The architectural elements of buildings give the building individuality and its own unique style. It is thanks to the style of the building that the name of the architect is preserved through the centuries, outliving its owners and creators. In buildings, unlike people, it is the appearance that expresses the soul of the building, and nowadays you can make the appearance of the building to your liking, giving it exactly the design you want or using specialist designers for this.
Thanks to modern technologies, the quality of materials used to make building elements has improved significantly. The architectural elements of a building are the most important attribute; without this, the building will look dull and soulless. Thanks to columns, balustrades, pilasters, as well as other architectural elements, the building acquires its completeness and completeness, as well as its commercial value.
Basic architectural elements of buildings and structures.
There are such architectural elements of buildings:
- Arch is the covering of a span or opening in a wall, which has a curved shape (there are pointed, semi-circular and multi-layered).
- Archivolt (Italian archivolto, Latin arcus volutus) is a special frame that separates the arch from the wall opening.
- Base – the lower part of the column, the base.
- A balustrade is a stair railing that consists of balusters (curly posts) and is connected at the top by a horizontal beam or railing. Usually serves as an element in balconies and terraces.
- Cornice is an element of external or internal decoration in rooms, buildings, furniture. Separates the horizontal plane from the vertical.
- Stucco molding is relief elements that are located in the interiors and on the facades of buildings.
- A niche is a special recess in the wall for installing various decorative elements: statues, vases, built-in cabinets.
- Panel - is a carved or stucco sculpture, ceramic composition, bas-relief and is intended to fill any sections of the wall or ceiling.
- A parapet is a solid wall of low height that serves as a fence for a balcony, terrace, bridge, embankment, or building roof. Quite often used as a pedestal for statues and vases.
- A rotunda is a round structure, usually topped with a dome.
- Facade is the outer, outer part of a building or structure.
- Pediment is the completion of the facade of a building.
- Plinth is the lower part of the wall of a building, which most often protrudes from the general plane.
Methodological development of an art lesson in 8th grade The most important architectural elements of a building
The most important architectural elements of the building
Goals:
introduce students to the architecture of Ancient Rus';
talk about the most important architectural elements of the building.
develop compositional and design thinking.
to educate aesthetically and constructively thinking people.
Materials: illustrations depicting architectural monuments of Ancient Rus' (Novgorod Sophia, Novgorod Kremlin, Golden Gate in Vladimir, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir); simple pencil, album.
During the classes
Ι. Organizing time
Greetings, checking students' readiness for the lesson
ΙΙ. Lesson topic message
In today's lesson we will take you on a fascinating journey into the history of the architecture of Ancient Rus'.
ΙΙΙ. Learning new material
1) Teacher's story
Pre-Christian Rus' had an ancient tradition of wooden architecture. The dwellings of ordinary people had wooden floors, timber walls, a gable roof and a large stove made of stone. The princely and boyar's towers consisted of several log buildings connected by covered passages with high roofs. The place for receiving guests and feasting for the prince and his retinue was a large hall - the gridnitsa. Almost nothing is known about the religious buildings of pre-Christian Rus', except for evidence of treasuries - pagan temples.
Most of the ancient Russian monumental buildings of the pre-Mongol period have not survived and are known to us only from excavations, and sometimes only from mentions in written sources. If wooden architecture goes back mainly to pagan Rus', then stone architecture is associated with Christian Russia. With the adoption of the new religion, ancient Russian masters mastered the most complex architectural design of a cross-domed church, adopted from Byzantine architects.
The 10th century is the century of the formation of the Russian state, the adoption of Christianity, and the unification of East Slavic tribes around Kyiv. At this time, temples were built with the expectation of using them as a fortress, which is typical not only for Rus', but also for Europe. By 1097, a period of feudal fragmentation began in the country and, as a consequence, the decline of princely construction. Temple architecture occupies a dominant place. In the 19th century, the capital was transferred from Kyiv to Vladimir, and the final transition to stone construction took place. In the XΙΙΙ century, as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, a complete decline of architecture occurred. During this period, practically nothing is built. In the 15th century The rise of Moscow and the unification of Rus' around it are taking place. This century is characterized, first of all, by the rise of the national spirit, and, consequently, by the development of the country’s culture.
2) Messages from students
Architecture of Kyiv.
Kyiv dates back one and a half thousand years: “... all honor and glory and majesty and the head of all Russian lands is Kyiv,” this is exactly what an unknown chronicler said about the city. Sophia of Kiev was built during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
St. Sophia Cathedral ( St. Sophia Cathedral ) is a temple built in the 11th century in the center of Kiev by order of Yaroslav the Wise. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, it was externally rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style. Inside the cathedral, some original frescoes and mosaics remain, including the famous mosaic of Our Lady of Oranta.
St. Sophia Cathedral became the first architectural monument included in the UNESCO World Heritage List on the territory of Ukraine.
Since the cathedral building is part of the State Architectural and Historical Reserve "Sofia Museum" and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, it is prohibited to transfer it to any religious organization and to hold services in it. The exception is the day of August 24 - Independence Day of Ukraine, when representatives of religious organizations pray for Ukraine (introduced since 2005).
Around the cathedral rose the Irinskaya and St. George churches, princely and boyar palaces, and wooden dwellings of the townspeople. Many political events are associated with the cathedral. Great princely dinners were held here, the most important agreements were concluded, and there was also a library collected by Prince Yaroslav the Wise.
In XIV. The cathedral was crowned with 13 hemispherical domes, which were covered with lead. Five apses (the protrusion of the building) protruded on the eastern facade, and from the north, south and west the cathedral was surrounded by two rows of open galleries - two-story internal and one-story external.
On the western facade there were two asymmetrically placed staircase towers for ascending to the choir. The eastern end of the northern gallery was built in the form of a room with a small apse, in which the prince's tomb was located.
In the XVΙΙ-XVΙΙΙ centuries. The cathedral is undergoing significant reconstruction and restoration. The compositional design and architectural forms undergo quite strong changes.
Inside the cathedral, the architectural forms of the 10th century have largely been preserved. Of particular interest are the paintings of St. Sophia of Kyiv - 260 m of mosaics made from cubes of multi-colored smalt, and a large number of frescoes made with water paints on wet plaster. The surviving mosaics and frescoes are the third part of all the paintings that decorated the building in ancient times. The combination of mosaics and frescoes in a single decorative ensemble is a characteristic feature of Sophia of Kyiv.
The Golden Gate, built in Kyiv in 1164, was a powerful battle tower with the gateway Church of the Annunciation towering above it
The architectural style of the gate is not similar to similar structures erected in Europe, where it
performed exclusively protective functions. They were both a fortress passage tower and a triumphal arch. The height of the walls reached 9.5 m, the width of the passage was 6.4 m. Powerful pilasters protruded into the passage - vertical projections on the surface of the wall. Over time, the building deteriorated and by 1651 it was already dilapidated. In the middle of the 15th century. The ruins were covered with earth, and a new Golden Gate was built nearby.
The restored monument has the following appearance: the main part is a tower with battlements 14 m high; on the outer façade the tower has an additional projection - a “small tower”. The architectural decoration of the facades uses brick ornaments, characteristic of ancient Russian buildings of this period. The floors of the temple are decorated with mosaics, the design of which is based on the ancient floors of St. Sophia of Kyiv.
Another monument of Ancient Rus' is the St. Cyril Church, built in the mid-19th century on the outskirts of Kyiv. Once upon a time this temple served as the residence and family tomb of princes. In 1194, the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the Kiev prince Svyatoslav, was buried here. Architecture of the Cyril Church from the 10th century. quite well preserved.
In ancient times, the temple was a cross-domed, single-domed typically Byzantine sacred structure, oriented from west to east. With three naves, and a slab ceiling, arched belts, curb strips, two- and three-stage portal embrasures. Cross vaults were used. The floor is made of glazed ceramics; significant fragments of ancient fresco painting have survived. The thickness of the walls, built using the equal-layer masonry technique, reaches 2 meters.
The narthex is open to the main room, separated from it by a wide arch. In the thickness of the northern wall of the narthex there is an ascent to the choir. In the southern apse, in the thickness of the wall, there is a passage that ended at a height of 4 meters with an arched opening.
After the collapse of Kievan Rus, the temple was repeatedly repaired and rebuilt. The four side domes were completed in the 17th century by Hetman Samoilovich, Konstantin Ostrozhsky. After the fire of 1734, the temple was reconstructed in the Ukrainian Baroque style under the leadership of the famous Kyiv architect Grigorovich-Barsky. The reconstruction mainly affected the vaults and side domes; a pediment was added above the entrance; windows and portals were decorated with stucco decoration.
Under the supervision of Grigorovich-Barsky, stone monastery buildings were built near the church in 1748-1760. Of these, part of the fence with a corner turret has been preserved; the bell tower was demolished during Soviet times.
The central space of the temple was a high, fairly free and well-lit room. Interesting frescoes that decorated the St. Cyril Church. About 800 m of painting have survived to this day. The frescoes of that period were characterized by pronounced graphics of faces
Architecture of Ancient Novgorod
The ancient city of Novgorod is located at the source of the Volkhov from Lake Ilmen. The Rurik settlement (as the territory of Novgorod was called in ancient times) has been known since the 19th century. The first major building in the city was the oak church of St. Sophia “of the thirteen peaks,” which became the prototype of St. Sophia of Kyiv.
Novgorod in ancient times was a wooden city, and we can judge the numerous buildings of that period from the chronicles, which tell us about the existence at that time of bridges, churches, mansions, etc.
The Novgorod Kremlin was founded by Prince Yaroslav
The first mention of it in the chronicle dates back to 1044. The Kremlin is the oldest structure of this type preserved in Russia. It is located on the left bank of the Volkhov. A characteristic feature of the Novgorod Kremlin towers is the gate churches. In the XΙΙ - XΙΙΙ centuries. they were built near many towers in the 15th century. They also appeared above the passages of the Vladychny Courtyard. In 1045, the stone Church of Sophia was founded in the new Detinets. The temple was built between 1045 and 1050.
Novgorod Sofia is one of the outstanding monuments of ancient Russian architecture
The construction indicates the intention to repeat the beauty of the grand ducal architecture of Kyiv in Novgorod. Like the Kyiv Cathedral, Sophia of Novgorod was a huge temple, divided by strings of pillars into five longitudinal naves. Open galleries adjoined the temple on three sides.
The masonry of the walls consisted mainly of huge, roughly hewn stones. The walls were plastered. Novgorod Sofia was a ceremonial building that stood out sharply among other buildings. Also interesting is the organization of the interior space of the temple, sharply divided into two parts - the lower, semi-dark one, which was accessible to everyone, and the upper, intended exclusively for princes.
Despite the similarity of these two temples, Novgorod Sofia differed in its design features. The completion of the Kyiv Cathedral with 13 chapters was replaced by five domes. The architectural forms of Novgorod Sofia are more monolithic and static. The character of the interiors of both cathedrals is also different: in Novgorod Sofia there is a certain departure from the complex “picturesque space” of Sofia of Kyiv.
In 1103, Prince Mstislav founded the Church of the Annunciation on the Settlement, part of the walls of which was discovered during excavations by archaeologists in 1966 - 1969. The temple was a large ceremonial building. In 1113, the five-domed church of St. Nicholas was built in the Yaroslav's courtyard, which was the prince's palace church.
In 1119, the St. George Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery was erected. The Novgorod prince sought to build a building that could, if not overshadow the Cathedral of Sophia, then at least compete with it. According to the chronicle, the cathedral was built by the Russian architect “Master Peter”. To the north-western corner of the temple he placed a high rectangular tower with a staircase located inside. The master achieved exceptional expressiveness in this building, bringing the severity of proportions and clarity of his plan to the limit.
In the second half of the 19th century, a new type of church took shape in Novgorod. Instead of grandiose but few buildings, small and simple buildings appear. The character of the interior is changing. The lush open choirs are replaced by corner chambers on vaults, closed on all sides, connected to each other by a small wooden platform. On the outside, the mass of the temple also becomes more perennial and simpler. The towers for the entrance to the choir are replaced by a narrow slot-like passage in the thickness of the western wall.
The building of a new type that has come down to us is the Church of the Annunciation near the village of Arkanzhi near Novgorod, built in 1179. The middle semicircular apse was adjoined on both sides by apses that had a semicircular shape only on the inside. On the outside they were rectangular. Adjoining the main cube of the building on three sides were lowered porches, the corners of which, like the corners of the main cube, were decorated with stepped (bundle) blades, also unusual for Novgorod. The facades of the main cube had three-lobed ends, according to which the coverings of the temple were made.
Architecture of Vladimir
Ancient Vladimir was located in a picturesque place on the left bank of the Klyazma. It occupied a high plateau, cut by deep ravines. With the transfer of the capital to Vladimir by Andrei Bogolyubsky, grand-ducal construction begins in the city.
The Golden Gate of Vladimir is one of the most ancient and rare monuments of Ancient Rus'.
They were built in 1164. The gate now looks different from how it did in ancient times. They received their first damage in 1238 during the storming of the city by the Tatars. In 1785, the earthen ramparts adjacent to the gate walls from south to north were demolished. The vault of the building was rebuilt and a new brick church was erected on it.
The Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir was founded in 1158 and completed in 1160.
The building is a complex created during two construction periods. The original white stone cathedral was built under Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1158-1160. Already in 1161 the cathedral was painted. The original cathedral was badly damaged by fire in 1185. Its wooden beams were burned away and the white limestone was also significantly burnt. After the fire of 1185, Vsevolod III significantly expanded the cathedral. Side galleries were added to the Bogolyubsky Temple, and it seemed to be inside a new large cathedral. The altar part was also enlarged, and four small domes were placed in the corners. The cathedral became five-nave and more spacious (width - 30.8 meters, length excluding apses - 30 meters).
Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir is the greatest architectural value
The exact date of its construction is unknown. Most likely this happened between 1194 and 1197. In the XVΙ - XVΙΙΙ centuries. The cathedral burned down more than once. As a result of the restoration of 1837 - 1839. he lost his galleries.
The cathedral belongs to the type of four-pillar, single-domed temples. The temple is divided into three tiers. The lower one is the highest, almost devoid of decorations, the middle one is slightly lower, has decorative decoration. Narrow and tall windows cut through the upper parts of the walls. They occupy the upper part of the facades and decorate the head drum
.
Another monument of Ancient Rus' is the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
The location of the temple is unique: the Church of the Intercession was built in a lowland, on a water meadow. Previously, near the church there was a place where the Nerl flowed into the Klyazma (now the river beds have changed their position). The church was located practically on the river “spit”, forming a crossroads of the most important water trade routes.
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
The Church of the Intercession was built on a man-made hill. The usual strip foundation, laid at a depth of 1.6 m, is continued by the base of the walls, 3.7 m high, which were covered with clay soil of an embankment, lined with white stone. Thus, the foundation went to a depth of more than five meters. This technology made it possible to resist rising water during river floods (up to 5 m).
From the 12th century temple, the main volume has been preserved to this day without significant distortion - a small, almost square quadrangle in plan (about 10 x 10 m excluding apses, the side of the dome square is about 3.2 m) quadrangle and dome. The temple is of a cross-domed type, four-pillared, three-apsed, single-domed, with arched-columnar belts and perspective portals. The walls of the church are strictly vertical, but thanks to the exceptionally well-found proportions, they look inclined inward, which achieves the illusion of a greater height of the structure. In the interior, the cross-shaped pillars taper towards the top, which, given the small size of the temple, creates an additional feeling of “height” in the interior.
The divisions of the northern and southern walls of the temple are asymmetrical, the eastern spindles are very narrow. However, the sum of the protrusion of the side apses and the width of the eastern sections of the walls is almost equal to the width of the middle sections of the walls, and thanks to this, the composition of the temple looks balanced when viewed from any side. Multi-broken pilasters with half-columns on the outer side of the walls of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl correspond to the internal blades. Their total thickness is approximately one and a half times wider than the walls, and this creates a very clear structural “drawing” of the temple.
The walls of the church are decorated with carved reliefs. The central figure in the composition of the three facades of the temple is David the psalmist seated on the throne with a psalter in his left hand, blessing with two fingers with his right hand. Also used in the design are lions, birds and women's masks.
The original interior paintings of the temple were completely lost (they were knocked down during renovation in 1877).
The sophistication of the proportions and overall harmony of the temple is noted by many researchers; The Church of the Intercession is often called the most beautiful Russian church.
Ι V. _ Creative task
Now that you have become acquainted with the most important architectural buildings of Ancient Rus', I propose to make a sketch of the building you like. It could be a church, a cathedral or a Kremlin - your choice. It is recommended to do the drawing using a simple pencil. When working on your sketch, refer to illustrations of ancient buildings.
V. Summing up the lesson
Old Russian architecture is beautiful! It represents pages of our country's past. And I hope that someday you will become more closely acquainted with the architectural monuments of Ancient Rus'.
What new things did you learn while working?
What have you learned?
Was it interesting for you to complete the task?
What was difficult about completing the task?
What did you like about your classmates’ performance?
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Features of the use of architectural elements of the building facade
Modern architectural elements of buildings are designed to fit very organically into the style of the building and are most often made of lightweight and at the same time quite durable materials, such as archstone, polymer concrete, fiberglass concrete, fiberglass. All materials can imitate natural materials in appearance and texture, and at the same time have a fairly long service life, which is especially good in the aggressive environment of megacities. It is very important to note that modern composite materials have a much shorter production time, which gives an undeniable advantage in the fast pace of the modern world. With the help of competent design you can give the building uniqueness.
Also, modern materials from which architectural elements of buildings are made are little susceptible to weathering, aging, and microorganisms. Work related to finishing facades with decorative elements consists of several stages: design based on sketches and drawings, development of fastening units for elements, creation of a load-bearing part, production of decorative parts, installation work on the facade of a building. All architectural elements of buildings are worked out in strict accordance with the client’s wishes.
Imagine that you went on a trip to another country. You can’t do without a cultural program and tourist routes, otherwise there’s no point in going anywhere at all. You can, of course, lock yourself in a hotel for the duration of your vacation and have a great time, traditionally lying in bed. But, nevertheless, Voka.me strongly does not recommend this method of relaxation.
If you prepare for your trip in advance and study the traditions of the country you are going to, then the foreign culture will become much clearer. How about learning how to distinguish between architectural styles and adding another checkmark to your self-education bucket list? In addition, you will be able to impress girls, and this will be much more effective than, for example, the ability to distinguish between types of beer with your eyes closed.
In general, architectural styles are a rather confusing and complex topic for a beginner, and if you don’t want to study boring literature, we offer you a simplified guide to world architecture (professional architects forgive us).
Classicism
Classicism is a stronghold of symmetry, severity and straightness. If you see something similar, and even with long round columns, this is classicism.
Empire style
Empire style is when classicism decided to become pathetic to the point of impossibility, and even strives to be higher.
Stalin Empire style
Of course, the leader of all nations - Comrade Stalin - lacked pathos and solemnity in the usual Empire style, and in order to show the power of the USSR in all its glory, this style was cubed. This is how the Stalinist Empire style appeared - an architectural style that frightens with its colossal size.
Baroque
Baroque is when a building looks like a pie with whipped cream, often decorated with gold, stone sculptures and ornate stucco that clearly says its “fi!” classicism. This architectural style spread throughout Europe, including being adopted by Russian architects.
Rococo
If it seemed to you that the building was designed by a woman, and there are a lot of all sorts of frills and bows covered in gold, this is Rococo.
Ultrabaroque
If you look at a building and, due to the abundance of stucco moldings and sculptures, you no longer understand what is happening around you, then you can be sure that it is ultra-baroque. The main thing is not to lose consciousness when contemplating such beauty.
Russian Baroque
Russian Baroque is no longer a cake, it’s a real cake, painted to resemble Khokhloma.
Pseudo-Russian style
Pseudo-Russian style is when you tried to “make it look like antiquity”, but you overdid it and decorated everything too richly.
Neo-Gothic
Neo-Gothic is when you are afraid to cut yourself on a building just by looking at it. Thin long spiers, window openings and fear of injections.
Gothic
If you look at a building and there is less danger of cutting yourself, and it has a round window in the center or a stained glass window with towers on the sides, it is Gothic. On the stucco of such buildings in the architectural style they often like to torture all sorts of sinners and other asocial individuals.
Art Deco
Art Deco is when, when you look at a building, old American songs performed by Frank Sinatra start playing in your head, and imaginary cars from the 60s start driving through the streets.
Modernism
Everything is simple here. Modernism in architectural style is a house from the future, but built with notes of nostalgia for the past.
Modern
In modern architecture you can study ancient history. There are a lot of small details and elaborate details, which together form a whole composition.
Constructivism
Constructivism in architectural style is when lovers of cylinders and other strict geometric shapes begin to build houses. They put up some kind of trapezoid or cylinder and cut windows in it.
Deconstructivism
If you look at a building and see that it has been completely broken, bent and wrinkled - this is deconstructivism. A real geometric hell for a perfectionist.
High tech
High-tech architecture includes buildings with a lot of glass, concrete, everything is transparent, mirrored and glitters in the sun. Maximum geometricity, rigor and angularity.
Postmodernism
Postmodernism is when you look at a building, like Malevich’s “Black Square”, and don’t understand what the author wanted to say, how he was allowed to build it and why he wasn’t treated for drug addiction. However, such fancy forms also have their advantages.
Of course, professional architects may consider such a list of architectural styles blasphemous and generally be offended, but make allowances for those who are not so good at history and defining styles. After all, the car mechanic will also smile indulgently as he watches the architect try to determine which side to approach the crankshaft from.
Voka.me recommends that you travel more often and make good use of your time on tourist trips.
Types of architectural structures
All buildings that have ever been built or are being built today can be divided according to their purpose. Among them, the following types of architectural structures stand out:
- Dwellings, which include all types of buildings adapted for people to live in them. These can be either private buildings or apartment buildings, yurts or barracks that temporarily replace housing.
- Public and administrative buildings, including, for example, hospitals, schools, higher education institutions, city hall buildings, village council buildings, even stadiums and many others.
- Architectural structures related to religious buildings: churches, churches, temples, chapels, etc.
- Military facilities, which include both modern shelters for weapons (an arsenal, for example), and previously erected fortification structures that have lost their strategic purpose. The latter include old military bastions and fortresses, which in our time had historical rather than military significance.
- Architectural and building structures for industrial purposes are factories, factories, agricultural buildings (elevator, cowsheds, etc.).
- Buildings for transport purposes, which include ports, stations, depots, repair shops and much more.
- Architectural structures for engineering and technical purposes are bridges, dams and dams, television towers and radio towers and other similar structures.
These are the main types of buildings that exist in the world today. In addition to dividing by type, all architectural structures of buildings can be divided by classes, number of storeys, layouts, durability and shape. So, the first ones include:
- Buildings that are large in scale, regardless of whether they are public, residential or serving the population, belong to class I.
- Class II includes all residential buildings and objects reaching or above 6 floors.
- Houses, both multi-apartment and public buildings up to 5 floors high, belong to class III.
- Class IV includes architectural structures, buildings up to 2 floors in height, usually of the prefabricated type.
Also, all objects differ in their height. Based on the number of floors, buildings are divided into:
- For low buildings with no more than 4 floors.
- On architectural structures of multi-storey buildings. These include houses with a height of 5-6 to 8 floors.
- High-rise structures, consisting of from 9 to 24 spans.
- High-rise buildings are those with more than 24 floors.
If we consider the diagrams of buildings, we can distinguish the following differences in them:
- Architectural structures of buildings and structures with external and internal load-bearing walls made of natural stone, reinforced concrete slabs, bricks, monolithic blocks and other materials.
- Structures based on a load-bearing internal frame constructed from prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete slabs or metal elements.
- Architectural structures consisting of prefabricated blocks manufactured in a factory. They can be based on load-bearing walls or a combination of them with frame load-bearing elements.
- Mobile architectural and construction structures can be easily disassembled, assembled or transported ready-made.
According to their service life, all types of structures are divided into:
- Structures designed to last 20 years.
- Service life up to 50 years.
- Structures that will withstand 100 or more years of use.
These are the types and classes of structures that all structures in the world are divided into.
