Classes of adjectives
- qualitative - indicate a feature of an object that may be present in this object to a greater or lesser extent; have a full and short form, comparative and superlative (dark, strong, new, strong, dirty, soft, low, young).
- relative - denote a characteristic of an object that cannot be present in it to a greater or lesser extent (wooden, woolen, sunny).
- possessive - denote a characteristic by its belonging to someone or something (a hare's brood, a wolf's lair, Yegorushkin's father).
§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. They answer the question: Which one? They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad. The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into relationships
- synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
- Antonymies: big – small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. They answer the question: Which one?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii'], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-. Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the examples given, it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -y, -y, -oi.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:
Singular
Name w.r. - a: mother's, fox, m.r. - : mother's, fox, m.r. – oh, e: mom’s, fox.
Rod.p. w.r. – oh, her: mother’s, fox, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. w.r. – oh, her: mother’s, fox, m.r. and w.r. – oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. – as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. w.r. – oh, her: mother’s, fox, m.r. and w.r. - y, them: mother’s, fox.
P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mother’s, fox, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.
Plural
Name – s, and: mother’s, foxes.
Rod.p. – oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. – ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. – as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. – oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox hole is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is a relative adjective (correlates with bitterness)
- a light bag is a qualitative adjective, and an easy life is a relative adjective (correlates with ease)
Cases of adjectives
Adjectives change by case (full form only) .
The initial form of the adjective is the nominative singular masculine case.
Nominative case - which one? which? which? I have a black cat.
Genitive case - which one? Which? which one? I don't have a black cat.
Dative case - which one? Which? which one? I'm happy about the black cat.
Accusative case - which one? which one? which? I see a black cat.
Instrumental case - what? Which? what? I'm playing with a black cat.
Prepositional case - which one? about which one? about which one? I'm thinking about a black cat.
Features of the full form of adjectives
You know that full adjectives answer the questions “Which one?” Which? Which? Which?".
Full forms of adjectives can be changed by numbers:
- small table – small tables;
- profitable store – profitable stores;
- tall guy - tall guys.
By birth:
- hard stone - hard rock - hard soap;
- funny performance - funny song - funny video;
- long sweater – long blouse – long dress.
The full form changes according to cases. Let's trace this phenomenon using the example of the phrase “tight skirt” in sentences:
- A narrow skirt lies on the bed (nominative case).
- There was no tight skirt in the closet (genitive case).
- Anna couldn't get enough of the plaid tight skirt she bought at a sale (dative case).
- I can't find a tight skirt (accusative case).
- She boasted of a new tight skirt (instrumental case).
- The story about the tight skirt seemed comical to her (prepositional case).
Full adjectives have attributive features. They express neutrality, are inflected and depend on the noun.
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives can change in case and number (inflect). The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the noun it refers to.
Nominative case - good (m.r., singular), good (g.r., singular), good (m.r., singular), good (plural).
Genitive case - good (m.r., singular), good (g.r., singular), good (m.r., singular), good (plural).
Dative case - good (m.r., singular), good (f., singular), good (m.r., singular), good (pl.).
Accusative case - good (m.r., singular), good (f.r., singular), good (m.r., singular), good (plural).
Instrumental case - good (m.r., singular), good (f., singular), good (m.r., singular), good (pl.).
Prepositional case - (about) good (m.r., singular), (about) good (f., singular), (about) good (m.r., singular) , (about) good (plural).
Summary of a Russian language lesson on the topic “Adjective as a part of speech” (grade 3)
Adjective as part of speech grade 3
Purpose: Educational: Learn to recognize adjectives in text; establish a connection between an adjective and a noun; determine gender, number, case; deepen the understanding of the role of the adjective in our language. Developmental: Develop students’ speech; spelling vigilance. Educational: Instill a love of nature; feelings of camaraderie; ability to work in groups and pairs.
DURING THE CLASSES
I ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT
II PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTITUDE Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart, arms hanging freely along your body. Close your eyes. Imagine that you are a tree: a strong, mighty oak or a slender, thin birch. Your roots are strong and stable, they go firmly into the ground, and you feel confident and calm. The trunk is smooth and flexible, it sways slightly, but does not break. The branches sway freely along the trunk. The leaves rustle easily, slightly touching each other. Your crown is clean and fresh. You, a beautiful mighty tree, you are confident and calm. You are kind, calm and successful. You will succeed. Now please sit down. - Today you have to make a small but very important discovery. I wish you creative success.
III HOMEWORK CHECK Your homework was assigned to you in groups. Group 1 Make a cluster on the topic “noun” Group 2 Make a cluster on the topic “Declination of nouns” Group 3 Make a table on the topic “Stressed and unstressed case endings of nouns” Group 4 determine the gender, declension, case of nouns, highlight the endings. To the sirens. - ..., on the branch. - ..., near the branches. - ..., about life. - ..., without help. - ..., stupidly. - ..., a plate of borscht. -....
Group 1 part of speech denotes the subject, answers the questions who? What?
proper, NOUN animate common nouns inanimate
has a gender: they change according to numbers and cases: f.r., m.r., s.r. subject, object, circumstance
2 group 1 declination 2 declination 3 declination zh.r. m.r. m.r. s.r. w.r. -and I -? -o, -e - ?
Group 3 Stressed and unstressed endings of nouns Case 1st class. 2skol. 3skol. I.p. -and I -? -o, -e - ? R.p. -s, -i -a -i D.p. -e -u -i V.p. -u, -yu -a, -o, -e - ? etc. -oh, -ey, -oh -om, -em -yu P.p. -e -e -i
4 group
To the lilac - zh.r., 3 sk., D.p., on the branch - zh.r., 1 sk., P. p., at the branch - zh.r., 1 sk., R. p., about life – zh.r., 3rd grade, P.p., without help – zh.r., 3rd grade, R.p., out of stupidity – zh.r., 3rd grade, D..p., a plate of borscht – m.r. ., 2 pages, pp. .
IV LEARNING NEW THINGS The topic of our lesson is the adjective as a part of speech. Today we will find out what role the adjective plays in our speech, how it changes. So, let’s create a cluster on the topic “Adjective”.
noun adjective part of speech denotes attribute answers questions of the subject what? which? which? which? varies by gender, by number
Working on the rule Open the textbooks on page 46. Read the rule. Adjectives change according to gender, number, and cases. The gender, number, and case of an adjective depend on the noun to which the adjective refers. In a sentence, the adjective is a modifier. It is designated as follows: ~~~~~. What can you add to the cluster? (changes according to cases, in a sentence it is a definition) part of speech denotes a sign answers the questions of the subject what? which? which? which? changes by gender, ADJECTIVE by number, by case definition
— Let’s do exercise 152. write down adjectives with nouns. Table tennis has another meaning: ping pong. At the beginning of the last century, one rich man installed it on his table at home. Since then, tennis began to be played in any weather - both summer and winter. In the beginning, people played with regular rackets. Then they invented special, lightweight rackets. Rubber, heavy balls were replaced with light, celluloid ones. Playing table tennis requires great strength, enormous tension, and dexterity. — What role do adjectives play in our speech? Read the text “Forest in Autumn.” Compare texts. Forest in autumn. How beautiful the forest is in autumn! There is no wind, the smell is in the air. The fog is over the fields. The sky turns white through the branches of the trees. Leaves hang on linden trees. What a day! The birch tree draws beautifully on the sky. The sun no longer warms, but shines brighter. The whole grove sparkles. The wind rustles softly and blows the leaves.
Forest in autumn. How beautiful the forest is in late autumn! There is no wind, the smell of autumn is diffused in the soft air. A thin fog hangs over the yellow fields. The sky turns white through the brown branches of the trees. The last golden leaves hang on the linden trees. And what an autumn, clear, slightly cold day in the morning! The birch tree is beautifully drawn against the blue sky. The low sun no longer warms, but shines brighter than the summer sun. The small aspen grove is all sparkling. A fresh wind gently stirs and drives away fallen leaves.
— What role do adjectives play in our speech? (Help to accurately describe the subject, speech becomes colorful, more expressive, figurative)
Working on the rule. Read the rule on page 47. Adjectives make our speech expressive and colorful. Adjectives evaluate an object, a natural phenomenon. Nouns sometimes have no life, but simply boredom! Without us they have no color, no smell, no sound: But if we attach us to them, life will become more fun for them: Here is a loud knock, Here is a blue ball, Here is a crushing blow, Here is a ringing ball, Here is a sharp sword, Merry garden, native speech . - Some of you were very attentive and noticed which part of speech the adjective is associated with. (with a noun) The name itself - an adjective - already contains a hint that the word should be “attached” to something. Adjectives are “attached” to nouns and agree with them in everything: gender, number, case. part of speech denotes a sign answers questions of the subject what? which? which? which? definition changes by gender, by number, by case
agrees with the noun
V CONSISTENCY Let's do exercise 154. Complete the endings of the adjectives. Group 1 Sweet... the aroma hits your nostrils, makes you dizzy, takes you captive. Group 2 Sometimes a sour... smell of wild... onions is mixed in with it. Group 3 It seems to a person that he is swimming in a fragrant .. dense .. sea. Group 4 In the field we see soft... grass, among which little white... and yellow... flowers grow... Make a match. Connect the adjectives with the nouns they refer to with lines. Golden watermelons small leaves fluffy apples wet dandelions delicious cat ripe fish - Adjectives agree with nouns. They agree in gender, number and case. — Indicate gender, number, case of the indicated adjectives. Warm carpets - ..., a heavy bag - ..., a young star - ..., fun games - ..., deep puddles - .... VI RESULT OF THE LESSON - What topic did you work on during the lesson? Fill in the table (Work in pairs) Adjective Denotes _____________________. Changes according to ___________, ___________, ______________. ____________ number, _____________ number. _______ genus, _________ genus, ________ genus. Question _______ ________ ________ Question _________ Endings ______ _______ ________ _________ Related to __________________. Member of the sentence ___________________________. VII HOMEWORK Page 46-47 learn the rule, exercise 156. Complete the endings of adjectives.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. There are 3 degrees of comparison:
- positive - the initial form of the adjective (clean, beautiful, long);
- comparative - simple : consists of one word (adjectives do not change in number, gender, case; in a sentence they are part of a compound predicate) (cleaner, more beautiful, longer); compound: consists of two words, formed by adding the words more/less (adjectives change according to numbers, genders, cases; in a sentence they can act as a definition) ( more/less clean, more/less beautiful, more/less long);
- excellent - simple: consists of one word, formed using the suffixes -EYSH/-AYSH (adjectives change according to numbers, genders, cases; in a sentence they can act as a definition) (the purest , the most beautiful , the longest , the deepest aishiy , closest aishiy ); compound: consists of two words, formed by adding the word most (adjectives change according to numbers, genders, cases; in a sentence they can act as a definition) ( the purest, the most beautiful, the longest).
Full and short adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have two forms: full and short. The full adjective answers the question which? and agrees with the noun or pronoun to which it refers in gender, number and case.
A short adjective answers the question what? and agrees with the noun or pronoun to which it refers, in gender and number (does not change by case).
In a sentence, short adjectives usually act as a predicate : He is so smart!
Short adjectives as definitions in some phraseological units: barefoot, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, good fellows, beautiful maiden.
Short adjectives are formed from full ones.
Endings of short adjectives
Singular
- masculine - zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny).
- feminine - ending -A (strong - strong , new - new , skinny - skinny ) .
- neuter - ending -O, -E (strong - strong , new - new , skinny - skinny ) .
Plural
- The ending -Y, -I - (strong - strong and , new - new , skinny - skinny ) .
Writing -n- and -nn- in short adjectives
The spelling of -Н- and -НН- in short adjectives is determined by the full form: long (long ) , red (red ) .
Spelling adjective suffixes
- Suffixes -АЧ-/-ЭЧ- in adjectives formed from nouns starting with -ШКА A is written under stress E without stress (frog ach y, cat y , frog ech y, old lady ech y).
- Suffixes -EV-/-IV-/-OV- under stress is written I , without stress in a hard position - O, in a soft position - E ( beautiful , edge , tearful , lilac , affectionate , financial ) . Remember: merciful, holy fool.
- Suffixes -EM-/-IM- in adjectives formed with and without the prefix NOT intransitive verbs and transitive verbs of the perfect form , without stress it is written E , under stress - I (waterproof y , harmless y , distinguishable ).
- The suffix -EN- is written in short adjectives (calm , vain ) .
- The suffix -IST- is written I (clay ist , roll ist ).
- Suffixes -K-, -SK- 1) the suffix -K- is written in qualitative adjectives that have a short form (weight k iy (weight), niz k iy (low); 2) the suffix -K- is written in words with roots in - Ts and in words with alternation K/CH and Ts (Cossack й (Cossack), tkat k y (weaver) Exceptions: Uglich, Uzbek, Tajik); 3) the suffix -SK- is written in relative adjectives that do not have a short form ( matrosskiy (sailor), French й (French).
- The suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- are written I (caring , arrogant ) .
- Suffixes -ONK-/-ENK-, -OVAT-/-EVAT-, -OVIT-/-EVIT- in a hard position it is written O , in a soft position - E ( small , youthful , businesslike , glossy , easy onk y, sinenk y Some words allow both options: easy onk y - easy y , bad onk y - bad ony ).
- The suffix -CHAT- is written A ( stepped ).
Spelling -н- and -нн- in adjectives
-NN-
- in adjectives with the suffixes -ENN- , -ONN- ( discussive , artificial , sewer , cranberry , operational , revolutionary , sessional , straw , solemn . Exception : windy ) .
- in adjectives formed from words with a stem ending in -N- ( long , true , lemon , machine , million , old , valuable ) .
- if the adjective has prefixes ( without windy ) .
- in adjectives formed from nouns ending in -МЯ- (temporary ( time ) , fiery ( flame ) .
- adjectives formed from nouns in -INA (old -fashioned (old ) , kartinny ( kart ina ).
-N-
- in adjectives that are not formed from other parts of speech (blue, green, young).
- suffixes -AN, -YAN, -IN ( sparrow , wax , clay , blue , firewood , crane , leather , chicken . Exceptions : glass , tin , wooden , nameless , stirrup ) .
- in adjectives formed from prefixless imperfective verbs with suffixes -N-, -EN- without dependent words (knitted jacket , loaded wagons , fried potatoes ).
REMEMBER: spicy, ruddy, young, crimson, pork, red, green, but: slow.
REMEMBER: unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, desired, desperate, unexpected, sacred.
REMEMBER: living room (yard), living room, hotel but: living room set.
Spelling NOT in adjectives
Together
- in adjectives that cannot be used NOT (careless, ignorant, homely, hateful, inclement, hostile, wicked)
- if an adjective with NOT can be replaced by a synonym without NOT (small = small; unmarried = single, fake = false).
- in the presence of words to the highest degree, very, completely, extremely, very, almost, partly, completely, completely, extremely (very intelligent, almost imperceptible).
Apart
- in the presence of opposition with the conjunction A (not brave, but cowardly).
- if NOT is preceded by the words not at all, far from, not at all (not a funny film).
- if NOT is preceded by negative adverbs or pronouns not at all, not at all, no one, nothing (no one is interested in the magazine).
- with relative adjectives (the building is not concrete).
- with a logically emphasized negation (the family is not rich).
Short adjectives are NOT spelled the same way as long adjectives.
REMEMBER: In the following short adjectives it is not written separately: not visible, not guilty, not in power, not willing, not willing, not ready, should not, does not intend, not needed, not happy, not disposed, does not agree, not capable, not scary.
REMEMBER : not lower, not higher, not better, not worse, not closer, not poorer; not more, not less, not better, not worse.
