What is a special circumstance?
Circumstances, like other minor members, can be highlighted with the help of intonation, which gives them greater semantic load in a sentence.
Katya walked along the path, humming a cheerful song.
She walked (how?) singing a cheerful song.
In this sentence, the predicate explains the circumstance of the manner of action, expressed by the adverbial phrase, which is a separate member of the sentence. Its semantic emphasis is emphasized by intonation: the voice in front of it rises, then there is a pause, after which the isolated phrase is pronounced with the logical stress inherent in the isolated members of the sentence.
Definition
A circumstance that is distinguished by meaning using intonation and punctuation marks is called isolated.
Types of special circumstances
Separate circumstances, depending on the methods of expression, are divided into the following types:
- gerunds and participial phrases;
- nouns in oblique cases with prepositions (prepositional-nominal constructions);
- comparative turnovers.
Isolated circumstances indicate different conditions for the occurrence of an action. The following types of special circumstances are distinguished:
- goals
- causes
- time
- course of action
- concessions, etc.
What questions are answered?
In accordance with their meaning, isolated circumstances answer the questions:
- How?
- When?
- Why?
- for what purpose?
- in spite of what?
- no matter what?
etc.
Examples
(When?) Waking up early in the morning, the old man heard rain drumming on the roof.
In the morning he greeted me gloomily, (why?), having been angry the day before because of my irrepressible curiosity.
(Despite what?) Despite the frost, red-cheeked apples are showing off on the trees.
(How?) Rising on tiptoe, she looked out the window of the hut.
In a sentence, an isolated circumstance is one member of the sentence and is emphasized by the same conditional line as any circumstance.
After rustling in the grass, a hedgehog ran out onto the forest path.
Test on the topic “Simple sentence” 8th grade 2nd quarter
Test on the topic “Simple sentence” 8th grade, 2nd quarter (for students in family education)
1.Insert the missing letters and punctuation marks.
The name of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is firmly connected in our minds.. with one of the fundamental scientific laws - the Periodic System of Elements. The scientist's graphers like to show that the Periodic System was dreamed of by Dmitry Ivanovich. Having woken up, he immediately sketched it on the first sheet of paper he came across. So it was (s, h)things...about the opening.
Assessing Mendeleev’s views and range of interests, you are impressed that the answers he found to many questions have (not) lost their relevance today. Mendeleev is a vivid and rare example of the combination of an inquisitive and...researcher and an energetic practitioner in one person. Such a combination of interests and abilities is now (necessary) for successful work.
His knowledge was truly encyclopedic. One is left wondering how one person could do all this. The scientist himself has repeatedly said with pride that both discoveries and various aspects of activity have one source - constant and intense work.
2. Underline the grammatical basis of each sentence in the text
3-4. Parse the highlighted sentences. Give a grammatical description_
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.Copy out 2 appendices from the text
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Replace the phrase “Scientific law”, built on the basis of coordination, with a synonymous one, built on the basis of management.
7. Replace the phrase “Spoken with pride”, built on the basis of control, with a synonymous one, built on the basis of adjacency.
8. Determine the type of connection in the following phrases.
Sketched when I woke up -
Combination of interests-
Constant work -
Assessing views -
Isolated circumstance - gerunds and participial phrases
An adverbial phrase is a separate circumstance expressed by a participle with a dependent word.
Punctuation marks
Let's consider the main cases of placing punctuation marks in a sentence with participles and participial phrases. Here are some examples of sentences.
Rule
The circumstance expressed by a gerund or participial phrase is isolated regardless of its location in the sentence.
1. If a circumstance is expressed by a gerund or participial phrase, then it is distinguished by a comma at the beginning and end of the sentence and two commas in its middle.
The reeds sway and rustle quietly in the silence of the night.
A nimble sparrow took off from a birch branch, chirping.
Slowly descending, the crimson sun went below the horizon.
Lights flashed on the other side, flashing brightly in the gaps between the trees.
The stream gurgles quietly, making its way between the coastal thickets of willows.
2. Homogeneous circumstances (gerunds and participial phrases), connected by a single conjunction “and”, are distinguished by punctuation marks according to the general rule.
After a pause and a frown, Stepan gave his mother the key to the basement.
She, turning away and hunched over, began to look very much like an old woman.
Startled by the knock on the door and opening his eyes, he did not immediately recognize me.
We take into account that single gerunds, usually standing after the predicate and acting as adverbs of the manner of action, are close in function to adverbs and are not isolated. The same punctuation rule applies to participial phrases that are closely related to the predicate.
He walked towards the door without hesitation (decisively).
The foliage of the birch trees hangs _ without moving (motionless).
Bright lightning flashed in the darkened sky without ceasing (one after another).
Our neighbors lived without knowing anyone.
3. When placing punctuation marks, we take into account that coordinating conjunctions are not part of a separate circumstance expressed by a gerund or participial phrase.
And, having revealed his secret to her, he quickly left.
But, after hesitating, the girl told her sister about her failure.
The exception is the conjunction “a”, which, according to the meaning of the statement, cannot be separated from the participial phrase.
Study the topic, and having found out its content, proceed to the test.
But if there is opposition in the sentence, then a comma is placed before and after the conjunction “a”.
Do not immediately perform the exercise, but after reading the rule, only then proceed to it.
Don’t do the exercise right away, but...only then start it.
4. Phraseological units with participles, which are indecomposable lexical units, are not separated by commas.
The children listened to the storyteller with their mouths open.
From the very morning they worked with their sleeves rolled up.
Did you rush here headlong?
Resting does not mean sitting idle.
5. Circumstances expressed by gerunds or participial phrases, connected by the conjunction “and” with another single circumstance, are homogeneous members of the sentence and are not distinguished by punctuation marks.
Dmitry carefully and slightly swaying moves to the other side of the ship.
She speaks quietly and deliberately drawls her words.
Download material
so UNT / Lesson plans for the Russian language / Lesson plans for the Russian language 8th grade
Lesson No. 39. TEST ON THE TOPIC “SINGLE SENTENCES”
03.11.2011 24642 2454
Lesson No. 39. TEST ON THE TOPIC “SINGLE SENTENCES”
Objectives: to test students’ knowledge in determining the types of one-part sentences, the ability to use such sentences in their speech; check and consolidate the skill of complete syntactic parsing of a sentence and determining the type of predicate.
Option I
I. Theoretical question: How do indefinitely personal sentences differ from impersonal ones?
P. Material for determining the types of one-part sentences.
/. They cordoned off a place of twenty-five fathoms. 2. Vespers were rung in the holy churches. 3. And a mound of damp earth was poured here, and a maple cross was erected here. 4. Tell me, Palestine branch...5. Shine, shine, distant star. 6. It’s increasingly easier to relieve my chest with words in front of someone. 7. Blue mountains of the Caucasus, greetings! 8. But I’m sorry to part with life. 9. It's dark. Everything is asleep. 10. You will never see such battles!
(From the works of M. Lermontov).
III. Write a miniature essay using all types of one-part sentences.
Or construct a piece of text similar to this one. The theme is night.
Night. Silence. I'm walking along the lunar path. I want to sing along with the nightingale, I want to breathe deeply, I want to live forever. It's easy to think on nights like this. Somewhere a gate slammed. The lights were turned on in the neighboring house. The charm is over. I am going home. I fall asleep with a smile.
IV. Perform a complete syntactic analysis of the sentence “Shine, shine, distant star.”
V. Determine the type of predicate.
1)
They found him unconscious in the steppe
(M. Lermontov).
2) But I'm sorry to part with life
(M. Lermontov).
Option II
I. Theoretical question: What one-part sentences do you know?
P. Determine the type of one-part sentences.
1. I live like the ruler of the sky - in a beautiful world - but alone. 2. It was fun for me to breathe the night freshness of those forests into my exhausted chest. 3. And then we found a large field. 4. Now he hears a door slammed in the hallway.
5. They buried him beyond the Moscow River. 6. Oh, how I want to confuse their fun. 7. It’s getting dark. 8. Evening. 9. Receive a wondrous message from this distant land
(From the works of M. Lermontov).
III. Write a miniature essay or construct a text similar to this one. Theme is morning.
Morning. I'm still half asleep. You can feel the pleasant freshness of the breeze. Suddenly there was a knock on the door. I quickly jump up, get dressed, and run to open it. On the threshold are my friends. They hold fishing rods in their hands. Let's have an easy breakfast - that's the way to go!
IV. Parsing.
I love the smoke of burnt stubble.
V. Determine the type of predicate.
1) Kiribeyevich answers like this, shaking his curly head...
M. Lermontov
2) Tell me what, among these walls, could you give me in return for that short but living friendship, between a stormy heart and a thunderstorm.
See the downloadable file for the full text of the material.
The page contains only a fragment of the material.
An isolated circumstance expressed by a noun with a preposition
Circumstances expressed by nouns with the derivative prepositions “despite”, “despite”, “despite” and the non-derivative preposition “at” have the meaning of concession. They can be replaced by a subordinate clause of concession with the conjunction “although.” These minor members of the sentence must be separated by commas.
Example sentences
Despite the high waves, the longboat confidently headed towards the island. = Although high waves rose on the sea, the longboat confidently headed towards the island.
Despite the storm warning, many fishermen went to sea.
The rain soon stopped, contrary to the weather forecasters' forecast, and the bright sun appeared from behind the lead clouds.
This cheerful woman, for all her carelessness, understood the hopelessness of her situation.
Circumstances with prepositions “due to”, “thanks to”, “in view of”, “to avoid”, “for lack of”, “according to”, “by virtue of”, “in connection with”, for the reason”, “on occasion”, etc. are separated optionally.
Examples
Meadow grasses, thanks to heavy rains, are unusually juicy.
The porthole, according to the combat situation, was carefully covered with thick fabric.
The fisherman's fish soup, contrary to all expectations, turned out to be rich and tasty.
These prepositional-nominal constructions can be isolated if they are quite common (nouns have dependent words), have the meaning of cause or condition, and are located between the subject and the predicate.
Let's compare:
Due to bad weather, we postponed our hike (due to bad weather = because of bad weather).
Due to the bad weather, we postponed our trip to the forest to pick mushrooms for several days.
