Test on the topic “Safety on water bodies” test on life safety (grade 8) on the topic
Questions 1-5 have one answer option,
Question 6: arrange the correct order of actions,
Question 7, choose several correct answers,
Question 8 you need to correlate the right and left columns,
Questions 9 and 10 require a detailed answer.
- According to statistics, 54% of accidents that occur on a pond are due to the drunken state of swimmers. How many die on average from this cause?
A) 2-3 thousand people per year;
B) 3-5 thousand people per year;
B) 6-7 thousand people per year;
D) no one dies.
- If you are standing on frozen ice, what is a safe thickness?
A) if you are alone, at least 5 cm, for a group of people - 10 cm; B) if you are alone, at least 6 cm, for a group of people - 11 cm; C) if you are alone, at least 7 cm, for a group of people - 12 cm; D) if you are alone at least 10 cm, and you cannot stand on the ice in a group.
- If you fall through the ice...
A) immediately jump out of the water, clinging to the ice; B) call for help; B) try to swim out; D) lean your elbows carefully and without sudden movements and try to roll out horizontally.
- What should you do first in case of a shipwreck?
A) do not panic, put on a vest and follow the captain’s instructions; B) notify the people standing nearby, put on a vest and follow everyone; C) go down as low as possible without being overwhelmed by water; D) if you see the shore nearby, put on a vest and dive.
- When relaxing near bodies of water you need...
A) swim without thinking; B) jump into the water to check the depth; C) do not go into the water at all; D) carefully inspect the swimming area.
- What to do during a flood?
A) register at the final evacuation point; B) constantly send signals for help; C) take warm things (blankets, rugs, jacket); D) take documents, valuables and some food with you, wrapped in a waterproof bag;
D) upon a signal from a threat, you should leave places that are dangerous for instant flooding;
E) if evacuation has not been organized, you should wait for help to arrive as high as possible;
G) you can only jump into the water as a last resort (if they don’t hear or see you).
- What to do after a flood?
A) if there is a need to enter the building, be careful (a collapse is possible); B) the room must be well ventilated; C) turn on the stove and heaters so that it becomes warm as quickly as possible; D) you need to eat, since you may not have eaten for a long time; D) open all windows and doors to thoroughly dry.
- The most acceptable bathing modes are:
A) at a water temperature of 18⁰С 1) 15-20 minutes B) at a water temperature of 20⁰С 2) 6-8 minutes C) at a water temperature of 24⁰С 3) 10-12 minutes
- What safety measures should be observed during a boat trip?
- Why is it not recommended to swim on inflatable objects (mattresses, inner tubes, etc.)?
Answers 1-c; 2-in; 3-g; 4-a; 5-g; 6-e, d, a, f, c, b, g; 7-a, b, d; 8-(1-c),(2-a),(3-b);
Text of the book “Fundamentals of Life Safety. 8th grade"
§ 10. Types of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
Enterprises that use hazardous chemicals in production processes are potentially dangerous for the population living near them and the natural environment, since they may experience emergency situations in which toxic products may be released into the atmosphere.
Dangerous chemical
– a chemical substance, the direct or indirect impact of which on a person can cause acute and chronic diseases or even lead to death.
The largest consumers of hazardous chemicals: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (use chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, acrylic acid nitrile); pulp and paper industry (use chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid); mechanical engineering and defense industry (use chlorine, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride); public utilities (use chlorine, ammonia); medical industry (use ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, acrylic acid nitrile, hydrochloric acid); agriculture (use ammonia, chloropicrin, cyanogen chloride, sulfur dioxide).
Facilities of the food industry, in particular the dairy industry, and refrigerators of shopping centers are large consumers of ammonia used as a refrigerant. These potentially dangerous enterprises also include such seemingly harmless enterprises as confectionery factories, breweries, meat processing plants, dairies, water treatment plants, and vegetable depots. Thousands of tons of hazardous chemicals are transported daily by various modes of transport and pumped through pipelines. All of the above-mentioned economic objects are chemically hazardous.
Chemically hazardous object
– this is a facility where hazardous chemicals are stored, processed, used or transported, in the event of an accident or destruction of which, mass damage to people, animals and plants, as well as the environment, can occur.
Unfortunately, accidents at such facilities often occur. Their scale is sometimes comparable to natural disasters.
In total, there are more than 3,000 industrial facilities on the territory of the Russian Federation that have significant reserves of hazardous chemicals. More than 50% of such facilities have reserves of ammonia, 35% - chlorine, 5% - hydrochloric acid. About 60 million people live in areas of possible chemical contamination.
Despite all safety measures taken, it is impossible to completely eliminate the possibility of chemical accidents.
Types of accidents at fire and explosion hazardous facilities
• Accidents with the release (threat of release) of hazardous substances during their production, processing or storage (disposal).
• Transport accidents involving the release (threat of release) of hazardous substances.
• Formation and spread of hazardous chemicals in the process of chemical reactions that began as a result of the accident.
• Chemical munitions accidents.
Chemical accident
– an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, accompanied by a spill or release of hazardous chemicals that have a negative effect on the environment and harmful effects on humans and wildlife.
The main indicator of the degree of danger of chemically hazardous objects is the number of people living in the zone of possible chemical contamination in the event of an accident (Table 4).
Table 4. Classification of industrial facilities by degree of chemical hazard
According to official data, in the Russian Federation, 12% of chemically hazardous facilities are classified as hazardous degree I, 7% - II, 73% - III and 8% - IV.
Cities, districts, national districts, regions, territories and republics of the Russian Federation are classified in a similar way (Table 5).
Table 5. Classification of cities, urban and rural areas, regions, territories and republics according to the degree of chemical hazard
Of the subjects of the Russian Federation, 90% are classified as chemically hazardous (including hazard class I 20%, hazard class II - 30%, hazard class III - 40%).
Of the cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, 90% are recognized as chemically dangerous (including 61% of cities of the I degree of danger, 15% - II degree, 14% - III degree).
Questions and tasks
1. What chemicals are dangerous?
2. Give the definition of a chemically hazardous object. Which businesses in your area are chemical hazards?
3. What is a chemical accident?
4. What types of accidents with the release of hazardous chemical substances are divided into?
5. What levels of chemical hazard are established for cities, districts, regions, territories and republics of the Russian Federation?
§ 11. Emergency chemically hazardous substances and their damaging effects on the human body
Tens of thousands of different chemical compounds are used in industry and agriculture. The general list of produced and used chemical compounds includes about 70 thousand items, of which approximately 3.5 thousand are widely used.
All hazardous chemicals are divided into four classes: extremely hazardous, highly hazardous, moderately hazardous and low hazardous.
The classification of the hazards of harmful substances according to their effects on humans is given in Table 6. In this table, the maximum permissible concentration should be understood as the maximum amount of hazardous substances in the soil, air or water environment, food, food raw materials and feed, which, with constant contact with a person or during exposure to it over a certain period of time has virtually no effect on its health and does not cause adverse consequences.
Table 6. Classification of the hazards of substances according to the degree of impact on the human body
Some substances classified as hazard classes I and II can cause massive injury to unprotected people in emergency situations. Such substances are usually called hazardous chemical substances.
Emergency chemically hazardous substance
– a dangerous chemical substance used in industry and agriculture, in the event of an emergency release or spill, it can cause environmental pollution, damage to people and wildlife.
The danger of hazardous chemical substances for people lies in their ability, when they enter the body in relatively small quantities through the respiratory system, to disrupt its normal functioning, cause various painful conditions, and, under certain conditions, lethal outcome (death). When people are in close proximity to the source of infection, they may be affected through the skin. The degree and nature of the damage depend on the characteristics of the toxic effect of a particular chemically hazardous substance, its state of aggregation, the concentration of vapors in the air and the duration of their effect on the body.
Based on the nature of their impact on the human body, chemically hazardous substances are divided into six groups (Diagram 13).
Scheme 13. Classification of hazardous chemical substances according to the nature of their impact on humans
The characteristics and toxic effects of the most common chemically hazardous substances, methods of protection against them and first aid rules are given in Table 7.
Table 7. The most common hazardous chemical substances (HAS)
Questions and tasks
1. Give the definition of an emergency chemically hazardous substance.
2. What classes of hazardous chemicals are usually classified as chemically hazardous?
3. Analyze the contents of Table 7, think and answer which accidents with hazardous chemicals are possible in your area.
4. Through what organs and tissues can hazardous chemicals affect the human body?
5. What should be done first when providing first aid to a casualty victim?
§ 12. Causes and consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
Causes of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
most often: wear and tear of fixed production assets (technological equipment); imperfection of production technologies; negligence of personnel during drainage and irrigation operations; lack of modern process control and emergency protection systems. In addition, a chemical accident can occur as a result of a natural disaster (natural emergency).
Most hazardous chemicals pose a threat to humans both when inhaled (inhalation exposure) and when they come into contact with the skin. In case of accidents at chemically hazardous objects, the following factors have a harmful effect on people’s skin: high concentrations of toxic substances in the air, their liquid phase and thermal radiation during fires.
Consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities
There may be contamination of the environment with dangerous toxic substances and mass destruction of people, animals and plants.
Massive injury to people can occur if, during an emergency release of a hazardous chemical, a source of chemical damage is formed, which poses a danger to workers and employees of the production site (at an economic facility), to the population of residential areas (in the city) and workers’ settlements or rural settlements (in the countryside). zone). The main damaging factor here is chemical contamination of the surface layer of the atmosphere. Contamination of water sources, soil, and vegetation is also possible.
Site of chemical damage
includes the area of the area where the toxic product was spilled, as well as the zone of chemical contamination downwind of the spill site (source of contamination). The size of the source of chemical damage depends on the volume of the spilled chemically hazardous substance, the nature of the spill (free, into a pan or embankment), weather conditions, toxicity of the substance and the degree of protection of people.
In the event of a release (spill) of toxic substances, the area around chemically hazardous objects can be conditionally divided according to the level of damaging factors into three zones of chemical contamination (depending on the level of damaging concentration of emergency chemically hazardous substances, the time of their exposure, as well as the presence of their liquid phase and open flame fire).
Chemical contamination zone
territory or water area within which emergency chemically hazardous substances are distributed (or where they are introduced) in concentrations and quantities that pose a danger to the life and health of people, farm animals and plants for some time.
First zone
the most dangerous due to the high concentration of an emergency chemically hazardous substance, the possibility of contact with the liquid phase (pouring) and exposure to open fire flames. It can spread approximately 250 m from the source of infection.
In this zone, a primary cloud of a hazardous chemical substance is formed as a result of the rapid (1–3 min) transition of part of the substance from a destroyed container into the atmosphere.
Second zone
less dangerous: the concentration of an emergency chemically hazardous substance here is approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude less than the maximum possible, the impact of the liquid phase and fire is unlikely. This zone includes the area at a distance of 250-1000 m from the source of infection.
In this area, a secondary cloud of a hazardous chemical is formed as a result of the evaporation of the spilled substance from the underlying surface.
Third zone
chemical contamination usually has a concentration of an emergency chemically hazardous substance 4–5 orders of magnitude lower than the maximum possible. This zone can be removed at a distance of 1000 m or more from the source of infection.
Particularly dangerous are accidents in which there is an uncontrolled release of an emergency chemically hazardous substance resulting from an explosion, fire or breakdown of technological equipment, a transport tank or a pipeline. During such accidents, toxic products are released into the atmosphere in the form of gas, vapor or aerosol, forming a cloud of contaminated air that can spread over long distances.
In this case, the depth of the zone of distribution of contaminated air depends on the concentration of the hazardous chemical substance and wind speed. For example, at a wind speed of 1 m/s, in one hour the cloud will move away from the accident site by approximately 3.5 km, at a speed of 2 m/s - by 7, and at 3 m/s - by 10–11 km. A significant increase in wind speed (6–7 m/s or more) contributes to the rapid dissipation of the cloud. An increase in soil and air temperatures accelerates the evaporation of a dangerous chemical, and therefore increases its concentration over the contaminated area. Other weather conditions can also affect the depth of distribution and the concentration of a toxic substance.
Depth of chemical contamination zone
The shape of the contamination zone with an emergency chemically hazardous substance largely depends on wind speed. So, for example, at a wind speed of 0.5 m/s it usually resembles a circle, from 0.6 to 1 m/s - a semicircle, from 1.1 to 2 m/s - a sector with an angle of 90°, more than 2 m /s – sector with an angle of 45°.
Shapes of hazardous chemical contamination zones: a – circle, with a wind speed of no more than 0.5 m/s; b – semicircle, with wind speed from 0.6 to 1 m/s; e – sector with an angle of 90°, with a wind speed of 1.1 to 2 m/s; d – sector with an angle of 45°, with a wind speed of more than 2 m/s
In populated areas, the persistence of contamination by hazardous chemical substances is usually greater than in open areas. In addition, buildings and structures in urban areas are heated by sunlight faster than those located in rural areas. In cities, there is intense air movement from the periphery to the center along the main streets, which contributes to the penetration of hazardous chemical substances into courtyards, dead ends, basements and creates an increased danger for the population.
Questions and tasks
1. What reasons most often lead to accidents at chemically hazardous facilities?
2. What are the consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities?
3. What is a chemical lesion site?
4. What is a chemical contamination zone?
5. Briefly describe the first, second and third zones of chemical contamination.
6. What forms can zones of chemical contamination take depending on wind speed?
7. Why do you think the persistence of a hazardous chemical substance in open areas is less than in a populated area?
§ 13. Protection of the population from hazardous chemical substances
The unpredictability and suddenness of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities, high rates of formation and spread of clouds of contaminated air require the adoption of prompt measures to protect the population.
The main ways to protect the population from hazardous chemical substances:
use of personal respiratory protection equipment; use of protective structures (shelters); temporary shelter for the population in residential and industrial buildings; evacuation of the population from areas of possible infection.
Each of these methods should be used in a specific setting, either alone or in combination with other methods.
To protect the population from hazardous chemical substances, a warning system is created in advance and a procedure for reporting accidents at chemically hazardous facilities is established; accumulate personal protective equipment and determine the procedure for providing them; prepare shelters, residential and industrial buildings; determine areas for evacuation (temporary resettlement) of people; outline the most appropriate methods of protection depending on the situation and determine measures to ensure the prevention and mitigation of damage to people and the preservation of their ability to work; carry out training of control bodies and forces intended to eliminate accidents, as well as training the population to act in conditions of chemical contamination.
The organization of the protection of the population is entrusted to the management bodies specifically authorized to solve problems in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations (government bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations) and the commission for emergency situations and fire safety (republics, territories, regions, districts, cities).
To take timely measures to protect the population, warning systems are used.
They are based on local warning systems created at chemically hazardous facilities and around them, which provide notification not only to the personnel of these facilities, but also to the population of nearby areas. The systems have electric sirens and remote control and calling equipment.
To transmit signals about an immediate threat of emergency chemically hazardous substances, information about the situation and rules of behavior of the population, the use of existing territorial automated centralized warning systems is provided. This happens as follows. The operational duty officer of the GOES management body receives information about an accident at a chemically hazardous facility from the enterprise dispatcher. Then, by forced remote switching of programs of radio broadcasting nodes, radio broadcasting and television stations, it turns on the centralized warning system for the population and carries out voice transmission of information about the accident and the necessary protective measures.
Use of personal respiratory protection equipment -
the most effective way to protect the population in conditions of environmental contamination with hazardous chemical substances. This method is widely used in chemical production to protect personnel and the population living near chemically hazardous facilities.
The protective properties of civilian gas masks GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7 used by the population without additional cartridges and with additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-3 are given in Table 8.
Table 8. Protective properties of civilian gas masks
Gas masks to provide the population (civilian gas masks) are currently stored in the warehouses of local authorities; to provide workers and employees (industrial gas masks) - directly at chemically hazardous facilities.
The population of territories within zones of possible dangerous radioactive, chemical and biological contamination (contamination) may be issued personal protective equipment for safekeeping at their place of residence, provided that their safety is ensured.
When you have neither a gas mask nor a respirator at hand, you can use a cotton-gauze bandage. It is made from a piece of gauze 100 cm long and 50 cm wide. A layer of cotton wool measuring 30 x 20 cm and about 2 cm thick is placed on the middle part. The edges of the gauze along the entire length of the piece are wrapped on both sides, covering the cotton wool. Then the ends of the gauze on both sides are cut in the middle by 25–35 cm. If there is no cotton wool, 5–6 layers of gauze can be laid instead.
Cotton-gauze bandage: a – production: 1 – gauze; 2 – layer of cotton wool 1–2 cm thick; b – application
In the first seconds, you can protect your respiratory organs by covering them with a towel, a piece of cloth, a scarf, soaked in water, a 2–5% solution of baking soda (to protect against chlorine), a 2% solution of citric or acetic acid (to protect against ammonia).
If you have to leave the premises, you need to protect your skin by wearing rubber boots, a raincoat, a hat, and gloves.
Sheltering people in protective structures (shelters) of civil defense
allows for a higher level of protection from damaging factors. Shelters can be built-in (in the basements and recessed rooms of production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, public and residential buildings) and free-standing, located outside the buildings.
Built-in protective structure (shelter)
Research has shown that residential and industrial buildings can also protect people from the primary, and for some time from the secondary cloud of contaminated air. Therefore, if it is impossible to use other methods of protection, they can be used to temporarily shelter people.
In order to reduce the damaging effect of hazardous chemical substances on people in buildings and structures, it is advisable to use available household and improvised means for sealing premises.
Sealing of premises should be carried out in the following sequence:
• close entrance doors and windows (primarily on the windward side);
• seal the ventilation holes with thick material or paper;
• seal the doors with damp materials (wet sheet, blanket);
• seal leaks in window openings from the inside with adhesive tape (plaster), paper, or seal with available materials (cotton wool, foam rubber, soft cord).
Places in a residential building that, in the event of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, must be sealed (caulked, putty, sealed) in order to protect against the penetration of hazardous chemical substances inside (work to seal these places is carried out without leaving the building)
It must be taken into account that the concentration of hazardous chemical substances in the premises of multi-storey buildings will differ significantly by floor, especially in winter. The largest amount of contaminated air will enter the first floors of buildings. More reliable protection against it will be provided on the upper floors. In summer conditions, the concentration of those hazardous chemical substances that are lighter than air (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, methyl chloride) will be greatest on the upper floors. Heavy hazardous chemical substances (chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide), as a rule, linger on the lower floors of buildings.
Evacuation of the population
organize commissions for emergency situations and fire safety based on forecasting possible hazardous chemical conditions. It can be carried out using automobile transport and on foot. Evacuation routes are chosen taking into account meteorological conditions, terrain features and other factors. The greatest effectiveness in protecting the population is achieved only if evacuation can be carried out before the cloud of contaminated air approaches.
Questions and tasks
1. Name the main methods of protection against hazardous chemical substances.
2. What warning systems are used to protect personnel at chemically hazardous facilities and the population of adjacent areas?
3. Which method of protection is the most effective in conditions of environmental contamination with hazardous chemical substances?
4. How can you protect your respiratory system from hazardous chemicals if you don’t have a gas mask or respirator at hand?
5. What types of protective structures are used to shelter the population from hazardous chemicals?
6. What is room sealing? How should it be carried out?
7. Name hazardous chemical substances, the concentration of which will be greatest on the upper floors. What hazardous chemicals are heavier than air?
TASK 12. Imagine that there was an ammonia release at a chemical plant. The cloud of contaminated air spreads to the southeast, towards the village of Kvetny, located 4 km from the plant, and the villages of Kostino (7.5 km), Irinino (12 km) and Vladimirovka (16 km from the plant). The wind speed is 2 m/s.
Determine how long it will take for the cloud of contaminated air to reach the indicated populated areas. What protective measures should the population of towns and villages take? Describe ammonia and its toxic properties. Check the correctness of your answers in the text of the textbook.
