars, designed to store gear and supplies. Storage sheds are always placed “back to the forest, front to the traveler,” so that the entrance to it is from the side of the river or forest path.

There is an assumption that Baba Yaga’s “problems” with her legs (Baba Yaga is a bone leg) are due to the fact that she is part of the circle of deities who trace their ancestry to a snake. A number of researchers talk about the appearance of the bone leg in this way. At first Baba Yaga crawled like a snake. Then she began to jump on one leg, and then ride in a mortar on the ground: “...the mortar is running along the road, and Baba Yaga is sitting in it.”

And only after that she rose into the air with the mortar. And to make her chariot fly faster, Yaga urges it on, tapping it with a pestle or an iron club. Moreover, he sweeps up his trail with a broom attached to the mortar. Where it rushes, the wind rages, the earth groans, animals howl, cattle hide. This “space” vehicle of hers is somewhat akin to a flying carpet, which she sometimes gave to her favorites, and with winged horses from her countless herds.

Sometimes it can move from place to place, taking the form of a whirlwind or storm; like a witch, she can turn into a snake, a mare or a cow, a tree, various objects, and natural phenomena.

The servants of Baba Yaga, like the servants of the witch, were considered reptiles (snakes, frogs, lizards), black cats, ravens; It was also believed that she had devils and any other evil spirit under her control (for example, the fairy-tale cat Bayun, endowed with a voice that could be heard seven miles away, and with its purring induces a witchcraft sleep, almost indistinguishable from death).

This image of Baba Yaga, an evil sorceress, was typical for many, but not all folk tales.

Whether for a long time or for a short time - he flies to the hut, enters - Baba Yaga sits in the hut, a bone leg, old, toothless. ("The Enchanted Queen")

Ivan, the guest’s son, entered the hut, and there lay Baba Yaga’s bone leg. (“The Tale of Vasilisa the Wise”)

The bone leg is almost always mentioned in the singular - the image of the one-legged Yaga. Already her one-leggedness is the basis that she is included in the circle of deities. The beginning of the pedigree from the snake. She, as a rule, does not walk, but flies, like a mythical serpent.

Chapter 3. The main types of Baba Yaga in fairy tales

The images of Baba Yaga in fairy tales are varied and contradictory.

Three main forms of Yaga can be identified:

Yaga is a warrior, Yaga is a kidnapper, Yaga is a giver.

Yaga the warrior

In some fairy tales, Yaga turns into a witch. She inspires horror and disgust, acts against people, like other monsters. Yaga is endowed with the features of an animal thief, the character of an evil warrior.

Yaga is a warrior who fights heroes and defeats many of them. In many fairy tales, Yaga herself rides a horse and fights like a hero: she opposes the heroes who came to her kingdom, and, unlike the snake, who usually acts alone, she attacks at the head of an entire army. Her “army-force is untold”

...Baba Yaga attacked the dogs, the gate, the birch tree, and the worker, let’s scold and beat everyone. ("Baba Yaga")

2. Yaga the kidnapper - the most common type and is characteristic of the northern image of Yaga.

In fairy tales, she often kidnaps children and seeks to roast them in the oven.

Yaga in such tales acts as a gatekeeper, guarding the border between the world of the living and the world of the dead, and a guide to another world; she tests heroes trying to penetrate the world of the dead, and helps those who have survived these tests. Yaga's hut, standing on the border of two worlds, is like a gate to the dead kingdom, the afterlife; even her appearance in fairy tales and beliefs reminds of death: she is surrounded by human remains (skulls hang on the fence, etc.).

"Geese Swans" (Russian folk tale)

“In the hut, the old Baba Yaga is spinning a tow. And my brother is sitting on the bench, playing with silver apples.

The girl entered the hut:

- Hello, grandma!

- Hello, girl! Why did she appear?

“I walked through mosses and swamps, got my dress wet, and came to warm up.”

- Sit down while you spin the tow.

Baba Yaga gave her a spindle and left. The girl is spinning - suddenly from under

A mouse runs out of the stove and says to her:

- Girl, girl, give me some porridge, I’ll tell you something good.

The girl gave her porridge, the mouse said to her:

- Baba Yaga went to heat the bathhouse. She will wash you, steam you, put you in an oven, fry you and eat you, and she herself will ride on your bones.”

3. Yaga the giver

Accepts the hero, sometimes tests him and gives him something that later helps him achieve his goal. In some fairy tales, Yaga acts as a helper, a giver. She gifts the hero with a wonderful horse, reveals secrets to the heroes - their knowledge will save them from death. In general, Yaga does many good deeds.

“About rejuvenating apples and living water” (Russian folk tale)

“Well, my dear child, you have a long way to go: living water and rejuvenating apples are with the strong heroic maiden Sineglazka, she is my dear niece. I don't know if you'll get the go-ahead...

- And you, grandmother, give your head to my mighty shoulders, guide me to my mind.

“A lot of good fellows passed by, but not many spoke politely.” Take my horse, child. My horse will be more spirited, he will take you to my middle sister, she will teach you.

Ivan Tsarevich gets up early in the morning and washes himself white. He thanks Baba Yaga for the overnight stay and rode on her horse..."

Yaga-adviser (Yaga herself does nothing for the hero, but indicates to whom

seek help, for example, from your older sister);

Listen, follow the path

And when you reach the pond, hide behind a tree and bide your time. "Vasilisa the Wise"

Yaga is the mistress of the forces of nature and the animal world. Yaga commands morning, evening, night, wind (in folk tales such as “The Enchanted Princess”, “Vasilisa the Beautiful” wolves, bears, and other forest animals);

... Baba Yaga came out and said to her worker:

- Go, heat the bathhouse, wash your niece, and look, it’s a good “Baba Yaga”

... Baba Yaga began to go to bed and said

- When I leave tomorrow, look - clean the yard, sweep the hut, cook dinner, prepare the laundry. "Vasilisa the Beautiful"

c) Yaga the guardian (patron), who with the help of her magical assistants (owl, saucer, etc.) monitors the hero’s adventures, and the giver.

d) She was kind to hardworking people and helped them. Why not Yaga’s assistant in the Russian folk tale “Marya Morevna”.

“Here Baba Yaga prepared dinner, set out all sorts of dishes, wines and honey. Andrey doesn’t boast, he sat down at the table and let’s eat. Baba Yaga sat down next to him - he eats, she asks how he married Princess Marya and whether they live well? Andrei told everything: how he got married and how the king sent him there - I don’t know where, to get something - I don’t know what.

- If only you could help me, grandma!

- Oh, son-in-law, even I have never heard of this wonderful thing. One old frog knows about this; she has lived in a swamp for three hundred years... Well, never mind, go to bed, the morning is wiser than the evening.”

Baba Yaga is always trying to fry and eat someone! Why then do Ivan Tsarevich and Vasilisa the Beautiful often come to Baba Yaga for advice? But because there was such a custom - to turn to your ancestors for any knowledge. And distant ancestors, of course, are in the other world, where entry to the living is prohibited. But Baba Yaga served as an intermediary, a guide to the other world.

She wasn't as scary as she seems.

Take, for example, the fairy tale “Geese and Swans”.

Translated from Sanskrit, geese-swans are the souls of the dead that accompany the foremother.

It was they who carried away Brother Ivanushka to Baba Yaga. There she wanted to fry him. In fact, there is no fairy tale where Baba Yaga roasts children, she just wants to do it. But there was a wonderful ritual - baking a sick child. The midwife placed the child on the rolled out dough (a certain spell was cast into the dough) and wrapped the child in it. After that, she put it on a bread shovel and stuffed it into the oven for a while. She pulled it out, unwrapped it, and gave the dough to the dogs. The child recovered. Just like in the Russian folk tale about Baba Yaga. In our opinion, it's scary. But if you look from the point of view of Slavic culture, then Baba Yaga turns from a negative character into a positive one.

It is not for nothing that Baba Yaga plays a very important role in all fairy tales; heroes sometimes resort to her as their last hope, their last helper.

Witches, sorceresses, sorceresses, to whom people went for advice, for herbs for all diseases, for a spell on a loved one, for good weather, etc. That is, they had a connection with the unreal world, and, if desired, could help ordinary to people. Witchcraft in those ancient, pre-Christian times was highly valued. These people were both doctors and psychologists. They were initiated into the secrets of Nature. But, with the advent of Christianity, this knowledge and skills became unnecessary.

Under the influence of Christianity, the negative traits of Baba Yaga also intensified. Previously, she was a mother-progenitor, a giver, and later she began to be identified with evil forces and spirits of death. She became a repulsive and creepy goddess; she degenerated into a fairy-tale character only later.

However, our ancestors took fairy tales much more seriously. The term “fairy tale” itself came into literary use not so long ago, and before that, stories about miracles were called “fairy tales”, and the storytellers were called “bahari” - from the word “bayat”, that is, to speak.

There was no talk of any “fairytale-like impossibility”; everything was taken seriously. In ancient times, the world of the Russian person was divided into two absolutely equal parts - the good world, reality, where the Russian lived peacefully, plowed, hunted, fished, etc., and the evil, distant, otherworldly, but also absolutely real, existing somewhere not here, where something far away.

Not everyone who came to Baba Yaga for help did not open the way to the kingdom of Koshcheevo. And he behaved like a good fellow and received such a welcome from the hostess. If he is polite, hardworking, he will immediately earn a magic ball or knowledge of how to destroy a terrible monster... But if not, he will end up with a shovel and in the oven. These are like the ancient rules of magical etiquette, which you must not only know, but also follow! So it turns out that once upon a time the purpose of a fairy tale was not so much entertainment - frightening, but rather a wise edification for the younger generation, the rules of communication with the other world.

By the 19th century, Yaga had lost her power, her image was shattered, and she turned into an ordinary fairy-tale character with whom only children could be frightened, and even then up to a certain age. And in the twentieth century, largely thanks to Soviet cinema, Yaga became almost a comic character - and laughter, as we know, conquers fear.

Only 4 people answered that Baba Yaga is a positive hero. The majority consider her a negative character (15 people)

To summarize my work, we can say the following.

We all know who Baba Yaga is. She can take on any form, including the image of an ancient, scary old woman. Her strange hut on chicken legs stands in a dense forest. She moves by flying in a mortar, urging it on with a pestle and covering her tracks with a broom and broom. Sometimes she can ride on this broom, just for fun. Most often, good fellows come to visit her. Moreover, of their own free will, they themselves find their way to it. Well, if the girl has to go to Baba Yaga for some reason, then they will definitely help her, tell her what to do and how to behave. And Baba Yaga’s guests receive different receptions. She helps some, eats others. It all depends on how a person behaves. She certainly won’t refuse to help a kind, polite and hardworking person. And, despite the fact that Baba Yaga most often helps people, and in fairy tales she never ate anyone, almost everyone considers her a negative character in fairy tales.

Conclusion

So, I looked at different types of the image of Baba Yaga in Russian folk tales. If at the beginning of the work the goal was to study this Russian fairy-tale character, then during the work I had to get to know her so closely that we almost “visited a kingdom far away”, “recognized by sight” this mysterious and mysterious woman from Russian folk tales.

So what kind of Baba Yaga is she? Is the hero negative or positive? Let everyone decide this for themselves. One thing is certain - this fabulous old woman shares with us, people of the 21st century, the attributes of victory: to be brave, kind, reasonable, hardworking, to seek the truth, not to be rude.

After all, only a truly strong and courageous person can be given the strength to travel to an unknown, magical fairy-tale world. Only a true hero can return from Koshcheev's kingdom with victory. And each of us can become this real and courageous person! This is what the fairytale old woman, Baba Yaga, teaches us. Our favorite.

And let her live for three hundred years, let her cast magic, let her live in a hut on chicken legs, but still she is a person! Even though he is special... But a person cannot refuse to help another person

During my research, I learned that Baba Yaga is one of the most famous and mysterious creatures on Earth. She is not always evil and insidious, she often helps the hero, but she is a more dangerous creature, possessing much greater power, because she lives in a dense forest, on the border of the world of the living and the dead and belongs to two worlds. Hence its limitless possibilities.

Many more generations of children will grow up reading Russian fairy tales, where Baba Yaga is evil and treacherous, but at the same time funny, amusing, and kind. Fairy tales once again remind us that good and evil live side by side in this life, but good always wins. One cannot but agree that some charm in the guise of the “old woman of the forest” has been preserved; otherwise, how else can one explain its popularity among young readers in Russia?

conclusions

Based on the connections between various objects, phenomena, and actions of Baba Yaga in Russian folk tales, we can draw a conclusion about her essence.

Baba Yaga:

In charge of fate ♦ Punishes (destroys) people ♦ Tests people ♦ Gives a ball (guiding thread) ♦ Gives advice that contributes to the achievement of the goal ♦ “Feels with the heart” ♦ Witch (to know, to know) ♦ Yaga - to sting, to cause pain, torment ♦

Associated with death and the underworld ♦ Abducts and eats people ♦ Associated with night and darkness ♦ she is served by a black cat ♦ She is always old, half-skeleton (bone leg) ♦ She is blind, does not see, but smells with her nose (“smells of the Russian spirit”) ♦ There is a fence of skulls around her house ♦ The fire given by her can kill ♦

Associated with fire ♦ She controls morning, day and night (white, red and black horsemen) ♦ She is in charge of fire (the eyes of the skulls in the fence) ♦ Lies on the stove ♦ Punishes people (destroys) ♦

Mistress of animals and forests ♦ Geese and swans serve her ♦ Wild animals serve her ♦ Hut on chicken legs (half-animal appearance) ♦ Lives in a dense forest ♦

Associated with the air element ♦ whistles (whistle is associated with the wind) ♦ Raises the wind with a broom ♦ Flies on a mortar ♦ Geese-swans serve her ♦

Lady of Time ♦ She controls morning, day and night (white, red and black riders) ♦

Thus, my research showed that Baba Yaga is a fictional fairy-tale character. Her prototype is the Slavic goddess of death. The essence of Baba Yaga in Russian folk tales has a deeper meaning than just an angry, grumpy old woman. This is the image of the majestic figure of the ancient goddess, commanding Time, Fire, Air, Wild Animals and Forest, Life and Death, Fate.

My guess was confirmed.

Bibliography

Historical roots of a fairy tale L., 1996, Brief encyclopedia of Slavic mythology. - M.:AST, 2003 Images of a Russian fairy tale. M., - 1974. P. 5. 2. Paganism of the ancient Slavs, - M.: Russian Word, 1997. , Baba Yaga // Slavic mythology. Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1995. People-artist: Myth. Folklore. Literature. M., 1986. Zabylinin. Russian people. Its customs, rituals, legends, superstitions and poetry. Collection - M., 1989. Unclean, unknown and the power of the god: T. 2. - M., 1993. Soon the fairy tale will tell. Sat. fairy tales - M; Initiator, 1993.

APPLICATION

Annex 1.

Glossary of terms

Baba Yaga is a popular character in Russian folk tales. As a rule, an evil old woman is a witch.

“Chicken legs” - this name most likely comes from “chickens”, that is, fumigated pillars on which the Slavs erected a “death hut”.

Myth is an ancient folk name about legendary heroes, gods, and natural phenomena; unreliable story, fiction.

A pestle is a short, heavy rod with a rounded end for pounding something in a mortar.

A broomstick is a stick with a rag wound at the end, a washcloth, pine needles for sweeping, a broom.

A mortar is a heavy metal, wooden or stone vessel in which grains, bark, and leaves are pounded with a pestle.

A fairy tale is the oldest folk genre of narrative literature, mainly of a fantastic nature, with the purpose of moralizing or entertaining.

Appendix 2.

Analysis of Russian folk tales

.